@article {1479,
	title = {Blockchain Implementation Challenges in Developing Countries: An evidence-based systematic review and bibliometric analysis},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2022},
	month = {05/2022},
	pages = {22010202},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {-},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Contemporary research on technology and innovation management has gauged blockchain as a catalyst for the electronic-information era. As developing countries around the globe are facing challenges to adopt and implement blockchain, this evidence-based systematic review aims to identify the implementation challenges of blockchain technology for developing countries. A total of 1,298 published documents during the period 2016-2021 from the Scopus, Web of Science, IEEE Xplore, and ScienceDirect databases were explored to recognize 19 appropriate publications for research analysis using a PRISMA flow diagram. Based on the identified challenges from the thorough reviews of these 19 publications, using the association technique, the authors developed four comprehensive themes as broad challenges: technological, governance, organizational and environmental, and knowledge. Later, they performed bibliometric analyses using VOSviewer 1.6.17, and based on the bibliometric evidence constructed term co-occurrence network plots. The results show that developing countries face challenges vis-{\`a}-vis technological, governance, organizational and environmental, and knowledge issues when implementing blockchain technology. Hence, to make blockchain adoption and implementation processes successful in developing countries, these broad categories of challenges must be properly addressed. In addition, practitioners of disruptive technology, policymakers, consultants, IT experts, business people, top company managers, and above all, respective governments need to pay attention to these challenges for accelerating the blockchain adoption and implementation process in developing countries.},
	keywords = {bibliometric analysis, blockchain, challenges, developing country, implementation, PRISMA, systematic review, VOSviewer},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1479},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1479},
	author = {Abu Naser Mohammad Saif and K. M. Anwarul Islam and Afruza Haque and Hamida Akhter and S.M. Masudur Rahman and Nusrat Jafrin and Rasheda Akter Rupa and Rehnuma Mostafa}
}
@article {1428,
	title = {The Interplay of Digital Transformation and Collaborative Innovation on Supply Chain Ambidexterity},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {03/2021},
	pages = {45-56},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {45},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This study aims at investigating the impact of digital transformation on the efficiency and adaptability of a supply chain (SC). It also identifies the role of collaborative innovation as a catalyst in these relationships. Survey data from Japanese manufacturing companies was examined using hierarchical multiple regression analysis to test the study{\textquoteright}s hypotheses. According to the results, collaborative innovation with SC members, that is, suppliers and customers, strengthens the impact of digital transformation on adaptability, but not on efficiency. In contrast, collaborative innovation with market participants, such as competitors and partners, reinforces the positive relationship between digital transformation and efficiency, with no evidence supporting its effect on the innovation-adaptability relationship. These findings encourage firms to widen the scope of their collaborative innovation activities to include different types of partners. For firms with limited abilities to conduct such complex collaboration projects, the findings can assist managers in making well-informed decisions to include partners that accommodate prioritized organizational goals.},
	keywords = {collaboration, digital transformation, innovation, resource-based view., supply chain ambidexterity, supply chain management},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1428},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1428},
	author = {Sara Abdalla and Koichi Nakagawa}
}
@article {1466,
	title = {Urban Living Labs and Transformative Changes: A qualitative study of the triadic relationship between financing, stakeholder roles, and the outcomes of Urban Living Labs in terms of impact creation in the city of Groningen, the Netherlands},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {12/2021},
	pages = {73-87},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {73},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Urban Living Labs (ULLs) have become a popular instrument for finding solutions to urban challenges faced by cities. While ULLs have achieved a certain level of normalisation in cities, a general lack of understanding remains regarding the character and purpose of the ULL phenomenon still leaves many challenges open to be overcome. One challenge involves the potential impact of ULLs in contributing to meaningful transformative changes. By combining a literature review with a comparative case study of three ULLs in the city of Groningen, the Netherlands, this study confirms and adds to current theoretical positions taken about how to overcome the challenge in terms of holding a shared ideology and reviewing the concepts of agency and power. It also shows that opportunity comes along with trust-building among stakeholders in ULLs, as a way to enhance their potential in practise. Consequently, this study calls for further research regarding underexplored theories and models of ULLs, power dynamics in ULLs, and into their self-sustaining character, both in terms of social adoption and ownership, as well as financial sustainability.},
	keywords = {Impact Creation, Transformative Changes, Trust Building, urban living labs},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1466},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1466},
	author = {Stefano Blezer and Nurhan Abujidi}
}
@article {1457,
	title = {Using Web Text Analytics to Categorize the Business Focus  of Innovative Digital Health Companies},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {10/2021},
	pages = {65-78},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {65},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Categorizing the market focus of larger samples of companies can be a tedious and time-consuming process for both researchers and business analysts interested in developing insights about emerging business sectors. The objective of this article is to suggest a text analytics approach to categorizing the application areas of companies operating in the digital health sector based on the information provided on their websites. More specifically, we apply topic modeling on a collection of text documents, including information collected from the websites of a sample of 100 innovative digital health companies. The topic model helps in grouping the companies offering similar types of market offers. It enables identifying the companies that are most highly associated with each of the topics. In addition, it allows identifying some of the emerging themes that are discussed online by the companies, as well as their specific market offers. The results will be of interest to inspiring technology entrepreneurs, organizations supporting new ventures, and business accelerators interested to enhance their services to new venture clients. The development, operationalization, and automation of the company categorization process based on publicly available information is a methodological contribution that opens the opportunity for future applications in research and business practice.},
	keywords = {Digital health sector, machine learning, Market offer, topic modeling algorithm, value proposition, web analytics},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1457},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1457},
	author = {Abdulla Aweisi and Daman Arora and Ren{\'e}e Emby and Madiha Rehman and George Tanev and Stoyan Tanev}
}
@article {1347,
	title = {How Institutions Promote Digital Marketing in Small and Medium International Companies: a Comparison Between Costa Rica and France},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {04/2020},
	pages = {58-71},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {58},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The objective of this paper is to analyze institutional promotions to small and medium international enterprises on the subject of digital marketing. The authors conduct qualitative research with a descriptive scope, including 12 institutions in Costa Rica and France. The study is dedicated to working with SMEs involved in an internationalization process and offering them some type of training. for the collection of information, an in-depth interview with each participant was applied. It concludes that SMEs promote digital marketing through institutions, and that the way in which they carry it out varies between the two countries, Costa Rica being a more general and structured service, and France a more customized one.},
	keywords = {coaching, digital marketing, internationalization, SMEs, support institutions, training},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1347},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1347},
	author = {Karen V. H. Carpio and Susan Arce and Manon Enjolras and Mauricio Camargo}
}
@article {1399,
	title = {Integrated AI and Innovation Management: The Beginning of a Beautiful Friendship},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {11/2020},
	pages = {5-18},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {5},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {There is a growing consensus around the transformative and innovative power of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology. AI will transform which products are launched and how new business models will be developed to support them. Despite this, little research exists today that systematically explores how AI will change and support various aspects of innovation management. To address this question, this article proposes a holistic, multi-dimensional AI maturity model that describes the essential conditions and capabilities necessary to integrate AI into current systems, and guides organisations on their journey to AI maturity. It explores how various elements of the innovation management system can be enabled by AI at different maturity stages. Two key experimentation stages are identified, 1) an initial stage that focuses on optimisation and incremental innovation, and 2) a higher maturity stage where AI becomes an enabler of radical innovation. We conclude that AI technologies can be applied to democratise and distribute innovation across organisations.},
	keywords = {AI innovation, AI maturity, artificial intelligence, IMS ISO 56002, Innovation management, maturity model},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1399},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1399},
	author = {Nina Bozic Yams and Valerie Richardson and Galina Esther Shubina and Sandor Albrecht and Daniel Gillblad}
}
@article {1353,
	title = {More for Less? Sharing Economy as a Driver of Public Welfare Innovation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {05/2020},
	pages = {19-27},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {19},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article investigates sharing economy as a path to welfare innovation. It is based on a case where a digital platform is activated in order to support sharing among citizens with lung disease, and thereby increase health and well-being. The case exemplifies how sharing economy currently is taken up by public actors in the attempt to prolong the goals of the public sector beyond itself. This implies drawing everyday sharing practices into a new middle between formal organization and private relations. In a critical response to literature on sharing economy that tends to reduce "sharing" to "transaction", the article draws attention to how sharing entangles with hopes, fears, and affectual engagements of everyday life, and to how it interacts with technology in unforeseen ways and beyond anticipated outcomes. Based on the analysis, the article concludes that there may be good reasons for public welfare authorities to engage in facilitating sharing among citizens. This is not because it is likely to provide "more for less" in relation to predetermined goals, but rather because it can open up other kinds of welfare outcomes that cannot be produced by public organizations themselves.},
	keywords = {innovation, public sector, sharing economy, technology, welfare state},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1353},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1353},
	author = {Eva Pallesen and Marie Aakj{\ae}r}
}
@article {1313,
	title = {Selling Data-Based Value in Business-to-Business Markets},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {01/2020},
	pages = {45-53},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {45},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The purpose of this paper is to study what aspects a sales function needs to consider when selling new data-based value in business-to-business (B2B) markets. The paper combines literature on the business-to-business sales process with data-based value. The study includes altogether 29 qualitative interviews from eight companies, representing seller companies at different stages in big data utilization. In addition, the study includes customer perspectives with six interviews from four customer companies. As a result, selling new data-based value is studied from several perspectives. First, we evaluate the impacts of the generated new data-based value from the seller and the market perspective. Secondly, we study what sales representatives need to understand, both from the customer{\textquoteright}s perspective, and in relation to data and digital solutions during the sales process. Thirdly, on the customer side, we explore the roles of {\textquotedblleft}digitalist{\textquotedblright} and old-school buyers, and their effect on the sales process. Our research findings highlight the crucial understanding of customer business and knowledge about real-time data management, digital twins, and artificial intelligence (AI) when selling data-based solutions that create real-time data, recommendations, and value for a customer{\textquoteright}s business.},
	keywords = {B2B sales, big data, business-to-business sales, data-based value, digital solutions, value sales},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1313},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1313},
	author = {Tuija Rantala and Tiina Apilo and Katariina Palom{\"a}ki and Katri Valkokari}
}
@article {1388,
	title = {What are the Challenges of Building a Smart City?},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {09/2020},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The recent emergence of the concept of {\textquoteright}smart cities{\textquoteright} presents challenges to city administrators for planning, managing, and governing modern cities in the digital age. Research on smart cities tends to focus on the attributes of cities at a more developed stage, instead this article departs from that trend by discussing an aspiring smart city in a small-island developing country. The purpose of the study is to examine the steps required for building a smart city against a background of the concept of smart cities, taken in the context of an empirical study of an aspiring small smart city. The main finding is that there is no single route to becoming a smart city, but rather there are critical steps that can be adopted as part of a building process for achieving that objective. This work adds value in presenting a way to synthesize the smart city concept with empirical work involving one small smart city{\textquoteright}s aspirations and achievements. The article fills a partial gap in the smart city literature and has implications for aspiring city administrators, smart city builders, persons concerned with the application of ICT to address city challenges, as well as for students of urban planning, development, and management.},
	keywords = {building smart cities, ICT and smart cities, Smart cities concept, smart city case studies, smart city initiatives},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1388},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1388},
	author = {Haven Allahar}
}
@article {1221,
	title = {Applying a Living Lab Approach Within an eHealth Accelerator},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {03/2019},
	pages = {6-19},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Through this study, we seek to understand the impact of the use of the living lab approach on product and business development in an eHealth accelerator. In the case accelerator, 20 startups developed innovative products atop the European FIWARE Future Internet technology platform. The novel design element of the case accelerator was the use of the living lab approach that was included for the purpose of engaging end users in the development and testing of new product prototypes. Our main result is that the living lab approach provided added value to participating companies and resulted in changes in their product development and marketing strategies. Overall, the case accelerator and the use of the living lab approach had a significant impact on the development, growth, and market success of the companies. Based on the results of the case accelerator, we propose the generic accelerator model presented by Pauwels and co-authors in 2016 to be extended with a new design element, the living lab approach. },
	keywords = {accelerator, case study, ehealth, Living lab, Open innovation, SME, startup},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1221},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1221},
	author = {Lotta Haukipuro and Satu V{\"a}in{\"a}m{\"o} and Leena Arhippainen and Timo Ojala}
}
@article {1215,
	title = {How to Create Value(s) in the Sharing Economy: Business Models, Scalability, and Sustainability},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {02/2019},
	pages = {5-24},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {By organizing peer-to-peer exchanges and promoting access over ownership, the sharing economy is transforming a great variety of sectors. Enjoying fast growth, the sharing economy is an umbrella term encompassing heterogeneous initiatives that create different types of economic, environmental, or social value. This heterogeneity triggers tensions and intense disputes about the perimeter of the field. Do Airbnb and Uber belong to the sharing economy? How do we consider practices such as gifting, renting, and swapping that existed before the sharing economy boom? To sort out this complexity, we have adopted a pragmatic and grounded approach examining 27 initiatives that claim to be part of, or are perceived as emblematic of the sharing economy. We develop a typology of sharing economy business models revealing four configurations: shared infrastructure providers, commoners, mission-driven platforms, and matchmakers. Each configuration exhibits specific value-creation logics, scalability issues, sustainability impacts, and potential controversies. Our results provide guidance for sharing entrepreneurs, for established businesses that want to embrace the principles of the sharing economy, and for public actors wishing to regulate or support the field.},
	keywords = {business model, scalability, sharing economy, sustainability, value creation, value distribution},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1215},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1215},
	author = {Aur{\'e}lien Acquier and Valentina Carbone and David Mass{\'e}}
}
@article {1245,
	title = {A Management Innovation Approach to Project Planning},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {06/2019},
	pages = {4-13},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Innovation is viewed as indispensable to the economic and social development of countries, and the subject has been widely researched. The initial research focused on the development of new products and services by firms applying technological initiatives. The concept has expanded to cover many domains and features of innovation that led to innovation in non-technological areas, currently referred to as {\textquotedblleft}management innovation{\textquotedblright}. Many tools were developed by management specialists and gurus such as strategic planning, vision and mission statements, benchmarking, customer-satisfaction measurement, and outsourcing to target performance improvements in firms. The output of this article is a project development planning model that integrates management innovation tools related to the field of project planning as a novel approach tested by a consulting firm over several applications. The article has implications for managers, consultants, and professionals involved in the design, planning, and implementation of a varied range of development projects.},
	keywords = {innovation, management innovation, management innovation tools, scenario planning, strategic foresight},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1245},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1245},
	author = {Haven Allahar}
}
@article {1284,
	title = {Uncovering Research Streams in the Data Economy Using Text Mining Algorithms},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {11/2019},
	pages = {62-74},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {62},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Data-driven business models arise in different social and industrial sectors, while new sensors and devices are breaking down the barriers for disruptive ideas and digitally transforming established solutions. This paper aims at providing insights about emerging topics in the data economy that are related to companies\&rsquo; innovation potential. The paper uses text mining supported by systematic literature review to automatize the extraction and analysis of beneficial insights for both scientists and practitioners that would not be possible by a manual literature review. By doing so, we were able to analyze 860 scientific publications resulting in an overview of the research field of data economy and innovation. Nine clusters and their key topics are identified, analyzed as well as visualized, as we uncover research streams in the paper.},
	keywords = {big data, Data Economy, Data Ecosystem, Data Market, digital economy, digital transformation, literature review, Network Graph, Text Mining.},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1284},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1284},
	author = {Can Azkan and Markus Spiekermann and Henry Goecke}
}
@article {1280,
	title = {A University Business School as an Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Hub},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {11/2019},
	pages = {15-25},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {15},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article assesses the progress of a business school toward achieving the status of an entrepreneurial ecosystem hub with emphasis on the components related to entrepreneurial universities, entrepreneurship education, university business incubators, and university-enterprise-government-civil society collaboration. The objective of a business school serving as an entrepreneurial ecosystem hub, is to stimulate economic development, generate employment, and create innovative technology-based ventures or service businesses. These components are discussed from theoretical and practical viewpoints in order to provide greater understanding of the concepts. An insider action research assessment of the university-affiliated business school was conducted to gauge the progress made in building an embryonic entrepreneurial ecosystem centered upon a business school as a hub. Emphasis is placed on the need to develop strong collaboration among key stakeholders for achieving success in building an effective entrepreneurial ecosystem based on a quadruple helix system, consistent with the lead-in quotation to the article.},
	keywords = {entrepreneurial ecosystems, entrepreneurial university, entrepreneurship education, quadruple helix, triple helix, university business incubation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1280},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1280},
	author = {Haven Allahar and Ron Sookram}
}
@article {1162,
	title = {Additive Manufacturing and Business Models: Current Knowledge and Missing Perspectives},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {06/2018},
	pages = {15-33},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Additive manufacturing, that is 3D printing technology, may change the way companies operate their businesses. This article adopts a business model perspective to create an understanding of what we know about these changes. It summarizes current knowledge on additive manufacturing within management and business research, and it discusses future research directions in relation to business models for additive manufacturing. Using the scientific database Web of Science, 116 journal articles were identified. The literature review reveals that most research concerns manufacturing optimization. A more holistic view of the changes that additive manufacturing may bring about for firms is needed, as is more research on changed value propositions, and customer/sales-related issues. The article contributes to previous research by systematically summarizing additive manufacturing research in the business and management literature, and by highlighting areas for further investigation related to the business models of individual firms.},
	keywords = {3D printing, additive manufacturing, business model, literature review},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1162},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1162},
	author = {Christina {\"O}berg and Tawfiq Shams and Nader Asnafi}
}
@article {1175,
	title = {From Importing Innovations to Co-Producing Them: Transdisciplinary Approaches to the Development of Online Land Management Tools},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {08/2018},
	pages = {16-26},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {While traditional approaches to innovation diffusion often assume that innovations come from outside a local system, transdisciplinary co-production offers an alternative paradigm in which local stakeholders are engaged as co-producers of innovations. The use of digital online tools for agriculture, conservation, and citizen science is an area of expanding opportunities, but landholders are often dependent on tools developed outside their local communities. This article looks at the potential for transdisciplinary co-production to be used as a framework for more participatory development of digital online land management tools, with a case study from the Central Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia. This research has implications beyond rural land management to other industries and contexts where reflexive and integrative strategies are needed to overcome barriers to stakeholder participation and engagement with new technologies.},
	keywords = {adaptive, co-production, collaboration, decision-support, innovation, land management, tools, transdisciplinary},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1175},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1175},
	author = {Alex Baumber and Graciela Metternicht and Peter Ampt and Rebecca Cross and Emily Berry}
}
@article {1150,
	title = {Patterns of Frugal Innovation in Healthcare},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {04/2018},
	pages = {28-37},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Frugal innovations have the potential to offer simple and cost-effective solutions to the healthcare challenges of the world. However, despite the potential for frugal innovations in healthcare, this context has been rarely studied. The objective of this article is to shed some light on patterns of frugal innovations in healthcare and thereby contribute to the literature. With this aim, we conducted a comprehensive literature review and searched for innovations that were labelled as frugal and were related to healthcare. This led us to a sample of 50 frugal innovations in the healthcare sector. For each of the 50 selected examples, we examined various characteristics of the innovation, such as the country of origin, first launch market, type of innovator, type of innovation, type of care, and geographic diffusion. Our findings show that most of the frugal innovations originated in the United States, followed by India. The most frequent first launch market was India. In terms of types of innovators, academia seemed to be the strongest driver. Most frugal innovations are product innovations in the fields of neonatology and general practice. In this article, we expand on these findings and examine the relationships between individual variables to reveal further insights. Finally, we offer conclusions, an outlook for frugal innovation in the healthcare sector, and future research questions.},
	keywords = {developing economies, emerging economies, frugal innovation, global health, healthcare},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1150},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1150},
	author = {Hareem Arshad and Marija Radi{\'c} and Dubravko Radi{\'c}}
}
@article {1120,
	title = {Academic Publishing, Internet Technology, and Disruptive Innovation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {11/2017},
	pages = {47-56},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {After 350 years of operation, the academic journal publishing industry is imbalanced and in flux as a result of the impacts of Internet technology, which has led, over the past 20 years, to the rise of open access publishing. The introduction of open access journals, in the opinion of many researchers, is considered to be a case of disruptive innovation that is revolutionizing the industry. This article analyzes the traditional journal publishing system, the recent open access models of journal publishing as an evolving phenomenon, the nature and extent of open access as a disruptive innovation, and the implications for key stakeholders. The major finding is that open access publishing has gained traction because technology has contributed to lower publication costs, easier access to research articles, and speedier publishing processes. However, the threat posed by open access has not significantly impacted traditional publishers because of strategies employed by the major publishers and slow adoption of open access by some researchers.},
	keywords = {academic publishing, disruptive innovation, internet technology and publishing, journal publishing, open access publishing models},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1120},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1120},
	author = {Haven Allahar}
}
@article {1067,
	title = {Big Data and Individual Privacy in the Age of the Internet of Things},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {04/2017},
	pages = {12-24},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The availability of {\textquotedblleft}big data{\textquotedblright} and {\textquotedblleft}smart{\textquotedblright} products are credited with advancing solutions to complex problems in medicine, transportation, and education, among others. However, with big data comes big responsibility. The collection, storage, sharing, and analysis of data are far outpacing individual privacy protections, whether technological or legislative. The Internet of Things (IoT), with its promise to create networks of networks, will magnify individual data privacy threats. Recent data breaches, exposing the personal information of millions of users, provide insight into the vulnerability of personal data. Although seemingly expansive, there are core individual privacy issues that are central to current big data breaches and anticipated IoT threats. This article examines both big data and the IoT using examples of data privacy breaches to illustrate the impact of individual data loss. Furthermore, the article examines the complexity of tackling technological and legislative challenges in protecting individual privacy. It concludes by summarizing these issues in terms of the future implications of the IoT and the loss of privacy. },
	keywords = {big data, cybersecurity, data breaches, Internet of Things, IOT, privacy, smart devices},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1067},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1067},
	author = {Mackenzie Adams}
}
@article {1068,
	title = {Combining Exploratory Analysis and Automated Analysis for Anomaly Detection in Real-Time Data Streams},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {04/2017},
	pages = {25-31},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Security analysts can become overwhelmed with monitoring real-time security information that is important to help them defend their network. They also tend to focus on a limited portion of the alerts, and therefore risk missing important events and links between them. At the heart of the problem is the system that analysts use to detect, explore, and respond to cyber-attacks. Developers of security analysis systems face the challenge of developing a system that can present different sources of information at multiple levels of abstraction, while also creating a system that is intuitive to use. In this article, we examine the complementary nature of exploratory analysis and automated analysis by testing the development of a system that monitors real-time Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) traffic for anomalies that might indicate security threats. BGP is an essential component for supporting the infrastructure of the Internet; however, it is also highly vulnerable and can be hijacked by attackers to propagate spam or launch denial-of-service attacks. Some of the attack scenarios on the BGP infrastructure can be quite elaborate, and it is difficult, if not impossible, to fully automate the detection of such attacks. This article makes two contributions: i) it describes a prototype platform for computing indicators and threat alerts in real time and for visualizing the context of an alert, and ii) it discusses the interaction of exploratory analysis (visualization) and automated analysis. This article is relevant to students, security researchers, and developers who are interested in the development or use of real-time security monitoring systems. They will gain insights into the complementary aspects of automated analysis and exploratory analysis through the development of a real-time streaming system.},
	keywords = {anomaly detection, cybersecurity, exploratory analysis, real-time data streams, visualization},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1068},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1068},
	author = {Ahmed Shah and Ibrahim Abualhaol and Mahmoud Gad and Michael Weiss}
}
@article {1069,
	title = {A Cybersecurity Risk Assessment Framework that Integrates Value-Sensitive Design},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {04/2017},
	pages = {32-43},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Medical devices today are more effective and connected than ever before, saving more patient lives and making healthcare practitioner{\textquoteright}s jobs more efficient. But with this interconnectedness comes inherent concerns over increased cybersecurity vulnerabilities. Medical device cybersecurity has become an increasing concern for all relevant stakeholders including: patients, regulators, manufacturers, and healthcare practitioners. Although cybersecurity in medical devices has been covered in the literature, there is a gap in how to address cybersecurity concerns and assess risks in a way that brings value to all relevant stakeholders. In order to maximize the value created from cybersecurity risk mitigations, we review literature on the state of cybersecurity in the medical device industry, on cybersecurity risk management frameworks in the context of medical devices, and on how cybersecurity can be used as a value proposition. We then synthesize the key contributions of the literature into a framework that integrates cybersecurity value considerations for all relevant stakeholders into the risk mitigation process. This framework is subsequently applied to the hypothetical case of an insulin pump. Using this example case, we illustrate how medical device manufacturers can use the framework as a standardized method that can be applicable to medical devices at large. Our ultimate goal is to make cybersecurity risk mitigation an exploitable asset for manufacturers rather than a regulatory obligation. },
	keywords = {cybersecurity, framework, medical devices, risk assessment, value propositions, value-sensitive design},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1069},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1069},
	author = {Aida Alvarenga and George Tanev}
}
@article {1117,
	title = {The Fourth Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0): A Social Innovation Perspective},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {11/2017},
	pages = {12-20},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The rapid pace of technological developments played a key role in the previous industrial revolutions. However, the fourth industrial revolution (Industry 4.0) and its embedded technology diffusion progress is expected to grow exponentially in terms of technical change and socioeconomic impact. Therefore, coping with such transformation require a holistic approach that encompasses innovative and sustainable system solutions and not just technological ones. In this article, we propose a framework that can facilitate the interaction between technological and social innovation to continuously come up with proactive, and hence timely, sustainable strategies. These strategies can leverage economic rewards, enrich society at large, and protect the environment. The new forthcoming opportunities that will be generated through the next industrial wave are gigantic at all levels. However, the readiness for such revolutionary conversion require coupling the forces of technological innovation and social innovation under the sustainability umbrella. },
	keywords = {fourth industrial revolution, Industry 4.0, Internet of Things, social innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1117},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1117},
	author = {Rabeh Morrar and Husam Arman and Saeed Mousa}
}
@article {1113,
	title = {Q\&A. Is Internal Audit Ready for Blockchain?},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {10/2017},
	pages = {41-44},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {blockchain, controls, governance, internal audit, risk management},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1113},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1113},
	author = {Hugh Rooney and Brian Aiken and Megan Rooney}
}
@article {1039,
	title = {The Cuckoo{\textquoteright}s Nest Approach for Co-Creating Business Ecosystems in Smart Cities},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {12/2016},
	pages = {26-37},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The development of business ecosystems in smart cities is currently hampered by the absence of established approaches for facilitating long-term value and sustainability. In our view, the underlying reason is the lack of collective action involving various organizations in the design process. Collective action for the good of the whole ecosystem does not take place in existing participatory practices because of the dominating role of a single customer or designer organization (in urban development projects typically the owner-developer or lead architect), who uses their bargaining and decision-making power over others. This leads to sub-optimal behaviour where the system is optimized for the goals of one strong organization instead of collectively developed system-level goals of the business ecosystem as a whole. The Cuckoo{\textquoteright}s Nest approach addresses this problem by inviting various expert organizations to design the system and assigning each organization design rights for the ecosystem and its system-level goal. The Cuckoo{\textquoteright}s Nest approach enhances collective action among the organizations by making individuals from various organizations consider the interests, goals, objectives, and value-adding elements of other organizations {\textendash} not just those of their own organizations. With the Cuckoo{\textquoteright}s Nest approach, the business ecosystem comes first, and single organizations{\textquoteright} goals or specific design features come second. This article discusses the outcomes of two workshops where the Cuckoo{\textquoteright}s Nest approach was used for the purpose of developing business ecosystems in connection with smart city development projects within the Helsinki Metropolitan Area. We outline the steps involved in the Cuckoo{\textquoteright}s Nest approach and how they were applied in these two smart city projects, and we describe how it is being refined for further use in other locations and contexts.},
	keywords = {business ecosystem, business network, campus development, co-creation, co-design, collective action, Cuckoo{\textquoteright}s Nest Approach, participatory planning, smart cities, sustainability},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1039},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1039},
	author = {Karlos Artto and Riikka Kyr{\"o} and Tuomas Ahola and Antti Peltokorpi and Kristiina Sandqvist}
}
@article {1000,
	title = {A Framework for Sustainable Circular Business Model Innovation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {07/2016},
	pages = {5-12},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The circular economy concept is a novel economic model aiming to foster sustainable economic growth, boost global competitiveness, and generate new jobs. In order to make the circular economy mainstream, radical and systemic innovation is needed. Currently, a majority of the business modelling tools and methods lack at least some of the identified and needed elements for innovating business models in a circular economy. In this article, we build a framework for sustainable circular business model innovation by adding important perspectives: recognizing trends and drivers at the ecosystem level; understanding value to partners and stakeholders within a business; and evaluating the impact of sustainability and circularity. We present the results of a case study with a startup company, which was designed to test the framework and provide a concrete example of its usage and future development needs.},
	keywords = {business canvas, business model, case study, circular economy, innovation, sustainability},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1000},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1000},
	author = {Maria Antikainen and Katri Valkokari}
}
@article {966,
	title = {License Compliance in Open Source Cybersecurity Projects},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {02/2016},
	pages = {28-35},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Developers of cybersecurity software often include and rely upon open source software packages in their commercial software products. Before open source code is absorbed into a proprietary product, developers must check the package license to see if the project is permissively licensed, thereby allowing for commercial-friendly inheritance and redistribution. However, there is a risk that the open source package license could be inaccurate due to being silently contaminated with restrictively licensed open source code that may prohibit the sale or confidentiality of commercial derivative work. Contamination of commercial products could lead to expensive remediation costs, damage to the company{\textquoteright}s reputation, and costly legal fees. In this article, we report on our preliminary analysis of more than 200 open source cybersecurity projects to identify the most frequently used license types and languages and to look for evidence of permissively licensed open source projects that are likely contaminated by restrictive licensed material (i.e., containing commercial-unfriendly code). Our analysis identified restrictive license contamination cases occurring in permissively licensed open source projects. Furthermore, we found a high proportion of code that lacked copyright attribution. We expect that the results of this study will: i) provide managers and developers with an understanding of how contamination can occur, ii) provide open source communities with an understanding on how they can better protect their intellectual property by including licenses and copyright information in their code, and ii) provide entrepreneurs with an understanding of the open source cybersecurity domain in terms of licensing and contamination and how they affect decisions about cybersecurity software architectures.},
	keywords = {contamination, copyright, cybersecurity, GPL, license, open source, third-party code},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/966},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/966},
	author = {Ahmed Shah and Selman Selman and Ibrahim Abualhaol}
}
@article {1024,
	title = {Managing Innovation Ecosystems to Create and Capture Value in ICT Industries},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {10/2016},
	pages = {17-24},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In a new knowledge-intensive economic landscape, firms need to access external knowledge sources due to their inability to generate all necessary knowledge on their own. The interaction with and learning from external knowledge sources implies that firms depend upon decisions and actions made by business partners and external support organizations. This network of linkages can be considered as an ecosystem in which commercial enterprises and non-firm organizations interact with one another and work together to create and capture value. Previous studies have shown that a firm{\textquoteright}s ability to successfully commercialize a new product depends not only on its own technology strategy but also its capabilities to manage an innovation ecosystem strategy. Dynamic markets, intense competition, and shorter product lifecycles force companies across different industries to create and capture value more rapidly by launching new innovations. Well-defined and executed innovation ecosystem strategies can help companies to develop new markets and business opportunities for the different types of innovations and enable their businesses to grow. This study provides new insight into how an ecosystem strategy can be formed based on the traditional strategy literature and proposes a conceptual framework for senior leaders to form an ecosystem strategy.},
	keywords = {innovation ecosystem, management, network, strategy, value capture},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1024},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1024},
	author = {Jarkko Pellikka and Timo Ali-Vehmas}
}
@article {1027,
	title = {Q\&A. How Can You Teach Innovation and Entrepreneurship?},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {10/2016},
	pages = {45-50},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {learning entrepreneurship, tacit knowledge, teaching innovation, university{\textendash}industry cooperation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1027},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1027},
	author = {Anna Trifilova and John Bessant and Allen Alexander}
}
@article {1030,
	title = {Rejuvenating the Cider Route in Quebec: An Action Design Research Approach to Stakeholder Collaboration and Innovation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {11/2016},
	pages = {6-17},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article examines the problem of rejuvenating collaboration for innovation among cideries (cider producers) and the regional tourism association as the historical key stakeholders of the Cider Route of the Mont{\'e}r{\'e}gie region in Quebec, Canada. The article reports on the initial steps of an action design research approach to support the stakeholders of the Cider Route in designing an innovative solution in response to numerous challenges they face, including a lack of new initiatives and steeply declining membership among cideries. The first step of the action design research was to define the problem: to renew the collaborative process among the Cider Route stakeholders by redefining the vision, mission, and strategy leading to an artifact proposal that could take the form of a mobile application. Thus, the notion of a boundary object is employed {\textendash} in relation to the process of designing an information technology artifact in the form of a mobile application for the Cider Route {\textendash} as a way to understand the need to collaborate to innovate in this context. The article also reports on the ongoing second step of the action design research process, which consists of supporting the collaborative process using group concept mapping. The group concept mapping method was suggested to guide and sustain the collaborative process over time because it is a participatory, bottom-up, mixed-methods approach to evaluation and planning. The group concept mapping, applied within the action design research approach, could be helpful in two ways: first, to define the rejuvenated vision, mission, and strategy for the Cider Route; second, to define the specific functionalities of the mobile application for the Cider Route.},
	keywords = {action design research, agrotourism, boundary object, Cider Route, stakeholder collaboration},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1030},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1030},
	author = {L. Martin Cloutier and Laurent Renard and S{\'e}bastien Arcand and E. Michael Laviolette}
}
@article {861,
	title = {Cybersecurity Skills Training: An Attacker-Centric Gamified Approach},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {01/2015},
	pages = {5-14},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Although cybersecurity awareness training for employees is important, it does not provide the necessary skills training required to better protect businesses against cyber-attacks. Businesses need to invest in building cybersecurity skills across all levels of the workforce and leadership. This investment can reduce the financial burden on businesses from cyber-attacks and help maintain consumer confidence in their brands. In this article, we discuss the use of gamification methods that enable all employees and organizational leaders to play the roles of various types of attackers in an effort to reduce the number of successful attacks due to human vulnerability exploits. 

We combine two separate streams {\textendash} gamification and entrepreneurial perspectives {\textendash} for the purpose of building cybersecurity skills while emphasizing a third stream {\textendash} attacker types (i.e., their resources, knowledge/skills, and motivation) {\textendash} to create training scenarios. We also define the roles of attackers using various theoretical entrepreneurial perspectives. This article will be of interest to leaders who need to build cybersecurity skills into their workforce cost-effectively; researchers who wish to advance the principles and practices of gamification solutions; and suppliers of solutions to companies that wish to build cybersecurity skills in the workforce and leadership.
},
	keywords = {cyber attackers, cybersecurity, entrepreneur, gamification, training},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/861},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/861},
	author = {Mackenzie Adams and Maged Makramalla}
}
@article {913,
	title = {Luxury and Creativity: Exploration, Exploitation, or Preservation?},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {07/2015},
	pages = {41-49},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article considers the role of creativity in the production and delivery of luxury. The concept of creativity is closely aligned to the idea of luxury goods as rare and highly crafted, often unique, objects produced through artistic endeavour. Moreover, some luxuries, such as expensive cars and private jets, require leading-edge design and technologically advanced inputs. Although creativity is essential for the development of new luxury goods and services, this article highlights that some luxuries are timeless and eschew the changes associated with radical creative transformations. Following a brief discussion of the nature of luxury and creativity, a number of examples are employed to illustrate the different roles of creativity in the development and delivery of different types of luxury. The relationship between luxury and creativity is shown to be varied and complex.},
	keywords = {craftsmanship, creativity, innovation, knowledge, luxury},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/913},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/913},
	author = {Joanne Roberts and John Armitage}
}
@article {873,
	title = {Personal Health Systems Technologies: Critical Issues in Service Innovation and Diffusion},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {02/2015},
	pages = {46-57},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Personal health system (PHS) technologies can enhance public and private health service delivery and provide new business opportunities in Europe and around the world. Although much PHS technology has already been developed and could potentially provide virtually everyone with access to personalized healthcare, research driven primarily by a technology push may fail, because it fails to situate PHS within the wider health and social care service systems. In this article, we explore the scattered PHS research and innovation landscape, as well its relevant markets, using several types of analyses: bibliometrics, patent analysis, social network analysis, stakeholder workshops, and interviews. Our analyses aim to identify critical issues in the development and implementation of service systems around PHS technologies. },
	keywords = {ehealth, foresight studies, health and social care, healthcare, innovation ecosystem, mhealth, personal health systems, service innovation, service systems, stakeholders, system design, technology adoption},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/873},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/873},
	author = {Doris Schartinger and Ian Miles and Ozcan Saritas and Effie Amanatidou and Susanne Giesecke and Barbara Heller-Schuh and Laura Pombo-Juarez and G{\"u}nter Schreier}
}
@article {905,
	title = {Representing Botnet-Enabled Cyber-Attacks and Botnet Takedowns Using Club Theory},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {06/2015},
	pages = {35-44},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {A model for executing and resisting botnet-enabled cyber-attacks and botnet takedowns does not exist. The lack of this representation results in ineffective and inefficient organizational decision making and learning, hampers theory development, and obfuscates the discourse about the {\textquotedblleft}best-case{\textquotedblright} scenarios for the future of the online world. In this article, a club theory model for botnet-enabled cyber-attacks and botnet takedowns is developed. Initiatives to execute and resist botnet-enabled cyber-attacks and botnet takedowns are conceptualized as collective actions carried out by individuals and groups organized into four types of Internet-linked clubs: Attacker, Defender, Botbeheader, and Botmaster. Five scenarios of botnet-enabled cyber-attacks and five scenarios of botnet takedowns are examined to identify the specific dimensions of the three constructs and provide examples of the values in each dimension. The developed theory provides insights into the clubs, thereby paving the way for more effective botnet mitigation strategies. This research will be of particular interest to executives and functional personnel of heterogeneous organizations who are interested in improving the quality of their communications and accelerating decision making when solving botnet-related problems. Researchers applying club theory to examine collective actions of organizations linked by the Internet will also be interested in this research. Although club theory has been applied to solve problems in many fields, this is the first effort to apply it to botnet-related problems.},
	keywords = {botmaster, botnet, botnet takedown, collective action, cyber-attack, cybersecurity},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/905},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/905},
	author = {Olukayode Adegboyega}
}
@article {904,
	title = {Secure by Design: Cybersecurity Extensions to Project Management Maturity Models for Critical Infrastructure Projects},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {06/2015},
	pages = {26-34},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Many systems that comprise our critical infrastructures {\textendash} including electricity, transportation, healthcare, and financial systems {\textendash} are designed and deployed as information technology (IT) projects using project management practices. IT projects provide a one-time opportunity to securely "design in" cybersecurity to the IT components of critical infrastructures. The project management maturity models used by organizations today to assess the quality and rigour of IT project management practices do not explicitly consider cybersecurity. This article makes three contributions to address this gap. First, it develops the argument that cybersecurity can and should be a concern of IT project managers and assessed in the same way as other project management capabilities. Second, it examines three widely used cybersecurity maturity models {\textendash} i) the National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST) framework for improving critical infrastructure cybersecurity, ii) the United States Department of Energy{\textquoteright}s Cybersecurity Capability Maturity Model (C2M2), and iii) the CERT Resilience Management Model (CERT RMM) from the Carnegie Mellon Software Engineering Institute {\textendash} to identify six cybersecurity themes that are salient to IT project management. Third, it proposes a set of cybersecurity extensions to PjM3, a widely-deployed project management maturity model. The extensions take the form of a five-level cybersecurity capability perspective that augments the seven standard perspectives of the PjM3 by explicitly assessing project management capabilities that impact the six themes where IT project management and cybersecurity intersect. This article will be relevant to IT project managers, the top management teams of organizations that design and deploy IT systems for critical infrastructures, and managers at organizations that provide and maintain critical infrastructures.},
	keywords = {C2M2, capability maturity models, CERT RMM, critical infrastructures, cybersecurity, NIST, P3M3, PjM3, project management},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/904},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/904},
	author = {Jay Payette and Esther Anegbe and Erika Caceres and Steven Muegge}
}
@article {863,
	title = {Securing the Car: How Intrusive Manufacturer-Supplier Approaches Can Reduce Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {01/2015},
	pages = {21-25},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Today{\textquoteright}s vehicles depend on numerous complex software systems, some of which have been developed by suppliers and must be integrated using "glue code" so that they may function together. However, this method of integration often introduces cybersecurity vulnerabilities at the interfaces between electronic systems. In this article we address the {\textquotedblleft}glue code problem{\textquotedblright} by drawing insights from research on supplier-manufacturer outsourcing relationships in the automotive industry. The glue code problem can be framed as a knowledge coordination problem between manufactures and suppliers. Car manufacturers often employ different levels of intrusiveness in the design of car subsystems by their suppliers: the more control over the supplier the manufacturer exerts in the design of the subsystem, the more intrusive the manufacturer is. We argue that high intrusiveness by car manufacturers in defining module interfaces and subcomponents for suppliers would lead to more secure cars. },
	keywords = {automobile manufacturing, car design, control, cybersecurity, glue code, governance, intrusiveness, outsourcing, supplier, supplier-manufacturer relationships, vulnerabilities},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/863},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/863},
	author = {Mohamed Amin and Zaid Tariq}
}
@article {903,
	title = {A Value Blueprint Approach to Cybersecurity in Networked Medical Devices},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {06/2015},
	pages = {17-25},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Cybersecurity for networked medical devices has been usually {\textquotedblleft}bolted on{\textquotedblright} by manufacturers at the end of the design cycle, rather than integrated as a key factor of the product development and value creation process. The recently released cybersecurity guidelines by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) offer an opportunity for manufacturers to find a way of positioning cybersecurity as part of front-end design, value creation, and market differentiation. However, the technological architecture and the functionality of such devices require an ecosystem approach to the value creation process. Thus, the present article adopts an ecosystem approach to including cybersecurity as part of their value proposition. It extends the value blueprint approach suggested by Ron Adner to include an additional dimension that offers the opportunity to define: the potential locations of cybersecurity issues within the ecosystem, the specific nature of these issues, the players that should be responsible for addressing them, as well as a way to articulate the added cybersecurity value as a competitive differentiator to potential customers. The value of the additional blueprint dimension is demonstrated through a case study of a representative networked medical device {\textendash} a connected insulin pump and continuous glucose monitor. },
	keywords = {cybersecurity, ecosystem, market differentiation, networked medical devices, value proposition},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/903},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/903},
	author = {George Tanev and Peyo Tzolov and Rollins Apiafi}
}
@article {827,
	title = {Developing a Social Network as a Means of Obtaining Entrepreneurial Knowledge Needed for Internationalization},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {09/2014},
	pages = {11-18},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {An internationalization process for startups is based on the exchange of knowledge and other resources required for early internationalization and fast growth, and it requires ventures to identify opportunities, conduct business, and gain a competitive advantage in a foreign market. But, how do entrepreneurs obtain the knowledge required for internationalization? Previous research suggests a role for the utilization of social networks, leading managers to ask three basic questions: i) what kinds of knowledge-based resources are urgently needed by international new ventures?, ii) how do needs for knowledge change according to different stages in the internationalization process?, and iii) how can changing needs for knowledge be met by developing and leveraging a social network? In this article, we review the related literature, discuss potential answers to these basic questions, and we suggest how a dynamic process can guide new ventures to acquire knowledge for developing resources and conducting business toward internationalization.},
	keywords = {business relationships, entrepreneurship, internationalization, knowledge acquisition, social networks},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/827},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/827},
	author = {Chen Han and Adeleye Afolabi}
}
@article {828,
	title = {Down the Rabbit Hole: How Structural Holes in Entrepreneurs{\textquoteright} Social Networks Impact Early Venture Growth},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {09/2014},
	pages = {19-27},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Social networks play a significant role in the success of new entrepreneurial ventures. They provide an accumulation of tangible and intangible resources that are linked to entrepreneurial outcomes such as growth and innovation. The structure of social networks, specifically, has been linked to these outcomes; structural holes in social networks have shown an association with entrepreneurial success. Entrepreneurs who have many structural holes in their networks are thought to benefit from a rich source of divergent information.

This article examines the complex nature of the relationships among social networks, formal institutions, and the outcomes of new ventures. It also explores the effects of a social network{\textquoteright}s structural holes on growth in the early years of a venture{\textquoteright}s development. We propose that structural holes of a social network, through a mediating role of institutional polycentrism, play an important role in the growth and profitability of a new venture as well as potential threats of exploitation. We then provide recommendations based on the reviewed literature for entrepreneurs and managers of formal institutions. },
	keywords = {entrepreneurs, institutional order, social networks, structural holes, venture growth},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/828},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/828},
	author = {Mackenzie Adams and Maged Makramalla and Walter Miron}
}
@article {818,
	title = {The Government of India{\textquoteright}s Role in Promoting Innovation through Policy Initiatives for Entrepreneurship Development},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {08/2014},
	pages = {11-17},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In spite of having a large publicly funded science and technology infrastructure and a sizeable education base, India has not been able to realize its innovative potential due to a fragmented innovation ecosystem. The government of India has taken many initiatives towards strengthening the innovation ecosystem, the most important of which are: i) the establishment of the National Innovation Council, whose mandate is to coordinate various innovation-related activities, and ii) the new Science, Technology and Innovation Policy 2013, which is intended to promote entrepreneurship and science-led solutions for sustainable and inclusive growth. With a focus on this new policy initiative, this article describes the current innovation ecosystem and the challenges it faces, and it discusses the efforts made by the government towards the promotion of innovation for entrepreneurship development and sustainable growth. With the implementation of this new policy the early indications are that India is poised to take a big leap towards innovation-led growth.},
	keywords = {economic growth, entrepreneurship, government, India, innovation, innovation ecosystem, policy},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/818},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/818},
	author = {Ravindra Abhyankar}
}
@article {793,
	title = {Integrating Design for All in Living Labs},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {05/2014},
	pages = {50-59},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The European Union has identified innovation as a key driver behind business competitiveness and responsive governance. However, innovation in and of itself may not be sufficient to help businesses bring new products to market and to help governments shape public services that meet the real needs of citizens. The Integrating Design for All in Living Labs (IDeALL) project sought to identify and test methodologies for designing with users in real-life settings. The results of the experiments showed how different methodologies can be applied in different contexts, helping to provide solutions to societal issues and to create products and services that genuinely meet user requirements. In this article, we describe the methodologies used in the IDeALL project and provide examples of the project{\textquoteright}s experiments and case studies across four main areas: i) services; ii) health and social care; iii) information and communication technology; and iv) urban design. },
	keywords = {3H, co-creation, design, design for all, health, HUMBLES, ICT, innovation, living labs, LUPI, methodologies, service prototyping, services, social care, urban design, user-centred approaches},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/793},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/793},
	author = {Madeleine Gray and Mika{\"e}l Mangyoku and Artur Serra and Laia S{\'a}nchez and Francesc Aragall}
}
@article {758,
	title = {Overcoming Barriers to Collaboration in an Open Source Ecosystem},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {01/2014},
	pages = {18-27},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Leveraging open source practices provides value to businesses when entrepreneurs and managers understand how to collaborate effectively in an open source ecosystem. However, the complex mix of different actors and varying barriers to effective collaboration in the ecosystem pose a substantial challenge. How can a business create and capture value if it depends on effective collaboration among these different groups? In this article, we review the published research on open source collaboration and reveal insights that will be beneficial to entrepreneurs and managers. We organize the published research into four streams based upon the following actor groups: i) governance actors, ii) competitors, iii) complementors, and iv) the core community. Then, through induction and synthesis, we identify barriers to collaboration, first by ecosystem and then by actor group. Finally, we offer six recommendations for identifying and overcoming barriers to collaboration in an open source ecosystem.},
	keywords = {business ecosystem, collaboration, collaboration barriers, communities, competitors, complementors, core community, governance, open source},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/758},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/758},
	author = {Derek Smith and Asrar Alshaikh and Rawan Bojan and Anish Kak and Mohammad Mehdi Gharaei Manesh}
}
@article {648,
	title = {The Evolving Role of Open Source Software in Medicine and Health Services},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {01/2013},
	pages = {32-39},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The past five decades have witnessed immense coevolution of methods and tools of information technology, and their practical and experimental application within the medical and healthcare domain. Healthcare itself continues to evolve in response to change in healthcare needs, progress in the scientific foundations of treatments, and in professional and managerial organization of affordable and effective services, in which patients and their families and carers increasingly participate.

Taken together, these trends impose highly complex underlying challenges for the design, development, and sustainability of the quality of supporting information services and software infrastructure that are needed. The challenges are multidisciplinary and multiprofessional in scope, and they require deeper study and learning to inform policy and promote public awareness of the problems health services have faced in this area for many years. The repeating pattern of failure to live up to expectations of policy-driven national health IT initiatives has proved very costly and remains frustrating and unproductive for all involved. 

In this article, we highlight the barriers to progress and discuss the dangers of pursuing a standardization framework devoid of empirical testing and iterative development. We give the example of the openEHR Foundation, which was established at University College London (UCL) in London, England, with members in 80 countries. The Foundation is a not-for-profit company providing open specifications and working for generic standards for electronic records, informed directly by a wide range of implementation experience. We also introduce the Opereffa open source framework, which was developed at UCL based on these specifications and which has been downloaded in some 70 countries. We argue that such an approach is now essential to support good discipline, innovation, and governance at the heart of medicine and health services, in line with the new mandate for health commissioning in the United Kingdom{\textquoteright}s National Health Service (NHS), which emphasizes patient participation, innovation, transparency, and accountability. },
	keywords = {electronic health care record, information retrieval, open source framework, openEHR Foundation, persistence, standards based},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/648},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/648},
	author = {David Ingram and Sevket Seref Arikan}
}
@article {657,
	title = {How Can Entrepreneurs Motivate Crowdsourcing Participants?},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {02/2013},
	pages = {23-30},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Crowdsourcing is a way to access a global crowd of talented people and to channel their talent and creative effort towards some useful endeavour. Technology entrepreneurs who may have limited resources, especially during the start-up phase of the business, will be attracted to crowdsourcing as a means to access funding, knowledge, subject matter experts, and resources on a global scale. In this article, we review the published research on crowdsourcing as it relates to motivation, and distil the insights from that research that will be useful to technology entrepreneurs. First, we organize the published research into three streams according to crowd type: i) task-based public crowd, ii) information-exchange public crowd, and iii) employee-based crowd. Next, we identify the motivational drivers common to all streams as well as the motivational drivers that are unique to each stream. Finally, we offer five recommendations for technology entrepreneurs seeking to apply crowdsourcing.},
	keywords = {crowdsourcing, entrepreneur, startup, technology entrepreneurship},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/657},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/657},
	author = {Derek Smith and Mohammad Mehdi Gharaei Manesh and Asrar Alshaikh}
}
@article {701,
	title = {Peer-to-Peer Enclaves for Improving Network Defence},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {07/2013},
	pages = {19-24},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Information about cyberthreats within networks spreads slowly relative to the speed at which those threats spread. Typical "threat feeds" that are commercially available also disseminate information slowly relative to the propagation speed of attacks, and they often convey irrelevant information about imminent threats. As a result, hosts sharing a network may miss opportunities to improve their defence postures against imminent attack because needed information arrives too late or is lost in irrelevant noise. We envision timely, relevant peer-to-peer sharing of threat information {\textendash} based on current technologies {\textendash} as a solution to these problems and as a useful design pattern for defensive cyberwarfare. In our setting, network nodes form communities that we call enclaves, where each node defends itself while sharing information on imminent threats with peers that have similar threat exposure. In this article, we present our vision for this solution. We sketch the architecture of a typical node in such a network and how it might interact with a framework for sharing threat information; we explain why certain defensive countermeasures may work better in our setting; we discuss current tools that could be used as components in our vision; and we describe opportunities for future research and development.},
	keywords = {cyber countermeasures, cybersecurity, dynamic cyberdefence, enclave computing, network defence, peer-to-peer},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/701},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/701},
	author = {David W. Archer and Adam Wick}
}
@article {650,
	title = {Q\&A. Is Open Source Sustainable?},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {01/2013},
	pages = {46-49},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {Apache, GPL, licenses, open source, sustainability},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/650},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/650},
	author = {Matt Asay}
}
@article {717,
	title = {On the Road to Holistic Decision Making in Adaptive Security},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {08/2013},
	pages = {59-64},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Security is a critical concern in today{\textquoteright}s software systems. Besides the interconnectivity and dynamic nature of network systems, the increasing complexity in modern software systems amplifies the complexity of IT security. This fact leaves attackers one step ahead in exploiting vulnerabilities and introducing new cyberattacks. The demand for new methodologies in addressing cybersecurity is emphasized by both private and national corporations. A practical solution to dynamically manage the high complexity of IT security is adaptive security, which facilitates analysis of the system{\textquoteright}s behaviour and hence the prevention of malicious attacks in complex systems. Systems that feature adaptive security detect and mitigate security threats at runtime with little or no administrator involvement. In these systems, decisions at runtime are balanced according to quality and performance goals. This article describes the necessity of holistic decision making in such systems and paves the road to future research.},
	keywords = {adaptive security, architecture, automation, cyberattacks, cybersecurity, game theory, holistic decision making, self-adaptive software, self-protecting software},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/717},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/717},
	author = {Mahsa Emami-Taba and Mehdi Amoui and Ladan Tahvildari}
}
@article {556,
	title = {Applying the Theory of the Firm to Examine a Technology Startup at the Investment Stage},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {05/2012},
	pages = {23-27},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The investment stage of a new technology firm is when resources, opportunities, investors, and early customers first converge. Currently, technology entrepreneurs make many expensive mistakes. They invest in assets and develop capabilities that prove to have limited value. They take too long to discover and validate the product-market fit for their firms during the investment stage and run out of time and money. Understanding how theory can help entrepreneurs make decisions during the investment stage is important to accelerate new-firm formation and growth as well as to reduce the uncertainty of founders and stakeholders of technology firms. 
 
This article introduces a model developed to examine deal making during the investment stage of a new technology firm. It is an extension of a model of lateral firm scope proposed by Oliver Hart and Bengt Holmstrom. The extensions come from considering a technology firm as being both a deal-making entity and a pool of resources during the investment stage. A deal is the result of a decision the entrepreneur and others make to coordinate (i.e., work together to achieve a common objective). Benefits from a deal include cash profits for the firm and private benefits for the entrepreneur. 

This extended model is then applied to examine the author{\textquoteright}s firm which is still in the investment stage. Application of the extended model to a real-life situation generated two important insights: i) when private benefits include learning from experimentation, the number of deals increases and ii) at the start of the investment stage, private benefits drive deal-making, whereas at the end of the investment stage, cash profits derived from asset ownership drive deal-making.
},
	keywords = {deals, investment, technology entrepreneurship, theory of the firm},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/556},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/556},
	author = {Michael Ayukawa}
}
@article {565,
	title = {Developmental Impact Analysis of an ICT-Enabled Scalable Healthcare Model in BRICS Economies},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {06/2012},
	pages = {25-31},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article highlights the need for initiating a healthcare business model in a grassroots, emerging-nation context. This article{\textquoteright}s backdrop is a history of chronic anomalies afflicting the healthcare sector in India and similarly placed BRICS nations. In these countries, a significant percentage of populations remain deprived of basic healthcare facilities and emergency services. Community (primary care) services are being offered by public and private stakeholders as a panacea to the problem. Yet, there is an urgent need for specialized (tertiary care) services at all levels. 
As a response to this challenge, an all-inclusive health-exchange system (HES) model, which utilizes information communication technology (ICT) to provide solutions in rural India, has been developed. The uniqueness of the model lies in its innovative hub-and-spoke architecture and its emphasis on affordability, accessibility, and availability to the masses. This article describes a developmental impact analysis (DIA) that was used to assess the impact of this model. The article contributes to the knowledge base of readers by making them aware of the healthcare challenges emerging nations are facing and ways to mitigate those challenges using entrepreneurial solutions.},
	keywords = {business model innovation, developmental Impact analysis, DIA, health technology, social entrepreneurship},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/565},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/565},
	author = {Punit Saurabh and Bhaskar Bhowmick and Amrita and Dhrubes Biswas}
}
@article {603,
	title = {Mapping Living Labs in the Landscape of Innovation Methodologies},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {09/2012},
	pages = {12-18},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {A growing interest in living labs as a mechanism for innovation has drawn significant attention to both the different flavours of this methodology and to the organizations that put it into practice. However, little has been done to assess its impact and to compare its contribution to other innovation methodologies. This article aims to cover that gap by summarizing the most common European living labs approaches and positioning them in the landscape of user-contributed innovation methodology. The merits and appropriateness of living labs in these settings are also assessed.},
	keywords = {innovation, living labs, living labs methodologies, Open innovation, user-driven design},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/603},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/603},
	author = {Esteve Almirall and Melissa Lee and Jonathan Wareham}
}
@article {523,
	title = {Social Entrepreneurship: Definition and Boundaries},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {02/2012},
	pages = {22-27},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {While individuals may be publicly recognized as social entrepreneurs for their contributions to improve the welfare of communities, the field of social entrepreneurship continues to struggle to gain academic legitimacy. Social entrepreneurship is a term in search of a good definition. The current use of the term seems vague and limitless; it needs boundaries to demarcate its function. The lack of a common definition hinders research and raises questions about which social or profit-making activities fall within the spectrum of social entrepreneurship. To become an important stream in the entrepreneurship literature, social entrepreneurship needs to be properly defined and it requires a theoretical framework that links it to the theory of entrepreneurship. This article builds on the literature to define social entrepreneurship, discusses the boundaries of socially-oriented entrepreneurial activities, and positions the social entrepreneur in the spectrum of entrepreneurship. },
	keywords = {social enterprise, social entrepreneur, social entrepreneurship},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/523},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/523},
	author = {Samer Abu-Saifan}
}
@article {615,
	title = {To Internationalize Rapidly from Inception: Crowdsource},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {10/2012},
	pages = {17-21},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Technology entrepreneurs continuously search for tools to accelerate the internationalization of their startups. For the purpose of internationalizing rapidly from inception, we propose that technology startups use crowdsourcing to internalize the tacit knowledge embodied in members of a crowd distributed across various geographies.  For example, a technology startup can outsource to a large crowd the definition of a customer problem that occurs across various geographies, the development of the best solution to the problem, and the identification of attractive business expansion opportunities. 

In this article, we analyze how three small firms use crowdsourcing, discuss the benefits of crowdsourcing, and offer six recommendations to technology entrepreneurs interested in using crowdsourcing to rapidly internationalize their startups from inception.},
	keywords = {born global, crowdsourcing, entrepreneurship, globalization, internationalization, startups},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/615},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/615},
	author = {Elnaz Heidari and Mohsen Akhavannia and Nirosh Kannangara}
}
@article {434,
	title = {Defining Good Deals in Business Collectives},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2011},
	month = {04/2011},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In the context of a current project at Carleton University to create creating a deal-making platform, this article presents the results of a recent review of the literature to determine: What is a good deal? This is question is asked from the perspective of the stakeholders in the development of a software-based collaboration tool that is designed to help streamline deal development between members. The stakeholders include the creators, the users, and the investors. We answer this question by examining several streams in the literature, all centered on understanding deals and deal-making processes. These streams explore the concept of a win-win deal, how value may be seen differently, and the group processes involved in deal making.

A key contribution from this review suggests that deal goodness can be separated based on a Me-We construct: the impact to each and every stakeholder of the deal and the impact to the entire collective (not just the deal stakeholders). This implies one can separate the platform management problem into actor-centric (Me) and linkage-centric (We) domains. This is consistent with the notion of players balancing their self interest with the other stakeholders in the deal (Me-We). This is also consistent with the prospect of managing ecosystem health based on player and network-based metrics.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/434},
	author = {Michael Ayukawa}
}
@article {410,
	title = {How Firms Relate to Open Source Communities},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2011},
	month = {01/2011},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article explores the relationship between firms and open source communities. Open source communities create, adopt, adapt, or disseminate innovation in a manner very different from a proprietary approach. To put this in context, we first define what is meant by open source community and then examine the roles members may play in these communities. Next, we illustrate that a firm can participate in an open source development community in different ways, depending on its level of sponsorship of that community. We assert that the degree of influence desired by the firm should connect to its business strategy and the firm needs to determine how its participation and support can be used to enhance its competitive position and provide new value to its customers. We next explore three main strategies to leverage and engage communities. We also examine how community interactions are affected by the degree of openness when engaging the community and how this relates to the firm{\textquoteright}s ability to protect the competitive advantage of its proprietary assets. This discussion will help firms with strategic planning when considering how to tap into this source of technical innovation that lies outside their boundaries.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/410},
	author = {Michael Ayukawa and Mohammed Al-Sanabani and Adefemi Debo-Omidokun}
}
@article {439,
	title = {Shifting an Entrepreneur{\textquoteright}s World View},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2011},
	month = {05/2011},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {As an entrepreneur, you continually test your decisions by gaining feedback: from your customers and your investors (or lack thereof). This process of ongoing feedback is how an entrepreneur learns to shape their opportunity to accommodate their new knowledge of the environment. But this activity is very dependent on the "world view framework" of the entrepreneur. What may seem to be important turns out to be noise and important signals are dismissed. This article describes the special value for an entrepreneur of frameworks grounded in theory in general and the value of the framework of business ecosystems from two perspectives: as a member of a business ecosystem and as a creator of a business ecosystem. These two perspectives fundamentally affected the direction of adaption for our product and reshaped how we approached our (ad)venture.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/439},
	author = {Michael Ayukawa}
}
@article {427,
	title = {The Strategic Impact of Corporate Responsibility and Criminal Networks on Value Co-Creation},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2011},
	month = {03/2011},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article is motivated by the increasing concern about the ever-declining security of pharmaceutical products due to the abundance of counterfeit network actors. We argue that if networks are effective mechanisms for criminal organizations to infiltrate into any value chain, then networks should also work for responsible businesses in their quests to counter this phenomenon of value destruction, which is ultimately detrimental to the value co-creation process. Thus, this article demonstrates a nuanced understanding of the strategic impact of corporate responsibility of actors in networks on value co-creation.

The current discourse on value co-creation in business networks is structured in such a way that it precludes its inherent corporate responsibility component even though they are not mutually exclusive. Moreover, research on value co-creation aimed at the proactive and responsible defence of a network substance via value co-protection has been mostly scant. We propose a model of value-optimization through value co-protection and ethical responsibility. This way of theorizing has several implications for both policy making and managerial decision making in the pharmaceutical industry and beyond.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/427},
	author = {Frederick Ahen and Peter Zettinig}
}
@article {378,
	title = {Deals Without Borders: A Value Proposition for the Open Global Commerce Keystone},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {09/2010},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The Ottawa Centre for Research and Innovation (OCRI) and Carleton University have envisioned the creation of a keystone anchoring a global deal-generating business ecosystem centered in Ottawa, Canada. Through the support and common resources of the ecosystem, small and medium companies located in five international capital cities will be better able to construct and close more transnational deals through a process of collaborative and open co-creation. This is the Open Global Commerce (OGC) value proposition: "Deals Without Borders." 
 },
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/378},
	author = {Michael Ayukawa}
}
@article {385,
	title = {Differentiating Community from Customers in an F/LOSS Business},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {10/2010},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {When software companies using free/libre open source software (F/LOSS) in their product and service offerings attempt to manage the customer pipeline and develop a community, problems may arise. Project communities and customer pipelines are not the same thing, although some participants belong to both groups. This creates confusion in the business and tension with the community.

F/LOSS communities have been on the rise for the past two decades. Companies began to form around F/LOSS projects in the early 1990s, with some creating their own F/LOSS projects and some wrapping themselves around existing projects. This has created tension between company managers who are trying to earn profits from software that is "available for free," and from developers in communities that do not necessarily want to create software for someone else{\textquoteright}s corporate gain. This happens regardless of whether the company created the F/LOSS-licensed project itself, or participates in external communities around other projects, or both.

This article demonstrates that separating the concepts of community and customer, and of project and product, allows a business to manage clearly both challenges of developing an engaged community and maximizing profits.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/385},
	author = {Matthew Aslett and Stephen Walli}
}
@article {371,
	title = {OpenOttawaLibre: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Building Creative Cities},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {08/2010},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {OpenOttawaLibre (OOL) is a multidisciplinary approach that is being developed to strengthen Ottawa{\textquoteright}s position as a creative city. Faced with stiff competition from globally dominant mega-centres, smaller cities like Ottawa can compensate for their size by actively bringing together people to exchange ideas, share perspectives, and form new partnerships to solve existing and emerging problems. OOL will make it easy to organize these events and lower the risk by developing an ecosystem with experienced facilitators, physical resources, and proven processes. OOL is anchored by Ottawa{\textquoteright}s cultural planning group and aims to make Ottawa a global magnet for creative industries and talent.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/371},
	author = {Michael Ayukawa and Julie Dupont}
}
@article {420,
	title = {Q\&A. How is social network analysis used in studies of open source?},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {02/2011},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Q and A},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Social network analysis (SNA) can be used to study online communities, including free/libre open source software (F/LOSS) developer teams. SNA techniques provide insight into these communities and enable researchers to make predictions based on these insights. They can be used to model the nature and patterns of interactions that can be used as a predictor of group behaviour, trust, knowledge generation, and information diffusion (Crowston et al., 2010). SNA can also be used make predictions about other kinds of networks other than pure social networks, such as networks based on relationships between code artifacts.

In this article, we answer the question of how SNA has been used to study open source. We begin by describing social networks and how they can be deconstructed to examine the relationships between entities within them. Next, we discuss social networks within F/LOSS communities and describe how SNA gives insights into the various actors and groups acting within networks. Finally, we provide an overview of common SNA measures used to study open source, including examples of how they have been used to provide insights about F/LOSS communities. },
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/420},
	author = {Chulaka Ailapperuma and Senthilkumar Mukunda and Shruti Satsangi}
}
@article {301,
	title = {Components of Co-creation},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {11/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Value co-creation is an emerging innovation, marketing and business paradigm describing how customers and users are seen as active participants in the design of personalized products, services and experiences. Often this participation is organised via the Internet to enable the opportunity for customers to integrate their knowledge, experience and skills into existing, modified or entirely new market offerings reflecting their personal preferences, needs and contexts. There is a growing body of literature dedicated to the discussion of value co-creation frameworks, mechanisms and processes. However, these typically focus on the study, discussion and analysis of a small number of cases using deep, ethnographic description of their practices aiming at conceptualization and categorization of the different types of interactions between end users, the firm and the value network. Although useful, such an approach misses the advantages of an empirically driven quantitative approach that benefits from larger size samples and is more appropriate for theory building through the development and testing of hypotheses. It is important, therefore, to seek the development of a research methodology that combines the benefits of both qualitative and quantitative research approaches for studying the nature of value co-creation.

The article provides a first attempt to identify the main research steps of such a methodology. It provides some preliminary results on the key components of value co-creation between firms and end customers based on the application of web search and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) techniques. The analysis of these preliminary results is then used as an opportunity to identify a number of research questions to be addressed in future research. The emerging research questions follow the inner logic of the value co-creation phenomenon as well as the nature of the results reported in this article. The specific nature of the results was found to be suitable for the application of small-N techniques such as the Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) technique which combines the advantages of both qualitative and quantitative techniques. One of the main contributions of this article is to suggest and explore the possibility for using the QCA technique in future research on value co-creation.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/301},
	author = {Stephen Allen and Tony Bailetti and Stoyan Tanev}
}
@article {270,
	title = {First Steps towards Mapping the Economy{\textquoteright}s Genome},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {07/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Companies are increasingly being pressured to be green, although it is not always clear what this means. Upon closer examination, the concept of green can be seen as an emergent quality of the interactions between many companies, many chemicals, and our environment - all driven by our collective purchases. This tangled web can be better understood with the right analysis methods, software, and data, but these resources are currently scarce and expensive. The intellectual capital companies need to navigate this landscape can be quickly dispersed if they encourage the construction of an open environmental infrastructure of tools and data. This article discusses the analysis methods, software, and data that can be used to help companies, the economy, and society become greener, faster. 
 },
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/270},
	author = {Evan Andrews}
}
@article {257,
	title = {The Human Factor in Open Source},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {06/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {It is easy to focus on the purely technical side of engineering: design, coding, documentation, licensing issues, and the release process. The interpersonal aspects of engineering also have a vital part to play. An important and frequently overlooked part of the successful free/libre and open source enterprise are the soft skills of communication, administration, and relationship building.

Google uses, creates and supports open source software both as the raw material of code, and as a development model. My work in the Open Source Programs Office at Google as one member of a three person Outreach team is almost entirely about the mechanics of building good relations between the F/LOSS community at large and Google. This article describes our day-to-day tasks which are variously focused on student programs, external communications, event management, and financial administration.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/257},
	author = {Cat Allman}
}
@article {273,
	title = {TellTable: Collaborative Work Using Single User Applications},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {07/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Many work environments require collaborative writing and editing of documents in diverse formats. In simple cases, there is essentially one author who receives approvals and comments from others. In other cases, the document is genuinely collaboratively authored using asynchronous or synchronous methods. A common way to collaboratively edit a document is to exchange draft versions between authors via email. This method introduces the possibility of conflicting changes and missed contributions as well as a significant burden as all members of the team are responsible for version control. The principle difficulty is that independent changes can be made to different versions, which must later be reconciled manually. It is also difficult to determine when and why a change was made.

This article introduces TellTable, an open source system designed to allow single-user software applications to be managed in a collaborative manner. We will discuss current collaboration models, the technical aspects of the TellTable software framework, security issues in its implementation, and tests of performance.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/273},
	author = {Andy Adler and John C. Nash and Sylvie No{\"e}l}
}
@article {213,
	title = {Social Innovation in Sub-Saharan Africa},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {12/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {SW Global is an African-based application service provider of information technology infrastructure and software. This article describes how SW Global, a for-profit private sector company, creates high-impact value at universities and governments in developing countries through an innovative business model anchored around service subscriptions, open source software, and open content.
 },
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/213},
	author = {Steven Muegge and Chukwuemeka Afigbo}
}
@article {98,
	title = {Lead Projects},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2007},
	month = {07/2007},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Lead Projects},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Corporate Directory Platform and the Ottawa Tech Community described.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/98},
	author = {Peter Hoddinott and Richard Alam}
}
