@article {1463,
	title = {A Closer Look at Living Labs and Higher Education using a Scoping Review},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {12/2021},
	pages = {30-40},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {30},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {As society changes rapidly, there is a need to educate professionals who contribute to innovation and complex adaptations in organizations. As part of this education, companies, governmental bodies and other stakeholders have sought collaboration on complex issues in "living labs". Living labs are recognized as educational environments to prepare students in higher education for future roles. The aim of this article is to explore the nature and extent of the scientific literature about living labs in which actors in higher education actively participate. In total, 21 articles were included in this scoping review. Research into this topic appears to be relatively new. Definitions of living labs are mostly in line with the definition used by the European Network of Living Labs (ENoLL), with its large variation of lab locations. Few results about organization and governance were identified. Different lessons learned regarding processes, interaction and requirements for successful living labs were found. The design of learning is mostly described by learning activities. Learning outcomes are described in generic and specific competences and assessments in living labs are rarely described. The authors recommend more detailed studies into aspects of the successful participation of higher education to gain knowledge about enhancing learning outcomes, and the effects of educational activities within living lab environments.},
	keywords = {approaches, definitions, higher education, key elements, Living lab, scoping review},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1463},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1463},
	author = {Ren{\'e}e van den Heuvel and Susy Braun and Manon de Bruin and Ramon Dani{\"e}ls}
}
@article {1426,
	title = {Discovery and Validation of Business Models:  How B2B Startups can use Business Experiments},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {03/2021},
	pages = {17-31},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {17},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Startups searching for a business model face uncertainty. This research aims to demonstrates how B2B startups can use business experiments to discover and validate their business model{\textquoteright}s desirability quickly and cost-effectively. The research study follows a design science approach by focusing on two main steps: build and evaluate. We first created a B2B-Startup Experimentation Framework based on well-known earlier frameworks. After that, we applied the framework to the case of the German startup heliopas.ai. The framework consists of four steps (1) implementation of a measurement system, (2) hypothesis development and prioritization, (3) discovery, and (4) validation. Within its application, we conducted business experiments, including online and offline advertisements, as well as interviews. This research contributes in several ways to the understanding of how B2B-startups can use business experiments to discover and validate their business models: First, the designed B2B-Startup Experimentation Framework can serve as a guideline for company founders. Second, the results were used to improve the existing business model of the German B2B startup heliopas.ai. Finally, applying the framework allowed us to formulate design principles for creating business experiments. The design principles used in the study can be further tested in future studies.},
	keywords = {B2B Startup, Business Experiment Design, Business Experiments, business model, Customer Development Process, Four-Step Iterative Cycle, Growth Hacking, lean startup},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1426},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1426},
	author = {Patrick Brecht and Daniel Hendriks and Anja Stroebele and Carsten H. Hahn and Ingmar Wolff}
}
@article {1431,
	title = {Editorial: Aligning Multiple Stakeholder Value Propositions (April 2021)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {04/2021},
	pages = {3-5},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {3},
	address = {Ottawa},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1431},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1431},
	author = {Tony Bailetti and Christian Keen and Stoyan Tanev}
}
@article {1439,
	title = {The Effects of Competence-Based, Expressive and Collaborative Service Performance on the B2B Service Relationship},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {05/2021},
	pages = {17-31},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {17},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Service performance is considered an essential determinant of successful business relationships. It affects the customer{\textquoteright}s repurchase intentions and, therefore, the continuity of the relationship between the service provider and the customer. Yet, due to the complexity of  B2B relationships, service performance is a multi-faceted issue. It includes at least three crucial aspects: competence-based, expressive, and collaborative performance. The present paper investigates the effects of these dimensions on the buyer-supplier relationship and analyzes their mediated impact on customer repurchasing intentions. In so doing, we establish a structural equation model and test multiple hypotheses with a sample of 141 purchasing professionals from 23 countries. The findings indicate that expressive and collaborative service performance are more significant determinants of successful business relationships and influence business relationship continuity more than competence-based service performance. Also, relationship performance was found to fully mediate the links between expressive and collaborative service performance with customer repurchase intentions. The study underscores that service providers can ensure business continuity with their customers by investing in expressive and collaborative service performance.},
	keywords = {B2B services, Business services, Relationship performance, Repurchase intentions, Service performance, Service purchasing},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1439},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1439},
	author = {Wenting Zou and Saara A. Brax and Risto Rajala}
}
@article {1412,
	title = {Enabling and Promoting Sustainability through Digital API Ecosystems: An example of successful implementation in the smart city domain},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {01/2021},
	pages = {4-10},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {4},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Recent studies have recognized that digital ecosystems can enhance the transformation of enterprises and the sustainability of cooperation networks by enabling a regulated and governed exchange of data between different stakeholders according to common rules. Thanks to digital ecosystems, data can be effectively distributed and leveraged to build innovative services in various contexts, such as smart cities or corporate solutions. In this paper we apply the Cefriel Digital Ecosystem Toolkit approach, which was first adopted to foster digital interoperability during the 2015 World Exposition in Milan, Italy. The goal of this lightweight approach is to combine technologies for building API-based solutions with governance processes and common participation guidelines. Moreover, we argue that this approach fosters data sustainability responding to the FAIR (Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability, Reusability) principles for data management and stewardship. Since 2015, this approach has been applied in several projects and featured by the European Commission{\textquoteright}s JRC and the USA{\textquoteright}s NIST. The Cefriel Digital Ecosystem Toolkit approach now supports the creation of many-to-many digital relationships between stakeholders operating in various domains, allowing the discovery and reuse of digital assets owned by companies and organizations of any type and size, as well as supporting the development of added value services for citizens and other end-users.},
	keywords = {digital ecosystem, FAIR, interoperability, sustainability},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1412},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1412},
	author = {Maurizio Brioschi and Michele Bonardi and Nadia Fabrizio and Alfonso Fuggetta and Emiliano Sergio Verga and Maurilio Zuccal{\`a}}
}
@article {1462,
	title = {Human Factors in Living Lab Research},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {12/2021},
	pages = {21-29},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {21},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Human factors research is still in its infancy in healthcare and other fields. Yet it has the potential to allow organisations and living labs to assess and improve innovation quality, while closely involving potential end users. "Human factors" involve a scientific focus on the interaction between individuals and systems with the goal of improving safety, performance, and user acceptability. Studies simulating challenging real-life circumstances in selected samples and using a multi-method approach can provide important insights for organisations and governments and allow for better and safer services for the end user. By combining existing theory and case examples, the current paper aims to situate human factors research and to help researchers determine when and how this methodology could be applied.},
	keywords = {human factors, Living lab, methodology, safety, usability},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1462},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1462},
	author = {Nele A.J. De Witte and Leen Broeckx and Sascha Vermeylen and Vicky Van Der Auwera and Tom Van Daele}
}
@article {1458,
	title = {Ideologies in Energy Transition: Community Discourses on Renewables},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {10/2021},
	pages = {79-91},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {79},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This paper examines discourses in five Finnish municipalities{\textquoteright} energy transition processes to identify and explain different ideological discourses among its members. The study fills a gap in research extending the idea of sense making to capture the ideologies that hide in discourses during socio-technical transitions. We identify three types of ideological discourses labelled as Clan, Solarpunk and Native. The implications of the ideologies embedded in municipal, multi-partner networks that participate in energy transition affect who will be heard in a local context. This impacts future choices directly related to sustainability outcomes. We propose that discourses in these multi-partner networks, conceptualized from the perspective of municipal energy systems, help us to uncover underlying ideologies that imperil change. And yet at the same time, these revelations offer opportunities for sustainability-oriented innovation.},
	keywords = {Ideological Discourses, Municipal Energy Transition, Renewable Energy, Sense making, Sustainability Transitions},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1458},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1458},
	author = {Petra Berg and Rumy Narayan and Arto Rajala}
}
@article {1453,
	title = {Strategies for a Small to Medium-sized Enterprise to Engage in an Existing Ecosystem},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {10/2021},
	pages = {5-19},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {5},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Recent advances in ecosystem theory prescribe that companies need to develop offers that are modular and form unique or supermodular complementarities with other offers. However, both academic and managerial knowledge of the strategies that especially small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) can use to engage in existing ecosystems for value creation remains scattered and predominantly vague. This article thus aims to explore applicable ecosystem engagement strategies from the perspective of SMEs, as discussed in previous scholarly literature. In so doing, the article puts forward and elaborates three distinct strategies that SMEs can apply to become part of value-creating ecosystems. In this way, the findings contribute to the literature on ecosystems.},
	keywords = {Complementarities, ecosystem, engagement, Entry, SME, strategy, value creation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1453},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1453},
	author = {Ermela Bashuri and Tony Bailetti}
}
@article {1466,
	title = {Urban Living Labs and Transformative Changes: A qualitative study of the triadic relationship between financing, stakeholder roles, and the outcomes of Urban Living Labs in terms of impact creation in the city of Groningen, the Netherlands},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {12/2021},
	pages = {73-87},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {73},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Urban Living Labs (ULLs) have become a popular instrument for finding solutions to urban challenges faced by cities. While ULLs have achieved a certain level of normalisation in cities, a general lack of understanding remains regarding the character and purpose of the ULL phenomenon still leaves many challenges open to be overcome. One challenge involves the potential impact of ULLs in contributing to meaningful transformative changes. By combining a literature review with a comparative case study of three ULLs in the city of Groningen, the Netherlands, this study confirms and adds to current theoretical positions taken about how to overcome the challenge in terms of holding a shared ideology and reviewing the concepts of agency and power. It also shows that opportunity comes along with trust-building among stakeholders in ULLs, as a way to enhance their potential in practise. Consequently, this study calls for further research regarding underexplored theories and models of ULLs, power dynamics in ULLs, and into their self-sustaining character, both in terms of social adoption and ownership, as well as financial sustainability.},
	keywords = {Impact Creation, Transformative Changes, Trust Building, urban living labs},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1466},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1466},
	author = {Stefano Blezer and Nurhan Abujidi}
}
@article {1435,
	title = {Value Proposition Misalignment and the Failure to Become a Born-Global Company},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {04/2021},
	pages = {38-51},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {38},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This inductive study explores factors by which some new and innovative firms try yet fail to achieve born-global status. Born-global studies have a survivorship bias, with errors of omission that paint a favourable picture of how innovative and well-funded new ventures internationalise. In this paper, we counter such biases by focussing on innovative ventures that expressed intentions to become born global but failed to do so. Our findings reveal that these new ventures fail in two ways. Either they underestimate the need to tailor a portfolio of value propositions and over-extend their efforts across too many markets, a pattern called "baby born-global". Or they over-commit to one market at a time, thus limiting their capacity to develop value propositions in similar markets, a pattern called "micro multinational".},
	keywords = {Born-global, failure, internationalisation, premature scaling, value propositions},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1435},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1435},
	author = {Roshana Prabaharan and Martin Bliemel and Stoyan Tanev}
}
@article {1349,
	title = {Call for Papers: Aligning multiple stakeholder value propositions: the challenge of new companies  committed to scale early and rapidly},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {04/2020},
	pages = {80-82},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {80},
	address = {Ottawa},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1349},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1349},
	author = {Tony Bailetti and Christian Keen and Stoyan Tanev}
}
@article {1348,
	title = {Correlation between Entrepreneurial Orientation and Implementation of AI in Human Resources Management},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {04/2020},
	pages = {72-79},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {72},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This paper develops the concept of adopting artificial intelligence (AI) in human resources management (HRM) through a research questionnaire and reports the results of a study designed to investigate the perception of adopting and introducing AI in HRM processes. In addition, it investigates the correlation between entrepreneurship orientation (EO) and AI in HRM processes. A survey was conducted with a sample of 310 firm members in the HR Section Romande, as well as a literature review on the adoption of new technologies. The results indicate a perceived positive value of introducing AI in HRM and a correlation between the level of a company{\textquoteright}s EO and the introduction of AI in HRM. This means that the more a company is entrepreneurially oriented, the more it tends to implement or include already implemented AI projects and tools in HRM processes. The perceived value of AI in HRM was evaluated by comparing answers to research questions involving the introduction of AI in HRM tools, and expectations of widely implementing AI in the next five years. The main barrier of adopting AI in HRM appeared to be a lack of skills and training. In addition, potential features of implementing AI in HRM were identified as potential steps toward introducing AI as a new technology. Questions regarding the evaluation of EO were based on a research Colvin Slevin (1989). It is important for SMEs to invest in information technology to set the basis for further development. Owing to intensified competitive pressures and the necessity of entering global markets, SMEs are incrementally employing Information Technology (IT) to create substantial benefits. Most prior research has focused more on IT adoption in large organizations, yet when regarding the limited resources of SMEs, the IT adoption process is considerably different. (Ghobakhloo, Sabouri, Hong and Zulkifli, 2011).},
	keywords = {artificial intelligence, entrepreneurial orientation, Human Resource Management},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1348},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1348},
	author = {Rico Baldegger and Maurizio Caon and Kreshnik Sadiku}
}
@article {1403,
	title = {Demystifiying the Meaning of Transnational Entrepreneurship: Indian transnational entrepreneurs in comparative perspective},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {11/2020},
	pages = {47-59},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {47},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Migration of people from one geographical location to another, within or outside a country, has a major role to play in the socio-economic development across the globe. "Migrants" and "immigrants" that showcase entrepreneurial traits and are valued in both home and host countries. Transnational entrepreneurs are often studied in various cross-national entrepreneurial research streams, like international entrepreneurship, immigrant entrepreneurship, thus causing ambiguity in the existing definitions. This paper contributes a specific definition of "transnational entrepreneurship", based on secondary research, which takes into account different mobility types. It emphasizes the importance of this construct for developing transnational entrepreneurial typologies. The authors propose a "framework of transnational entrepreneurship" in the paper.},
	keywords = {diaspora, entrepreneurship, immigrant, migration, transnational},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1403},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1403},
	author = {Supriya Singh and Punit Saurabh and Nityesh Bhatt}
}
@article {1343,
	title = {Digitalization, Entrepreneurial Orientation and Internationalization of Micro-, Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {04/2020},
	pages = {5-17},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {5},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Nowadays, we are living in a digitally connected global economy that is completely transforming trade in foreign markets and exposing firms, particularly micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs), to major changes and new opportunities. As the use of digital technologies is creating more fluidity and nonlinearity across time and space in entrepreneurial processes, our research adopted a conceptual process to investigate how the digital transformation of MSMEs will support decision-makers in international businesses. Based on a quantitative research design, we demonstrate that the more a company digitalizes its functions, the more it favours entrepreneurial behavior to lead successful strategic decisions in foreign markets. Our results are discussed in detail and we propose several ways to benefit from opportunities arising from the use of digital technologies.},
	keywords = {digital entrepreneurship, digitalization, Entrepreneurial Orientaton, international entrepreneurship, MSMEs},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1343},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1343},
	author = {Anna{\"e}le Herv{\'e} and Christophe Schmitt and Rico Baldegger}
}
@article {1342,
	title = {Editorial: Digitalization and Internationalization (April 2020)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {04/2020},
	pages = {3-4},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {3},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {business network hubs, businessmodel, coaching, digital entrepreneurship, digitalization, digitalmarketing, entrepreneurial orientation, export practices, facilitators, impacts, international entrepreneurship, internationalization, liability of foreignness, MSMEs, network view, scaling, SME internationalization, SMEs, support institutions, training},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1342},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1342},
	author = {Christophe Schmitt and Rico Baldegger}
}
@article {1408,
	title = {Embracing Product Innovativeness in Technology Firms: The Impact of Management Model Principles},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {12/2020},
	pages = {31-45},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {31},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Extending the debate on how to enable and manage innovation requires a discussion of the potential beneficial impact of management models and corresponding principles. In this paper, we draw on literature involving product innovativeness and management models to propose that product innovativeness is facilitated and influenced by practices and principles traceable in different management models. We test our hypotheses with data from a sample of high technology firms. Findings suggest that management models and principles have varying impacts on product innovativeness. Specifically, we found the principles of obliquity, emergence, and intrinsic motivation as significant enablers of product innovativeness, along with extrinsic motivation. Also, each management model differently impacted and fostered product innovativeness.},
	keywords = {innovation, Management Model, Product innovativeness, Technology firms},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1408},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1408},
	author = {P{\i}nar B{\"u}y{\"u}kbalc{\i} and Esin Ertemsir and Zayneb Boukari}
}
@article {1329,
	title = {Examining the Relationship Between Cybersecurity and Scaling Value for New Companies},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {02-2020},
	pages = {62-70},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {62},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {We explore the cybersecurity-scaling relationship in the context of scaling new company value rapidly. The relationship between the management of what a new company does to protect against the malicious or unauthorized use of electronic data, and the management of what a new company does to scale company value rapidly is important, but not well understood. We use a topic modelling technique to identify the eight topics that best describe a corpus comprised of 137 assertions about what new companies do to scale company value rapidly, manually examine the stability of the topics extracted from the dataset, and describe the relationship between 17 assertions about how to manage cybersecurity in new companies, and the six topics found to be stable. The six stable topics are labelled Fundraise, Enable, Position, Communicate, Innovate, and Complement. We find that of the 17 cybersecurity assertions, seven are related to Position, two to Innovate, one to Fundraise and, one to Complement. Six cybersecurity assertions were not found to be strongly related to any of the eight topics. This paper contributes to our understanding of cybersecurity in the context of a new company that scales its value rapidly, an application of topic modelling to perform small-scale data analysis, and a manual approach to examine the stability of the topics extracted by the topic modelling technique. We expect this paper to be relevant to new companies{\textquoteright} top management teams, members of the networks upon which new companies depend for to scale company value, accelerators and incubators, as well as academics teaching or carrying out research in entrepreneurship.   },
	keywords = {cybersecurity, scaling company value, scaling initiatives, topic model stability},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1329},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1329},
	author = {Tony Bailetti and Daniel Craigen}
}
@article {1324,
	title = {Examining the Relationship Between Value Propositions and Scaling Value for New Companies},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {02/2020},
	pages = {5-13},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Journal },
	chapter = {5},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {To scale company value rapidly, a new company needs to develop value propositions for diverse parties, customers, investors, partners, suppliers, employees, and other resource owners, as well as align these value propositions with its scaling objectives. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationships between value propositions for a diverse set of parties, and efforts from a new company to scale company value rapidly. We review the value proposition literature and then examine the relationships between 19 assertions about value propositions, as well as six stable topics that best describe the SERS corpus, which is comprised of 137 assertions about scaling companies early, rapidly, and securely. Conducting a topic model of eight topics led to six stable topics: Fundraise, Enable, Position, Communicate, Innovate, and Complement. We find that of the 19 assertions about value propositions, four are connected to Complement, four to Innovate, one to Position, one to Fundraise, and one to Communicate. A total of eight assertions about value propositions are not connected to any of the six stable topics. This paper contributes to our understanding of how a new company scales company value rapidly, adding an application of topic modelling to perform small-scale data analysis. The findings are expected to be relevant to entrepreneurs and new companies worldwide.},
	keywords = {scaling company value, scaling objectives, topic modeling, topic stability, value proposition},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1324},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1324},
	author = {Tony Bailetti and Stoyan Tanev}
}
@article {1373,
	title = {Internationalization and Digitalization: Applying digital technologies to the internationalization process of small and medium-sized enterprises},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {07/2020},
	pages = {29-41},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {29},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Digitalization is playing an increasingly important role in the growth of firms and is leading to structural and strategic transformations. The use of digital technologies presents new opportunities for SMEs to expand and succeed in foreign markets. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how the impact of digital technologies on the internationalization process of SMEs has been acknowledged in the literature. It offers an in-depth analysis of five of the most highly relevant recent scientific research papers. The findings are synthetized through key points that highlight how SMEs acting in foreign markets could benefit from digital technologies. This paper complements previous research on the international trade transition initiated by digital technologies and provides a new perspective on contemporary research regarding the internationalization of firms. It concludes by identifying implications for research by scholars seeking to further study the digital aspects of traditional theoretical models of internationalization.},
	keywords = {digital entrepreneurship, digital technologies, digitalization, international business, internationalization, SMEs.},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1373},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1373},
	author = {Anna{\"e}le Herv{\'e} and Christophe Schmitt and Rico Baldegger}
}
@article {1327,
	title = {Kondratieff{\textquoteright}s Economic Waves and Future Scenarios Planning: an approach for organizations},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {02/2020},
	pages = {51-61},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {51},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This manuscript aims to present connections between scenario building techniques and Kondratieff{\textquoteright}s long economic waves, as a way of identifying patterns in medium and long-term planning for companies{\textquoteright} future scenarios. This essay considers two different conceptual contributions to improve forecasting on organizations taking as a departure point Kondratieff{\textquoteright}s economic waves and Schwartz{\textquoteright}s future scenario planning. Analyzing these two theoretical contributions, we concluded that the information obtained through the path of Kondratieff{\textquoteright}s waves can delineate future scenarios as a way to anticipate challenges, opportunities, and threats for organizations{\textquoteright} contingency planning. As a contribution for practitioners, considering these two approaches together enables greater performance for strategic planning of future scenarios that can be applied by organizations across a range of industries.},
	keywords = {Economic waves, foresight, Future studies, Kondratieff., Strategic Planning},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1327},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1327},
	author = {Marcos Ferasso and Eloisio Andrey Bergamaschi}
}
@article {1369,
	title = {Technology Adaptation and Survival of SMEs: A Longitudinal Study of Developing Countries},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {06/2020},
	pages = {64-72},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {64},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In the current era of internationalizing business activities and globalizating markets, technology has become an essential tool for enhancing market competitiveness. With globalization, a country{\textquoteright}s economic and business scenarios can change drastically. Many companies have seized on opportunities to pursue, and sometimes achieve economies of scale. Especially in some countries, however, the technological revolution creates significant challenges for small business entrepreneurs. Technological development plays a pivotal role in making small and medium enterprises (SMEs) competitive, as well as leading to sustainable growth. Under such circumstances, it is relevant to consider a country{\textquoteright}s technological environment for ways that can lead SMEs towards sustainable development. In the present study, we explore the impact of volatility in technological environments on the sustainability of SMEs in developing countries with emerging economies. We use the Global Competitive Index Report for the period 2012-2016, in which six parameters were applied to define the technological environment of developing nations. Two factors, namely, institutional capabilities and external capabilities emerged as significant factors according to factor analysis. We also studied the impact of emerging factors in new technological environments on the sustainability of SMEs in the specific time period using a regression analysis. The results indicate that both institutional capabilities and external capabilities become significant when time is taken as a selection variable. The highly significance of the time variable indicates the dynamism of today{\textquoteright}s technological environments. As well, institutional capabilities were found to have a strong impact on a business{\textquoteright} sustainability, in comparison with external capabilities and the high level of technological volatility.},
	keywords = {developing countries, SME, sustainability, technological environment, technology readiness},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1369},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1369},
	author = {Supriyo Das and Amit Kundu and Arabinda Bhattacharya}
}
@article {1379,
	title = {A Triadic Actor View of Value Co-creation in Business Incubation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {08/2020},
	pages = {27-37},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {27},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In this paper we view an incubator as a service entity that may take different forms. We contribute to the literature by exploring the utility of the service-dominant logic (SDL) paradigm (Vargo \&amp; Lusch, 2016) to better understand incubation operations. Value co-creation is a central axiom of SDL, as is engagement with a supporting service ecosystem. Whilst some studies have considered dyadic incubator-client value creation arrangements, we extend this to include interaction with other service ecosystem stakeholders that we characterise as investors. This way a triadic interaction model is presented. We consider four different cases of a service entity supporting start-up development from this actor-oriented perspective. Adopting a client company perspective, we draw a parallel between various kinds of incubation services and department stores, where clients may access what they need when they need it from a variety of offerings, and obtain the assistance they require.},
	keywords = {co-working, incubators, investors, knowledge-sharing, service ecosystems, service entities, service-dominant logic, stakeholders, triadic relationships., value co-creation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1378},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1378},
	author = {Ronald Beckett and John Dalrymple}
}
@article {1356,
	title = {Understanding Civic Crowdfunding as a Mechanism for Leveraging Civic Engagement and Urban Innovation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {05/2020},
	pages = {51-66},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {51},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article studies the emergence of government-initiated civic crowdfunding platforms. Such platforms can be considered as governmental responses for bottom-up peer-to-peer support mechanisms related to urban innovation, which also allows top-down governance and governmental support systems for civic entrepreneurship. To better understand the implications of these innovative ICT-enabled interaction interfaces for collective urban innovation, this study investigates participation inequalities from the perspective of campaign instigators, using in-depth interviews (N=28), and from the perspective of the citizen-funder, using a survey (N=265). The analysis shows that urban crowdfunding practices mainly contribute to higher-level development of collective identities with increased neighborhood capacities. Although participation in such ICT-enabled interaction interfaces could reinforce digital inequalities and existing power balances, this research shows a more nuanced perspective, in which online and offline practices intertwine. Furthermore, while civic crowdfunding campaigns are driven by a traditional {\textquoteright}participation elite{\textquoteright}, the deliberation process on development projects involves new publics that are not typically engaged in civic activities. Hence, civic crowdfunding formulates a new mode of civic engagement in which institutional involvement acts as a trust broker between civic funders and civic entrepreneurs, as well as adding legitimacy to innovation processes in the public sphere.},
	keywords = {Civic crowdfunding, Civic engagement, Civic entrepreneurship, Civic identity, Digital citizenship, Participation inequalities, Peer-to-peer economy, Social cohesion, Urban innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1356},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1356},
	author = {Bastiaan Baccarne and Tom Evens and Lieven De Marez}
}
@article {1377,
	title = {Understanding the Strategy-Innovation Link in an Era of Disruptions},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {08/2020},
	pages = {4-13},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {4},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Whereas innovation and strategy traditionally are treated as two separate fields of expertise and research, this conceptual paper aims to identify how strategy theory can be linked to recent developments within the innovation field. Innovation research seeks to explain the process of creating new products and services. Strategy research, in turn, intends to explain how businesses create lasting competitive advantages. In recent years, research in strategy has shifted towards explaining how organizational capabilities and environmental turbulence are related, increasingly recognizing that it is difficult to retain sustainable competitive advantages, unless market dynamics and business renewal are addressed. To establish a systematic integration and analysis, we present the results of an extensive literature review of 1,268 research articles published between 2007-2017 to address the question: <em>To what degree, and how, have strategy and innovation been linked in leading management journals?</em> Our analysis reveals that research addressing both strategy and innovation is limited, but highly cited. Moreover, we identify 5 main themes, which in turn reflected 12 subsidiary themes addressed in extant research. These themes combine to give important insights about the research that been done and what is likely to be needed going forward.},
	keywords = {Conceptual research, disruption, organizational capabilities, strategy-innovation link., structured literature review},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1376},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1376},
	author = {Karl Breunig and Tale Skj{\o}lsvik}
}
@article {1365,
	title = {What Makes Value Propositions Distinct and Valuable to New Companies Committed to Scale Rapidly?},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {06/2020},
	pages = {14-27},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {14},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {One of the most valuable resources a company owns is the "portfolio of value propositions" to its diverse external stakeholders, such as customers, investors, and resource owners. In this article, we fill a gap in the value proposition literature by identifying features that make the value propositions of new companies different from other resources, along with factors that make them valuable. A value proposition is conceived as being what enables and improves business transactions between a new company and external stakeholders. We reason that two features in particular make value propositions of new companies distinct: (1) business transactions between a new company and one or more external stakeholders, and (2) investments to create and improve a new company{\textquoteright}s value propositions that enable business transactions. We provide a definition of "value proposition" and postulate that a value proposition will benefit a new company when it: (1) strengthens the new company{\textquoteright}s capabilities to scale; (2) increases demand for the new company{\textquoteright}s products and services; and (3) increases the number, diversity, and rapidity of external investments in the new company{\textquoteright}s value proposition portfolio.},
	keywords = {new company, scaling company value, scaling-up, value proposition, value proposition alignment},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1365},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1365},
	author = {Tony Bailetti and Stoyan Tanev and Christian Keen}
}
@article {1290,
	title = {The 3S Process: A Framework for Teaching AI Strategy in Business Education},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {12/2019},
	pages = {36-42},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {36},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {A gap has emerged in teaching artificial intelligence (AI) in business education, where a style of curriculum based on strategy is missing. This article presents a new framework, the 3S Process, as a method for teaching leaders how to strategically adopt AI within their organizations. At a high-level, the 3S Process consists of three stages (Story, Strategy, and Solution), which are described in detail in the article. Stage 1: Story in the process is inspired by the Harvard Case Method to provide context for a problem. Stage 2: Strategy uses Design Thinking to produce candidate solutions. The substage of Empathy in Design Thinking plays a crucial role to reduce bias in designing AI. Virtualization technology is a tool for students to experience hands-on learning in prototype development. Stage 3: Solution is where students advocate for their conceptual AI solution in the context of the case study. AI is a type of complex system; therefore, students should consider feedback loops and the potential for unintended biases to enter a deployed solution. The presentation of the 3S Process in this article is conceptual. Further empirical studies, including evaluations of the 3S Process in classroom settings, will be considered in the future.},
	keywords = {3S Process, artificial intelligence, Business Education, design thinking, Harvard Case Method},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1290},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1290},
	author = {Navneet Bhalla}
}
@article {1274,
	title = {Beyond the Hype: A Bibliometric Analysis Deconstructing Research on Digitalization},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {10/2019},
	pages = {48},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {38},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The accelerating emergent field of research addressing digitalization and related topics is complex, unstructured and hyped. Consequently, both research and practice lack a rigorous foundation of prior published research to underpin and direct future exploration into the opportunities and challenges provided by these exciting new digital technologies. This study employed a bibliometric analysis to explore extant published research within the digitalization field. We identified key articles that have enabled us to distinguish between interrelated digitalization concepts. Subsequently, we propose a taxonomy with characteristics for different levels of digitalization. The taxonomy contributes dimensions that create different commercial and organizational opportunities and challenges at various levels. The taxonomy offers a vantage point for subsequent empirical and conceptual research to extend insights on related digitalization themes, and especially those related to innovation and strategy decisions on scalability, automation, channel selection and connectivity.},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1274},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1274},
	author = {Andrea Holand and Silje Svadberg and Karl Joachim Breunig}
}
@article {1252,
	title = {Business Model Architecture by Design},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {07/2019},
	pages = {16-27},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In this article, we view business models as complex deal-making activity systems organized to create, deliver, and capture value. Unlike some other viewpoints, we emphasize both system components and their interconnection. Business activities are carried out by a network of actors drawing on a network of resources, and individual firms seek to configure these intersecting networks to enhance their competitive positioning. The business model literature refers to the significance of antecedent activities in providing context {\textendash} opportunities the firm decides to pursue, the strategy adopted, and requisite capabilities. Drawing on this literature, we propose an approach to framing business model context. Drawing on the information systems literature, we identify a toolkit facilitating activity system architecture design. We suggest how this both draws out the underlying complexity of a business model and shows how a multiplicity of views makes sense.},
	keywords = {activity theory, architecture, business model, business networks, design, dynamic capabilities, ISO/IEC 42010, multiple viewpoints, relationship matrix, strategy, Zachman framework},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1252},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1252},
	author = {Ronald C. Beckett and John Dalrymple}
}
@article {1212,
	title = {E-Leadership in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in the Developing World},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {01/2019},
	pages = {64-74},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) play an important role in the economies of many developing countries. A critical challenge faced by SME leaders, as digitization continues, is how to adopt digital technologies to create value and enable faster product commercialization. There is a paucity of empirical research examining how e-leadership in SMEs drives technology and new product commercialization processes in the developing world. In this study, we have broadened the notion of what constitutes e-leadership, from the perspective of how advanced information technologies affect the leadership dynamic and the appropriation of advanced information technologies. Although there have been several studies on leading technologies in developed countries, we focus on developing an e-leadership framework for SMEs in developing economies. Using this framework and five selection criteria, we conducted 11 interviews with a sample of successful SMEs selected from a pool of 2,240 firms in the city of Johannesburg, South Africa. We conclude by highlighting the five key findings of this study, which explain how SMEs can develop effective e-leadership to foster commercialization and improve firm performance.},
	keywords = {commercialization, developing country, digital technology, e-leadership, small- and medium-sized enterprises, SMEs},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1212},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1212},
	author = {Maksim Belitski and Bain Liversage}
}
@article {1247,
	title = {The Strategies of Technology Startups Within and Between Business Ecosystems},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {06/2019},
	pages = {25-41},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Technology startups build strategies in order to survive within the framework of business ecosystems. However, the knowledge required to make such strategies effective is scarce. This article poses the question: {\textquotedblleft}How do small technology startups strategize within and between business ecosystems?{\textquotedblright} Based on an explorative qualitative study, this article defines and presents a dynamic strategic framework of three strategies employed by technology startups. Some startups choose to act within one defined business ecosystem, most startups use a multi-ecosystem strategy to act between and draw benefits from many business ecosystems, and the rest act as ecosystem creators that challenge the logics of existing ecosystems.},
	keywords = {boundaries, business ecosystems, entrepreneurship, startups, strategy},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1247},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1247},
	author = {Taina Tukiainen and Thommie Burstr{\"o}m and Martin Lindell}
}
@article {1279,
	title = {Working with Startups? These are the Three Things You Ought to Know about Startup Teams},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {11/2019},
	pages = {5-14},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {5},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {While much has been written about how startups work to develop their product, this paper focuses instead on how to manage the startup team. Based on a systematic review of current research, I present actionable insights about startup team characteristics; who they are, how they work, and how they stay together. I explain how these characteristics imply both opportunities and threats for the viability of the team and discuss how startup teams can be managed to increase the likelihood of their survival and growth. Given that the majority of startup failures are attributed to the team, not to the product, these insights are valuable both to aspiring entrepreneurs and to their external stakeholders.},
	keywords = {entrepreneurship, new venture teams, teamwork},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1279},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1279},
	author = {Anna Brattstr{\"o}m}
}
@article {1173,
	title = {Editorial: Transdisciplinary Innovation (August 2018)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {08/2018},
	pages = {3-6},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {innovation, interdisciplinary, learning, multidisciplinary, practice, transdisciplinarity, transdisciplinary},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1173},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1173},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Martin Bliemel and Mieke van der Bijl-Brouwer}
}
@article {1175,
	title = {From Importing Innovations to Co-Producing Them: Transdisciplinary Approaches to the Development of Online Land Management Tools},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {08/2018},
	pages = {16-26},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {While traditional approaches to innovation diffusion often assume that innovations come from outside a local system, transdisciplinary co-production offers an alternative paradigm in which local stakeholders are engaged as co-producers of innovations. The use of digital online tools for agriculture, conservation, and citizen science is an area of expanding opportunities, but landholders are often dependent on tools developed outside their local communities. This article looks at the potential for transdisciplinary co-production to be used as a framework for more participatory development of digital online land management tools, with a case study from the Central Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia. This research has implications beyond rural land management to other industries and contexts where reflexive and integrative strategies are needed to overcome barriers to stakeholder participation and engagement with new technologies.},
	keywords = {adaptive, co-production, collaboration, decision-support, innovation, land management, tools, transdisciplinary},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1175},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1175},
	author = {Alex Baumber and Graciela Metternicht and Peter Ampt and Rebecca Cross and Emily Berry}
}
@article {1182,
	title = {How to Deal With and Repair Broken Trust in an R\&D Partnership},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {09/2018},
	pages = {4-15},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article offers an actionable framework for dealing with trust violations in R\&D partnerships: it explains how to turn around a conflicted R\&D partnership, repair trust, and learn from the experience. As innovation becomes more open, firms increasingly find themselves involved in R\&D collaborations with suppliers, customers or even competitors. Trust plays a fundamental role in such partnerships to work. Yet, trust cannot be taken for granted. In fact, trust in R\&D partnerships is often violated {\textendash} and without executive intervention, trust violations can soon turn even the most promising partnership into a value-destroying predicament. Although much has been written about trust formation in R\&D partnerships, this article focuses instead on what to do when trust has been broken. The analysis is based on a review of academic research and is illustrated with real-life examples of trust repair processes. },
	keywords = {conflict, Open innovation, R\&D partnerships, trust, trust repair},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1182},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1182},
	author = {Anna Brattstr{\"o}m}
}
@article {1197,
	title = {A Practice Method for Studying Creative Communities},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {11/2018},
	pages = {22-31},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Explaining innovation {\textendash} even merely spotting it actually happening {\textendash} is difficult. In this article, I introduce an industry-friendly approach that will enable practitioners and researchers alike to observe, interpret, and understand the different types of creativities {\textendash} the raw materials necessary for innovation {\textendash} that happen in creative communities. The Practice Method for Studying Creative Communities (PMSCC) is based on theories developed by Nonaka and Takeuchi. However, unlike mainstream practice-oriented methods, the PMSCC does not necessitate the use of theory-heavy conceptualizations; instead, it focuses on the everyday, creative micro-interactions in communities. As I describe in this article, the PMSCC offers practitioners and researchers an effective way to gain new insights into an otherwise relatively opaque process. Besides outlining the method, I also present results from a research project utilizing the PMSCC, showing how the method can produce worthwhile findings, foster new insights, and help practitioners hone their creative processes.},
	keywords = {communities, creativity, innovation, practice, research method, teamwork},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1197},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1197},
	author = {Pekka Buttler}
}
@article {1132,
	title = {Q\&A. What Barriers Do Women Face in Becoming High-Tech Entrepreneurs in Rural India?},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {01/2018},
	pages = {33-36},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {barriers, challenges, entrepreneurship, India, rural, technology, women},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1132},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1132},
	author = {Rituparna Basu and Sarada Chatterjee}
}
@article {1135,
	title = {Smart Farming: Including Rights Holders for Responsible Agricultural Innovation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {02/2018},
	pages = {7-14},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article draws on the literature of responsible innovation to suggest concrete processes for including rights holders in the {\textquotedblleft}smart{\textquotedblright} agricultural revolution. It first draws upon historical agricultural research in Canada to highlight how productivist values drove seed innovations with particular consequences for the distribution of power in the food system. Next, the article uses document analysis to suggest that a similar value framework is motivating public investment in smart farming innovations. The article is of interest to smart farming{\textquoteright}s decision makers (from farmers to governance actors) and a broader audience {\textendash} anyone interested in engendering equity through innovation-led societal transitions.},
	keywords = {agriculture, automation, big data, machine intelligence, power, responsible innovation, smart agriculture, technological values},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1135},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1135},
	author = {Kelly Bronson}
}
@article {1189,
	title = {Strategic Foresight of Future B2B Customer Opportunities through Machine Learning},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {10/2018},
	pages = {5-17},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Within the strategic foresight literature, customer foresight still shows a low capability level. In practice, especially in business-to-business (B2B) industries, analyzing an entire customer base in terms of future customer potential is often done manually. Therefore, we present a single case study based on a quantitative customer-foresight project conducted by a manufacturing company. Along with a common data mining process, we highlight the application of machine learning algorithms on an entire customer database that consists of customer and product-related data. The overall benefit of our research is threefold. The major result is a prioritization of 2,300 worldwide customers according to their predicted technical affinity and suitability for a new machine control sensor. Thus, the company gains market knowledge, which addresses management functions such as product management. Furthermore, we describe the necessary requirements and steps for practitioners who realize a customer-foresight project. Finally, we provide a detailed catalogue of measures suitable for sales in order to approach the identified high-potential customers according to their individual needs and behaviour. },
	keywords = {action research, B2B industries, customer base analysis, customer foresight, customer knowledge, customer profile, data mining, machine learning, strategic foresight},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1189},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1189},
	author = {Daniel Gentner and Birgit Stelzer and Bujar Ramosaj and Leo Brecht}
}
@article {1138,
	title = {Supporting Self-Determined Indigenous Innovations: Rethinking the Digital Divide in Canada},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {02/2018},
	pages = {38-48},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article seeks to revisit dominant narratives of digital technological development in Indigenous communities in Canada. By prioritizing Indigenous voices and drawing from concepts of self-determination and sovereignty, this analysis reorients discourse surrounding the {\textquotedblleft}digital divide{\textquotedblright} towards a strength-based approach that positions Indigenous peoples as innovators and creators, not just consumers, of digital technologies. This article begins with a discussion of how dominant media has used technology and technological imagery to misrepresent Indigenous cultures and perpetuate colonial biases, and emphasizes the importance of making space for Indigenous future imagery. Following this is a discussion of digital storytelling and virtual landscapes, showcasing a small sample of Indigenous initiatives online, in video game and app development, and in augmented and virtual reality. Finally, this article considers the potential of {\textquotedblleft}makerspaces{\textquotedblright} as a framework for future action to bridge theory and practice. },
	keywords = {digital, Indigenous, innovation, makerspaces, technology},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1138},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1138},
	author = {Jasmin Winter and Justine Boudreau}
}
@article {1155,
	title = {A Taxonomy of Factors Influencing Drop-Out Behaviour in Living Lab Field Tests},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {05/2018},
	pages = {5-21},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The concept of a {\textquotedblleft}living lab{\textquotedblright} is a relatively new research area and phenomenon that facilitates user engagement in open innovation activities. Studies on living labs show that the users{\textquoteright} motivation to participate in a field test is higher at the beginning of the project than during the rest of the test, and that participants have a tendency to drop out before completing the assigned tasks. However, the literature still lacks theories describing the phenomenon of drop-out within the area of field tests in general and living lab field tests in particular. As the first step in constructing a theoretical discourse, the aims of this study are to present an empirically derived taxonomy for the various factors that influence drop-out behaviour; to provide a definition of {\textquotedblleft}drop-out{\textquotedblright} in living lab field tests; and to understand the extent to which each of the identified items influence participant drop-out behaviour. To achieve these aims, we first extracted factors influencing drop-out behaviour in the field test from our previous studies on the topic, and then we validated the extracted results across 14 semi-structured interviews with experts in living lab field tests. Our findings show that identified reasons for dropping out can be grouped into three themes: innovation-related, process-related, and participant-related. Each theme consists of three categories with a total of 44 items. In this study, we also propose a unified definition of {\textquotedblleft}drop-out{\textquotedblright} in living lab field tests.},
	keywords = {drop-out, field test, Living lab, taxonomy, user engagement, user motivation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1155},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1155},
	author = {Abdolrasoul Habibipour and Annabel Georges and Anna St{\r a}hlbr{\"o}st and Dimitri Schuurman and Birgitta Bergvall-K{\r a}reborn}
}
@article {1131,
	title = {Technology Entrepreneurship in Emerging Markets: An Exploration of Entrepreneurial Models Prevalent in India},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {01/2018},
	pages = {24-32},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Are the features and processes of entrepreneurship {\textendash} such as wealth creation, risk taking, vision, identification of a niche market, launching new products, and so on {\textendash} common across the world? Many would assume they would be. However, firms that are entrepreneurial in nature and belong to emerging markets may or may not follow the established models of developed economies. In this study, we sought to explore various types of entrepreneurial models that are prevalent in an emerging market. For this purpose, we collected primary and secondary data to identify characteristics of technology-based entrepreneurial firms in India. Based on the two dimensions of degree of demand/supply and expected loss/risk, we identify four models of entrepreneurship {\textendash} incremental, proactive, radical, and reactive {\textendash} and illustrate each model with examples from Indian companies. },
	keywords = {emerging markets, entrepreneurship, India, models, technology, typology},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1131},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1131},
	author = {Shiv S Tripathi and Mita Brahma}
}
@article {1184,
	title = {Transnational Entrepreneurship: Distinctive Features and a New Definition},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {09/2018},
	pages = {28-38},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Definitions of transnational entrepreneurship are too general making it difficult to understand what distinguishes transnational entrepreneurship from other forms of entrepreneurship. In addition, these definitions identify the {\textquotedblleft}immigrant{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}ethnic{\textquotedblright}, or {\textquotedblleft}migrant{\textquotedblright} entrepreneur as the focal actor rather than the company. This makes it difficult to align transnational entrepreneurship with the theory of the firm and provide practical insights to practitioners. This article examines 11 definitions of transnational entrepreneurship, discovers the groups of words that best represent the information in a corpus comprised of 44 journal articles, identifies the key features that distinguish transnational entrepreneurship from other forms of entrepreneurship, and advances a new definition of transnational entrepreneurship. The results indicate that transnational entrepreneurship has two key distinctive features: cross-border investment logic and institutional distance {\textendash} the difference in institutional context between countries. Accordingly, transnational entrepreneurship may be usefully defined as {\textquotedblleft}a cross-border investment to acquire, combine, and recombine specialized individuals and heterogeneous assets to create and capture value for the company under conditions of institutional distance and uncertainty{\textquotedblright}. This proposed definition builds on the features that make transnational entrepreneurship distinctive, is consistent with the theory of the firm, and carries implications for how to grow companies at an early stage.},
	keywords = {cross-border, definition, entrepreneurship, features, topic modelling, transnational},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1184},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1184},
	author = {Eduardo Bailetti}
}
@article {1049,
	title = {The Design-Driven Living Lab: A New Approach to Exploring Solutions to Complex Societal Challenges},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {01/2017},
	pages = {44-51},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In this study, we aimed to explore the potential of a design-driven living lab as an innovative approach to addressing societal challenges. This living lab incorporates design qualities such as exploration, open-ended results, and disruption. This approach was applied in three case studies within the context of dementia, each of which explored the impact of Qwiek.up {\textendash} a media system that creates an ambient experience in a room through projection and sound. A cluster analysis of the results in the three case studies showed that the system has considerable potential for people with dementia, and possibly also for other groups. In addition, the design-driven approach led to new applications in care, improved functionality, and a broader design space. Our findings show that design-driven living labs can widen the scope of innovation and improve the value proposition of an innovative solution. },
	keywords = {design, Living lab, societal challenges, technology probe},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1049},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1049},
	author = {Rens Brankaert and Elke den Ouden}
}
@article {1076,
	title = {Digital Technology Entrepreneurship: A Definition and Research Agenda},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {05/2017},
	pages = {44-51},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Technology entrepreneurship is an established concept in academia. However, recent developments in the context of digital entrepreneurship call for revision and advancement. The multiple possible combinations of technology and entrepreneurship have resulted in a diversity of phenomena with significantly different characteristics and socio-economic impact. This article is focused on the identification and description of technology entrepreneurship in times of digitization. Based on current examples, we identify and describe characterizations of technology entrepreneurship, digital technology entrepreneurship, and digital entrepreneurship. With this new delineation of terms, we would like to foster discussion between researchers, entrepreneurs, and policy makers on the impact of digitization on entrepreneurship, and set a future research agenda.},
	keywords = {definitions, digital entrepreneurship, digital technology entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship, technology entrepreneurship, technology Innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1076},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1076},
	author = {Ferran Giones and Alexander Brem}
}
@article {1052,
	title = {Editorial: Innovation in Living Labs (February 2017)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {02/2017},
	pages = {3-6},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {action research, business-to-business, emotions, innovation, living labs, needsfinding, operations, reflection},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1052},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1052},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Seppo Leminen and Mika Westerlund and Dimitri Schuurman and Pieter Ballon}
}
@article {1044,
	title = {Editorial: Innovation in Living Labs (January 2017)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {01/2017},
	pages = {3-6},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {agile methods, conceptualizations, innovation labs, Innovation management, innovation tool, living labs, Open innovation, user innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1044},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1044},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Dimitri Schuurman and Pieter Ballon and Seppo Leminen and Mika Westerlund}
}
@article {1098,
	title = {How Researchers Use Social Media to Promote their Research and Network with Industry},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {08/2017},
	pages = {32-39},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Social media is now an essential information and interaction channel. Companies advertise and sell their products and services through social media, but this channel has not been so commonly applied to the task of selling knowledge and research work. This article studies the use of social media by researchers to promote their research and network with product developers in industry, and it presents a model of the use of social media by researchers. The data for this research was obtained by interviewing individual researchers of a research organization and surveying product developers from industry. The findings show that social media is seen as a good source of new information and contacts, and it is suitable for promoting awareness of research services and results. The results show that the speed and intensity of social media present challenges for researchers, but by being active in posting content and participating in discussions, researchers can derive benefits and enhance their personal reputations.},
	keywords = {brand building, industry, marketing, networking, promotion, research, researcher, social media},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1098},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1098},
	author = {P{\"a}ivi Jaring and Asta B{\"a}ck}
}
@article {1054,
	title = {Overcoming Barriers to Experimentation in Business-to-Business Living Labs},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {02/2017},
	pages = {20-26},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Business-to-business (B2B) living lab projects have been mentioned in different areas of academic research, but the innovation management literature requires deeper analysis of their potential opportunities and challenges. Real-life experimentation is a key requirement for living labs as it enables deeper insights in the potential success of innovations. However, the literature has not provided insights on how living lab projects can implement real-life experimentation in B2B innovation projects and does not describe appropriate conditions for experimentation in these settings. In this study, we identified three main barriers preventing real-life experimentation in B2B living lab projects: the technological complexity, the need for integration, and the difficulty in identifying testers. The barriers are discussed in detailed and potential solutions are provided to help overcome these barriers and stimulate the adoption of real-life experimentation in B2B innovation projects.},
	keywords = {B2B, experimentation, living labs, testing, user research},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1054},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1054},
	author = {Ruben D{\textquoteright}Hauwers and Aron-Levi Herregodts and Annabel Georges and Lynn Coorevits and Dimitri Schuurman and Olivier Rits and Pieter Ballon}
}
@article {1123,
	title = {Promoting Entrepreneurial Commitment: The Benefits of Interdisciplinarity},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {12/2017},
	pages = {6-13},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article is the first to examine the relationship between interdisciplinarity and entrepreneurial commitment in academic spin-offs. Building on literature on interdisciplinarity, academic entrepreneurship, and entrepreneurial intention, we analyzed the development of nine interdisciplinary spin-off teams comprising expertise from science, industry, and design. Our findings suggest that interdisciplinary teams engage with their ideas, maintain productive interaction, and successfully implement these ideas. Subjects in this study thoroughly developed their project proposals and implementation strategies by examining them from multiple angles. They believed not only in the value of these projects, but in their own ability to see them through. They found one another{\textquoteright}s contributions highly inspirational and experienced a strong sense of responsibility and motivation. Communication within the teams was well managed, and tasks were clearly defined and distributed. Based on our findings, we put forward a number of propositions about the positive effects of interdisciplinarity on entrepreneurial commitment and conclude with implications for future research and practice.},
	keywords = {academic spin-offs, entrepreneurial commitment, interdisciplinarity, team composition, teamwork, technology transfer},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1123},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1123},
	author = {Franziska Brodack and Anna Sinell}
}
@article {1025,
	title = {Boundary Objects as Part of Knowledge Integration for Networked Innovation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {10/2016},
	pages = {25-36},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Networked innovation in co-creation networks is not possible without collaborative practices. Especially in complex projects, contextual knowledge is often spread among different stakeholders. To harness this dispersed knowledge for networked innovation, working knowledge management and collaborative practices are needed. This article addresses this need for better understanding and approaches to facilitate knowledge integration for networked innovation. We consider knowledge integration as the ability to put knowledge into action, and networked innovation as the co-created goal-driven output of selected partners. Our study focuses on describing and reporting a cross-learning type of expert knowledge-integration process with boundary objects, concrete or abstract {\textquotedblleft}bridges{\textquotedblright} for overcoming possible knowledge boundaries, in a co-creation network. This article adds knowledge on networked innovation through knowledge integration with boundary objects. The reported process will help managers to systematically approach problems requiring expert knowledge that does not exist within their own organization and to better integrate knowledge required for innovation within their project networks.},
	keywords = {boundary object, co-creation network, cross-learning, knowledge integration, networked innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1025},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1025},
	author = {Sari M{\"a}enp{\"a}{\"a} and Anu Helena Suominen and Rainer Breite}
}
@article {1015,
	title = {Building Scientist Capacity in Knowledge Translation: Development of the Knowledge Translation Planning Template},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {09/2016},
	pages = {9-15},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The last fifteen years have seen a fundamental shift in the importance of knowledge translation in health research and clinical care. Health research funders have incorporated knowledge translation into their missions, strategic directions, and funding opportunities, encouraging knowledge translation and implementation science and requiring knowledge translation practice from researchers working across the health research pillars {\textendash} basic, clinical, health services, and population health. Healthcare and research organizations have changed their landscape as well, hiring knowledge translation practitioners to bridge research and practice for a range of knowledge users. Universities are shifting criteria for academic promotion to incorporate knowledge translation. Growing attention to knowledge translation in research, practice, and scholarship has created a need for researchers and practitioners to develop knowledge translation skills and competencies related to their research, scholarship, and organizational activities. The Knowledge Translation Planning Template was developed to support knowledge translation planning for scientists in health and other sectors. This article provides an overview of the rationale for its development, introduces the tool components, and describes preliminary indicators of impact. },
	keywords = {capacity building, competencies, knowledge translation, template, tools},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1015},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1015},
	author = {Melanie Barwick}
}
@article {977,
	title = {Corporate and Grassroot Frugal Innovation: A Comparison of Top-Down and Bottom-Up Strategies},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {04/2016},
	pages = {5-17},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Frugal innovations aim at the development of basic solutions that are affordable for price-sensitive customer groups. This article looks at the similarities and differences between two major approaches, corporate and grassroot frugal innovation, and identifies initial ideas on how the two streams can learn from each other. The three pillars of sustainability (economic, environmental, and social) provide one of the guidelines for the comparison. The research is based on an analysis of case studies from various industries, six of which are presented in this article. },
	keywords = {case studies, corporate frugal innovation, frugal innovation, grassroots frugal innovation, startups, sustainability},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/977},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/977},
	author = {Liza Wohlfart and Mark B{\"u}nger and Claus Lang-Koetz and Frank Wagner}
}
@article {1017,
	title = {Developing Tacit Knowledge of Complex Systems: The Value of Early Empirical Inquiry in Healthcare Design},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {09/2016},
	pages = {28-38},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Infection prevention and control has been the subject of much study in medical and epidemiological research and a variety of best practice guidelines have been developed to support healthcare workers and related stakeholders. Yet, despite the availability of information, managing healthcare-associated infections remains a challenge because the relevant explicit knowledge is not being adequately developed and mobilized as tacit knowledge for use "on the front lines". Some researchers have called for a human factors perspective to help address challenges in designing for infection prevention and  control, but relatively few studies have been conducted to date. Researchers also suggest that empirical inquiry is needed to better inform the design process, and particularly the design of complex systems where attention to detailed processes and interactions can support the success of an intervention. A human factors approach can help designers develop a deeper understanding of work processes, technology considerations, as well as physiological, psychological, cultural, and organizational factors. The need is particularly pressing in low-resource healthcare environments where funds, time, and human resources may be scarce and strategic design decisions based on evidence are needed to support meaningful and effective changes. With this in mind, a human factors study was conducted in an existing neonatal intensive care unit to identify the influence of product and environment design on infection prevention and control and to inform recommendations for improvement. In this case study, we illustrate how the application of an empirical, methodical approach can help design professionals and stakeholders develop tacit knowledge of complex systems {\textendash} knowledge that can be used to better inform design priorities, the design process, decision making, and the allocation of resources to help maximize improvements.},
	keywords = {design research, ergonomics, healthcare design, human factors, infection prevention and control, knowledge mobilization, neonatal intensive care unit},
	issn = { 1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1017},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1017},
	author = {Chantal Trudel and Sue Cobb and Kathryn Momtahan and Janet Brintnell and Ann Mitchell}
}
@article {995,
	title = {Employment Dynamics of Australian Entrepreneurship: A Management Perspective},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {06/2016},
	pages = {33-40},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article attempts to draw together the literature on high-growth firms and management capability using Australian Government data from the Expanded Analytical Business Longitudinal Database. We tracked cohorts of new micro-sized firms (startups) over five years from birth. Compared with startups that had a low employment growth trajectory, medium- and high-growth micro-startups exhibited higher financial performance, higher innovation activity, and a greater propensity to seek external (debt or equity) finance. From a management perspective, medium- and high-growth startups were also significantly more likely to monitor and assess their performance across a wider range of performance indicators. High-growth micro-startups exhibited significantly higher operational process and organizational/managerial innovation, a higher likelihood of foreign ownership, and a greater demand for equity finance than medium-growth micro-startups. This data is consistent with other evidence that suggests that sustained high growth comes from superior strategic management and may suggest an ongoing role for government policy in building firm management capability in order to foster employment growth. },
	keywords = {Australia, creative destruction, employment, entrepreneurship, high growth, innovation, management, productivity, startup},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/995},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/995},
	author = {Luke Hendrickson and Stan Bucifal and Antonio Balaguer and David Hansell}
}
@article {965,
	title = {Examining the Modes Malware Suppliers Use to Provide Goods and Services},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {02/2016},
	pages = {21-27},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Malware suppliers use various modes to provide goods and services to customers. By mode, we mean {\textquotedblleft}the way{\textquotedblright} the malware supplier chooses to function. These modes increase monetization opportunities and enable many security breaches worldwide. A theoretically sound framework that can be used to examine the various modes that malware suppliers use to produce and sell malware is needed. We apply a general model specified recently by Hagiu and Wright to study five modes that malware suppliers use to deliver goods and services to their customers. The framework presented in this article can be used to predict the mode in which a malware supplier will function; to study which types of malware suppliers, agents, and customers are attracted to each mode; to discover new modes; and to better understand the threat a malware supplier presents.},
	keywords = {agents, customers, cybercrime, cybersecurity, malware, modes, multisided platform, suppliers},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/965},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/965},
	author = {Tony Bailetti and Mahmoud Gad}
}
@article {972,
	title = {Governing Quintuple Helix Innovation: Urban Living Labs and Socio-Ecological Entrepreneurship},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {03/2016},
	pages = {22-30},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Growing urbanization puts pressure on both social and ecological systems. This pressure raises complex and multi-facetted challenges that can only be tackled by collaborative and distributed innovation development processes. However, theoretical frameworks that assess such collaborations are often very conceptual, with little focus on the actual governance mechanisms that facilitate them. This article studies the urban living lab concept as an inter-organizational design and multi-stakeholder innovation development process to govern the quintuple helix model for innovation by means of an action research based multidimensional case study design, which focuses on the concepts of innovation democracy, mode 3 knowledge production, the innovation ecosystem as a system of societal subsystems, and socio-ecological transition. In this way, we provide a more profound understanding of such innovation processes to tackle socio-ecological challenges by means of public{\textendash}private interactions driven by eco-entrepreneurship. },
	keywords = {distributed innovation, quintuple helix innovation, social ecology, socio-ecological entrepreneurship, urban living labs},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/972},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/972},
	author = {Bastiaan Baccarne and Sara Logghe and Dimitri Schuurman and Lieven De Marez}
}
@article {956,
	title = {The Impact of Living Lab Methodology on Open Innovation Contributions and Outcomes},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {01/2016},
	pages = {7-16},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Open innovation scholars as well as practitioners are still struggling with the practical implementation of open innovation principles in different contexts. In this article, we explore the value of a living lab approach for open innovation in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Using a case study approach, we compared 27 SME projects conducted by iMinds Living Labs from 2011 to 2015. The results suggest that a real-life intervention and a multi-method approach {\textendash} both of which are methodological characteristics of living lab projects {\textendash} increase the chance of generating actionable user contributions for the innovation under development. Moreover, the results also suggest that a living lab project yields maximal value when evolving from concept towards prototype. Besides these exploratory findings, this article also demonstrates that living lab projects are a perfect "playground" to test and validate assumptions from the open innovation literature.},
	keywords = {collaboration, distributed innovation, entrepreneur, Innovation management, living labs, Open innovation, SME, startup, user innovation, user involvement},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/956},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/956},
	author = {Dimitri Schuurman and Lieven De Marez and Pieter Ballon}
}
@article {992,
	title = {Innovation Rhetoric and Reality: An Introduction to the TIM Review{\textquoteright}s Special Issue on Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Australia},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {06/2016},
	pages = {5-10},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In this introduction to the Technology Innovation Management Review{\textquoteright}s special issue on Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Australia, Guest Editor Rowena Barrett reflects on the perceptions of "innovation", both in terms of its evolving concepts and terminology (the rhetoric) and its frontline application (the reality). Prompted by the recent launch and ongoing implementation of Australia Government{\textquoteright}s National Innovation and Science Agenda{\textquoteright}s, this special issue focuses on insights into innovation and entrepreneurship from the Australian context.},
	keywords = {Australia, entrepreneurship, innovation, National Innovation and Science Agenda},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/992},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/992},
	author = {Rowena Barrett}
}
@article {964,
	title = {Intrusion Learning: An Overview of an Emergent Discipline},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {02/2016},
	pages = {15-20},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The purpose of this article is to provide a definition of intrusion learning, identify its distinctive aspects, and provide recommendations for advancing intrusion learning as a practice domain. The authors define intrusion learning as the collection of online network algorithms that learn from and monitor streaming network data resulting in effective intrusion-detection methods for enabling the security and resiliency of enterprise systems. The network algorithms build on advances in cyber-defensive and cyber-offensive capabilities. Intrusion learning is an emerging domain that draws from machine learning, intrusion detection, and streaming network data. Intrusion learning offers to significantly enhance enterprise security and resiliency through augmented perimeter defense and may mitigate increasing threats facing enterprise perimeter protection. The article will be of interest to researchers, sponsors, and entrepreneurs interested in enhancing enterprise security and resiliency.},
	keywords = {adversarial learning, clustering, cybersecurity, enterprise, intrusion detection, intrusion learning, learning algorithms, machine learning, real-time analysis, resiliency, security, streaming network data},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/964},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/964},
	author = {Tony Bailetti and Mahmoud Gad and Ahmed Shah}
}
@article {1027,
	title = {Q\&A. How Can You Teach Innovation and Entrepreneurship?},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {10/2016},
	pages = {45-50},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {learning entrepreneurship, tacit knowledge, teaching innovation, university{\textendash}industry cooperation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1027},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1027},
	author = {Anna Trifilova and John Bessant and Allen Alexander}
}
@article {1020,
	title = {Research on Fire: Lessons Learned in Knowledge Mobilization},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {09/2016},
	pages = {53-58},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In this article, I outline knowledge mobilization lessons learned while working on politically {\textquotedblleft}hot button{\textquotedblright} issues in public policy research related to fire services. These lessons were shaped by the research funding context. Researchers are increasingly required to develop research relationships with government, industry, and community partners to ensure research is relevant to those who can best use it, to embed knowledge mobilization in research processes, to ensure that knowledge has an impact in the world beyond the academy, and to provide research funding. Perhaps not surprisingly, when my findings created challenges for research partners, controversies erupted, potentially imperiling my research program, career, and potential research impact. Drawing from my knowledge-mobilization experiences as well as those of other researchers, I offer some insights gained from mobilizing knowledge on a {\textquotedblleft}hot topic{\textquotedblright} in public policy.},
	keywords = {catalytic validity, knowledge mobilization, public policy, public services, research values},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1020},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1020},
	author = {Susan Braedley}
}
@article {981,
	title = {TIM Lecture Series {\textendash} Startup Life: Lessons Learned in Entrepreneurship},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {04/2016},
	pages = {41-42},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {entrepreneurship, lessons, startups},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/981},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/981},
	author = {Andrea Baptiste}
}
@article {970,
	title = {Underground Innovation: How to Encourage Bootlegging Employees to Disclose Their Good Ideas},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {03/2016},
	pages = {5-12},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Employees are increasingly considered as the origin of many corporate entrepreneurial ideas. Research on {\textquotedblleft}bootlegging{\textquotedblright} posits that individuals often resort to hidden activities to elaborate their initial ideas and bring them to fruition. The origins and causes of bootlegging behaviour are well argued in the literature. Yet, less is known about what drives bootleggers to uncover their hidden ideas. This research uses field data from in-depth interviews with innovators in R\&D departments in different industries of Iran to identify factors stimulating bootleggers to reveal their underground ideas. We identified five groups of factors at individual, managerial, firm, industrial, and idea levels, explaining the revealing stage of bootlegging behaviour. The findings provide a better understanding of the later phases of bootlegging behaviour and the possible role of context-specific factors such as cultural and religious beliefs.},
	keywords = {bootlegging, corporate entrepreneurship, hidden ideas, innovation, qualitative research method, R\&D departments},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/970},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/970},
	author = {Kamal Sakhdari and Erfan Jalali Bidakhavidi}
}
@article {958,
	title = {Urban Living Labs for Sustainability in Suburbs in Need of Modernization and Social Uplift},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {01/2016},
	pages = {27-34},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {A number of urban living labs have been set up in recent years, with the aim of developing innovation processes within a multi-stakeholder partnership in an urban context. Several urban living labs focus on sustainable development, which is a visible and urgent issue in less valued suburbs in need of modernization and social uplift. We argue that, when applying the living labs approach in the context of sustainable development in suburbs, the primary focus should be society{\textquoteright}s collective goals, as expressed through municipalities and users. The aim of this article is to show examples of how urban living labs can be applied in less valued suburbs in order to contribute to sustainability based on societal goals. We build on analyses from the research project SubUrbanLab, where urban living labs were set up in Alby and Peltosaari, two suburban areas in Sweden and Finland, respectively. We draw lessons regarding how to use urban living labs for sustainable development in order to create favourable conditions for ongoing engagement with the municipality and users towards long-term sustainability. },
	keywords = {city, Living lab, suburb, sustainability, urban},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/958},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/958},
	author = {Katarina Buhr and Maija Federley and Anja Karlsson}
}
@article {888,
	title = {Cybersecurity and Cyber-Resilient Supply Chains},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {04/2015},
	pages = {28-34},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {There has been a rapid growth in the use of communications and information technology, whether embedded in products, used to deliver services, or employed to enable integration and automation of increasingly global supply chains. Increased use of information technology introduces a number of cybersecurity risks affecting cyber-resilience of the supply chain, both in terms of the product or service delivered to a customer and supply chain operation. The situation is complicated by factors such as the global sourcing of technology components or software, ownership of the systems in a supply chain, different legal jurisdictions involved, and the extensive use of third parties to deliver critical functionality. This article examines the cyber-resilience issues related to the supply of products, services, and the supply chain infrastructure considering the nature of threats and vulnerabilities and the attributes of cybersecurity. In doing so, it applies a model for cybersecurity that is adapted from the Parkerian hexad to explore the security and trustworthiness facets of supply chain operations that may impact cyber-resilience.},
	keywords = {cyber-resilience, cybersecurity, risk management, supply chain, threat management},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/888},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/888},
	author = {Hugh Boyes}
}
@article {860,
	title = {Editorial: Cybersecurity (January 2015)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {01/2015},
	pages = {3-4},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {automotive manufacturing, botnet takedowns, botnets, commercialization, critical infrastructure, cyber-attacks, cybersecurity, employee training, gamification, Internet, outsourcing, quantum key distribution},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/860},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/860},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Tony Bailetti}
}
@article {949,
	title = {Exploring the Benefits of Integrating Business Model Research within Living Lab Projects},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {12/2015},
	pages = {19-27},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Business model and living lab research both have similar objectives {\textendash} to maximize the probability of successful market introduction of innovative solutions {\textendash} be it through different means. Yet, there are still only few studies or reports discussing both, with those studies that do touch the subject staying at a high level. iMinds Living Labs has gained a lot of experience in combined living lab and business model innovation projects and, rather than being competing approaches, our results have shown that these two research methodologies can be complementary, where the combined approach turns out to be more powerful than each individual approach used alone. The goal of this article is to promote the inclusion of business model research in a model of "a living lab as a service" (and vice versa) by explaining the benefits and by introducing a practical framework to implement such combined research tracks based on the experience at iMinds Living Labs over the past few years.},
	keywords = {business model, collaboration, innovation, living labs, user research, value network, value proposition},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/949},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/949},
	author = {Olivier Rits and Dimitri Schuurman and Pieter Ballon}
}
@article {926,
	title = {Innovation on the Open Sea: Examining Competence Transfer and Open Innovation in the Design of Offshore Vessels},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {09/2015},
	pages = {17-22},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In this article, we discuss the role of open innovation in collaborative design processes in mature industries such as the shipping industry. We examine the design of high-tech offshore service vessels in environments characterized by high volatility and complexity. We elaborate on the role that accumulating and sharing core competences plays in speeding up the innovation process and increasing product value. We present a longitudinal case study of a shipping company implementing an open innovation approach that integrates its own core competences in offshore operations with the competences of ship designers and ship builders to develop a new design for challenging environments. In this article, we draw on an open innovation approach and a competence-based view to demonstrate how the firm can "reach out" to gain novel competences related to innovation, which may transform the competitive environment to the firm{\textquoteright}s advantage. The article would be useful to innovation scholars and practitioners who work with innovative product development.},
	keywords = {Arctic, cooperative design, core competencies, offshore operations, Open innovation, shipbuilding},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/926},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/926},
	author = {Odd Jarl Borch and Marina Z. Solesvik}
}
@article {878,
	title = {A Method and Tool to Support the Management of Systems Engineering Projects},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {03/2015},
	pages = {18-28},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Too many industrial projects still fail, mainly due to the managerial techniques used. Indeed, organizational processes are more or less specifically mentioned in systems engineering standards, but in practice, project managers tend to rely more on their own standards, which sometimes set forth practices that do not align with those of the systems engineering domain, hence the reported discrepancies that very often lead to project failure. Thus, we argue that, to improve the companies{\textquoteright} competitiveness when developing new products, cooperation between processes related to system development and project management is key to achieving performance and success. This article presents arguments that tend to support this assertion and introduces an ongoing project to develop both a method and tool that aim to integrate both domains.},
	keywords = {collaborative engineering, decision support, engineering processes, project management, system design, systems engineering, systems engineering standards},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/878},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/878},
	author = {Claude Baron and Philippe Esteban and Rui Xue and Daniel Esteve and Michel Malbert}
}
@article {927,
	title = {The Organization of Living Labs: Coordinating Activities for Regional Innovation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {09/2015},
	pages = {23-28},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article contributes to the ongoing knowledge from the first decade of operating living labs with a study on the coordination of novel innovation activities in living labs. The article provides an organizational model for living labs to order the activities that eventually will allow the conceptualization of living labs as innovation systems, thus giving user involvement a more central role in innovation process theories. This article shows how innovation networks systematically align their activities to reliably achieve their objectives. Next to this interpretivist theoretical contribution, the article contributes relevant practical insights to technology innovation management practitioners based on in-depth living lab cases that exhibit interesting, relevant, and new activities.},
	keywords = {activities, co-creation, ideation, innovation systems, living labs, processes, venturing},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/927},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/927},
	author = {Bernhard R. Katzy and Claudia B{\"u}cker}
}
@article {951,
	title = {Places and Spaces within Living Labs},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {12/2015},
	pages = {37-47},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In this article, we propose the concepts of places and spaces as conceptual tools to facilitate the organization of innovation activities within living labs. We have taken a pragmatic perspective on these concepts regarding how they are integrated in design situations, and how different types of places and spaces can facilitate or hinder innovation. We have found that, by applying openness, realism, and influence in the different spaces of our living lab milieus, they have transformed into many different places depending on the stakeholders involved, the methods chosen, and the facilitation of activities. Hence, by understanding this line of reasoning, living lab managers can make more informed decisions and plans for innovation activities.},
	keywords = {influence, Living lab, openness, place, realism, space},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/951},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/951},
	author = {Birgitta Bergvall-K{\r a}reborn and Carina Ihlstr{\"o}m Eriksson and Anna St{\r a}hlbr{\"o}st}
}
@article {910,
	title = {Toward a New Understanding of Creative Dynamics: From One-Size-Fits-All Models to Multiple and Dynamic Forms of Creativity},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {07/2015},
	pages = {14-24},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article proposes an alternative to a managerial "best practice" approach to creativity based on the notion of creativity as a singular concept. Our alternative draws on three fundamental ideas that are emerging in different pockets of the creativity literature in a way that can be readily conceptualized and applied in practice. The first idea is that creativity is really about "creativities", or a cluster of different and discrete qualities that can be combined to suit the context in which they operate. The second is that creativity is not static: it is about "creativitying", or the action and the practice of combining these creativities, which evolve over time. The third is that being creative in organizations is not an individual act: rather, it is the multiple activities of groups as they go about creativitying.},
	keywords = {action-embedded creativity, creative dynamics, creativities, creativity, creativitying, innovation, management},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/910},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/910},
	author = {Stephen Cummings and Chris Bilton and dt ogilvie}
}
@article {764,
	title = {Collaborative Idea Management: A Driver of Continuous Innovation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {02/2014},
	pages = {11-16},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Despite the critical importance of innovation to most companies{\textquoteright} ongoing success, many organizations fail to develop sustainable innovation management processes. The article explores the application of collaborative idea management to drive continuous innovation in large organizations based on our experience at Waabii, an innovation software and consulting service provider. First, we identify the key roadblocks faced by organizations in managing their innovation processes. Next, we describe the innovation model created at Waabii to help implement a sustainable innovation process, and we present a case study of an innovation management software solution, Exago Idea Market, which was implemented to create a collaborative and sustainable innovation environment in a large global telecommunications company. Finally, we offer recommendations for implementing this model of collaborative idea management. This article is particularly relevant to managers in larger organizations and practitioners of organizational change seeking to identify inhibitors of growth and business innovation and how to combat the roadblocks and create a sustainable innovation environment.},
	keywords = {collaboration, collaborative idea management, crowdsourcing, culture, innovation, leadership, Open innovation, strategy},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/764},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/764},
	author = {Jesper Bank and Adnan Raza}
}
@article {845,
	title = {Cybersecurity Startups: The Importance of Early and Rapid Globalization},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {11/2014},
	pages = {14-21},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Corporations and government agencies worldwide seek to ensure that their networks are safe from cyber-attacks, and startups are being launched to take advantage of this expanded market for cybersecurity products, services, and solutions. The cybersecurity market is inherently global; therefore, cybersecurity startups must globalize to survive. With this article, we fill a gap in the literature by identifying the factors that make a technology startup valuable to specific stakeholders (e.g., investors, customers, employees) and by providing a tool and illustrating a process to describe, design, challenge, and invent the actions that should be performed to globalize a cybersecurity startup early and rapidly for the purpose of increasing its value. The development of the tool builds on recent advances in the resource-based literature, the review of the literature on born-global firms and business model discovery processes, and the experience gained operating the Lead to Win ecosystem. This article will be of interest to entrepreneurs and their venture teams, investors, business development agencies, advisors, and mentors of cybersecurity startups as well as researchers who develop tools and approaches that are relevant to technology entrepreneurs. },
	keywords = {born global, cybersecurity, globalization, startups},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/845},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/845},
	author = {Tony Bailetti and Erik Zijdemans}
}
@article {843,
	title = {Editorial: Cybersecurity (November 2014)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {11/2014},
	pages = {3-4},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {crimeware, cyber-attacks, cybersecurity, globalization, malware, safety, science of cybersecurity, scientific contributions, startups},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/843},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/843},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Tony Bailetti}
}
@article {833,
	title = {Editorial: Cybersecurity (October 2014)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {10/2014},
	pages = {3-4},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {cyberattacks, cybersecurity, cyberthreats, information technology, network security, research},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/833},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/833},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Tony Bailetti}
}
@article {817,
	title = {Entrepreneurship Education in India: A Critical Assessment and a Proposed Framework},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {08/2014},
	pages = {5-10},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Entrepreneurship education is considered as one of the most influential forces that determine the health of the economy. Hence, ignoring controversies on whether entrepreneurship can be taught, the majority of the top business schools in India offer entrepreneurship education with tailored elective courses to inculcate a wide range of skills encompassing a multi-disciplinary approach among mature management students. However, considering the basic synergies of core management subjects such as marketing and entrepreneurship, both of which provide an opportunity to develop unique solutions to satisfy customer needs, the study of entrepreneurial aspects as a prerequisite for management education and research seems indispensable when specifically catering to the growing entrepreneurial intent in developing economies. This approach necessitates a compulsory initiation of entrepreneurship courses early in the curricula of contemporary business schools. In this context, the present article aims to qualitatively review the current entrepreneurship education regime in India to propose an effective ecosystem for integrating and promoting entrepreneurship education as fundamental to mainstream business education in India.},
	keywords = {entrepreneurship, India, management education, marketing, qualitative research},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/817},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/817},
	author = {Rituparna Basu}
}
@article {784,
	title = {Finnish Knowledge-Intensive Business Services in China: Market Entry and Position in the Value Chain},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {04/2014},
	pages = {43-52},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The internationalization of companies offering knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS) plays an important role in the general process of globalization. As the largest emerging market, China is attractive for Western KIBS. This article presents a case study on Finnish KIBS in China. Three companies in "clean tech" engineering, eco-cities design, and 3D media solutions describe the challenges and promoting factors in entering the Chinese markets. The study also examines the various ways of positioning the firm in the value chain through the roles of an integrator, a concept developer, and a multi-stage actor. Our findings illustrate the new business opportunities provided by China in advanced service sectors focusing on sustainability issues and creative content. },
	keywords = {internationalization of services, KIBS, knowledge-intensive business services, Western companies in China},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/784},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/784},
	author = {Sen Bao and Marja Toivonen}
}
@article {834,
	title = {The Online World of the Future: Safe, Productive, and Creative},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {10/2014},
	pages = {5-12},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {A safer online world is required to attain higher levels of productivity and creativity. We offer a view of a future state of the online world that places safety, productivity, and creativity above all else. The online world envisaged for 2030 is safe (i.e., users communicate with accuracy and enduring confidence), productive (i.e., users make timely decisions that have an ongoing global effect), and creative (i.e., users can connect seemingly unrelated information online). The proposed view differs from other views of the future online world that are anchored around technology solutions, confrontation, deception, and personal or commercial gain. The following seven conditions characterize the proposed view of the online world: i) global-scale autonomous learning systems; ii) humans co-working with machines; iii) human factors that are authentic and transferrable; iv) global scale whole-brain communities; v) foundational knowledge that is authentic and transferrable; vi) timely productive communication; and vii) continuous technological adaptation. These conditions are expected to enable new social-behavioural, socio-technical, and organizational interaction models. },
	keywords = {bisociation, cybersecurity, excludability, future vision, Industrial Internet, Internet, Internet of Everything, Internet of Things, online, productivity, rivalry, safety, security},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/834},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/834},
	author = {Tony Bailetti and Renaud Levesque and D{\textquoteright}Arcy Walsh}
}
@article {758,
	title = {Overcoming Barriers to Collaboration in an Open Source Ecosystem},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {01/2014},
	pages = {18-27},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Leveraging open source practices provides value to businesses when entrepreneurs and managers understand how to collaborate effectively in an open source ecosystem. However, the complex mix of different actors and varying barriers to effective collaboration in the ecosystem pose a substantial challenge. How can a business create and capture value if it depends on effective collaboration among these different groups? In this article, we review the published research on open source collaboration and reveal insights that will be beneficial to entrepreneurs and managers. We organize the published research into four streams based upon the following actor groups: i) governance actors, ii) competitors, iii) complementors, and iv) the core community. Then, through induction and synthesis, we identify barriers to collaboration, first by ecosystem and then by actor group. Finally, we offer six recommendations for identifying and overcoming barriers to collaboration in an open source ecosystem.},
	keywords = {business ecosystem, collaboration, collaboration barriers, communities, competitors, complementors, core community, governance, open source},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/758},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/758},
	author = {Derek Smith and Asrar Alshaikh and Rawan Bojan and Anish Kak and Mohammad Mehdi Gharaei Manesh}
}
@article {820,
	title = {Perceived Environmental Uncertainty for Startups: A Note on Entrepreneurship Research from an Indian Perspective},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {08/2014},
	pages = {27-35},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In an entrepreneurship environment, understanding uncertainty is critical to startups because it is directly related to the context of decision making. In an emerging country such as India, uncertainties are more predominant due to the very nature of the emerging country, which is characterized by an underdeveloped institutional setup, a lack of protection for legal and intellectual property rights, underdeveloped factor markets, and high transaction costs. In this article, a systematic review of the existing literature on environment and uncertainty in an entrepreneurial, emerging-economy context identifies a gap of a new scale for perceived environmental uncertainty. Three primary contributions are made by this research. First, a literature review for existing uncertainty scales and their evaluation in the context of emerging countries is provided. Second, the research identifies a gap in the uncertainty measurement literature that is relevant to emerging economies. Finally, this study proposes a future research scope that can bridge the identified gap by exploring the factors of uncertainty in emerging countries. },
	keywords = {business environment, emerging economies, India, startups, uncertainty},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/820},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/820},
	author = {Susmita Ghosh and Bhaskar Bhowmick and Kalyan Kumar Guin}
}
@article {821,
	title = {Reviewing the Knowledge Systems of Innovation and the Associated Roles of Major Stakeholders in the Indian Context},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {08/2014},
	pages = {36-45},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In this article, we review various models of knowledge systems and discusses the relationships between various component stakeholders of innovation, namely higher-education institutions, industry, and government. The article uses India as a case study to examine new challenges and opportunities facing its innovation ecosystem. Within this context, we review existing models of knowledge systems through an innovative representation exemplifying the knowledge landscape and the model positioning. We argue for a reinforcing role of major stakeholders in the proliferation of innovation and entrepreneurship, and the need to promote healthy interactions between them.},
	keywords = {entrepreneurship, government, higher-education institutions, industry, innovation ecosystem, innovation system, knowledge systems, models, stakeholders, university},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/821},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/821},
	author = {Punit Saurabh and Prabha Bhola and Kalyan Kumar Guin}
}
@article {802,
	title = {Using a Capability Perspective to Sustain IT Improvement},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {06/2014},
	pages = {28-39},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {A firm{\textquoteright}s dependency on the information technology (IT) function is increasingly central to its ability to innovate. The IT function must balance this need for change with sustaining consistent, highly reliable operation of all existing services. A firm{\textquoteright}s ability to rapidly change IT is impeded by its legacy portfolio of applications and infrastructure because changes need to be very carefully managed and understood in order to avoid unintended consequences leading to system failure and process breakdown. The change imperative for IT is urgent and often determines how IT is valued by the rest of the firm. 

Improving the IT function{\textquoteright}s agility requires improvement in IT capabilities, which can be categorized into three broad classes: technology, process, and competency. This article identifies the critical success factors for creating sustainable change for each of these three capability classes. It draws on the practical experience of the authors and leverages appropriate standards that provide grounding for change within the IT function of the firm, along with the roles and tasks that will be involved in this change agency. The article is of primary benefit for IT executives seeking to sustain an ongoing, systematic transformation of the IT function to enable IT entrepreneurship and agility.},
	keywords = {capability improvement, capability maturity model, change management, competency capability, enterprise architecture, IT function, organizational culture, organizational learning, process capability, shadow IT, technology capability},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/802},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/802},
	author = {Paul E. Renaud and Sheppard D. Narkier and Sonia D. Bot}
}
@article {711,
	title = {Developing an Innovation Engine to Make Canada a Global Leader in Cybersecurity},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {08/2013},
	pages = {5-14},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {An engine designed to convert innovation into a country{\textquoteright}s global leadership position in a specific product market is examined in this article, using Canada and cybersecurity as an example. Five entities are core to the innovation engine: an ecosystem, a project community, an external community, a platform, and a corporation. The ecosystem is the focus of innovation in firm-specific factors that determine outcomes in global competition; the project community is the focus of innovation in research and development; and the external community is the focus of innovation in resources produced and used by economic actors that operate outside of the focal product market. Strategic intent, governance, resource flows, and organizational agreements bind the five entities together. Operating the innovation engine in Canada is expected to improve the level and quality of prosperity, security, and capacity of Canadians, increase the number of Canadian-based companies that successfully compete globally in cybersecurity product markets, and better protect Canada{\textquoteright}s critical infrastructure. Researchers interested in learning how to create, implement, improve, and grow innovation engines will find this article interesting. The article will also be of interest to senior management teams in industry and government, chief information and technology officers, social and policy analysts, academics, and individual citizens who wish to learn how to secure cyberspace. },
	keywords = {business ecosystem, cybersecurity, innovation engine, innovation in commercialization, innovation in research and development},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/711},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/711},
	author = {Tony Bailetti and Dan Craigen and David Hudson and Renaud Levesque and Stuart McKeen and D{\textquoteright}Arcy Walsh}
}
@article {658,
	title = {An Ecosystem-Based Job-Creation Engine Fuelled by Technology Entrepreneurs},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {02/2013},
	pages = {31-40},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Job creation is at the centre of the rationale provided by governments and publicly funded organizations for investing in services purported to support entrepreneurs to launch and grow technology startups. However, little is known about how to design and build the engines that convert these publicly funded services into jobs in a region. In this article, we argue that the architecture of a job-creation engine fuelled by technology entrepreneurs is important and that it should be made visible to the stakeholders of a regional venture system. The manner in which the components of a job-creation engine are organized and integrated determines the effectiveness and efficiency of the conversion of public funds into jobs. Making visible the architecture of a job-creation engine enables individuals and organizations to: i) better understand the link between the investment made to service technology entrepreneurs and systematic job creation; ii) utilize the regional venture system more effectively; and iii) set the performance benchmark for capability improvement and rapid adjustment to environmental changes. The experience gained from operating Lead To Win since 2009 is used to describe the architecture of a job-creation engine fuelled by technology entrepreneurs that operate in Canada{\textquoteright}s Capital Region. Lead To Win is an ecosystem designed to help a technology venture generate sufficient revenue to create six or more knowledge jobs in the region within three years of inception. },
	keywords = {accelerator, economic development, entrepreneur, incubator, job creation, Lead To Win, startups, technology entrepreneurship},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/658},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/658},
	author = {Tony Bailetti and Sonia D. Bot}
}
@article {710,
	title = {Editorial: Cybersecurity (August 2013)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {08/2013},
	pages = {3-4},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {Canada, cyberattacks, cybersecurity, cyberthreats, information technology, network security, research, risk assessment},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/710},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/710},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Tony Bailetti}
}
@article {699,
	title = {Editorial: Cybersecurity (July 2013)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {07/2013},
	pages = {3-5},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {Canada, cyberattacks, cybersecurity, cyberthreats, information technology, network security, research},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/699},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/699},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Tony Bailetti}
}
@article {694,
	title = {Enabling Sustainable Improvement in IT Entrepreneurship},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {06/2013},
	pages = {28-38},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Firms must embrace processes that enable the information technology (IT) function to become a strategic partner to the business functions it serves. Process ambidexterity is a way for processes to be augmented to improve alignment and adaptability to new markets and technologies. By applying the principles of process ambidexterity, the key elements required for sustainable change within the capabilities that comprise the IT function of the firm are identified. Furthermore, the scope and depth of the dysfunction that is widespread across large firms that depend upon IT are outlined to provide a contextual basis for presenting a solution framework to address sustainable change. This framework for sustainable change is of primary benefit to IT executives seeking to systematically transform the IT function and enable IT entrepreneurship.},
	keywords = {capability maturity assessment, IT capability, IT entrepreneurship, IT function, process ambidexterity, process maturity, sustainable metrics},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/694},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/694},
	author = {Paul E. Renaud and Sheppard D. Narkier and Sonia D. Bot}
}
@article {726,
	title = {A Heritage Economy: Business Model Innovation for Economic Wealth, Social Well-Being, and Environmental Health},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {09/2013},
	pages = {32-37},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Faced with the inherent unsustainability of infinite growth in a world of finite resources, the neoclassical economy is running towards a cliff. In order to avoid a hard landing, enterprises need to broaden their definitions of value and wealth to include parameters that are not currently in the economic lexicon, but are still of paramount importance in our lives. Taken from that angle, heritage can be seen as a perfect replacement for capital, because its multidimensional and complex nature opens up numerous possibilities for the creation of shared economic, social, and environmental value; the designing of value chains; and the direction of technological innovation. This article explores the various ramifications of a paradigm shift from managing capital to managing heritage, and it underlines the need to create a series of pioneering business models for enterprises to adapt and profit from a new, heritage economy.},
	keywords = {benefit corporation, business model innovation, heritage economy, impact investment, natural capitalism},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/726},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/726},
	author = {Fr{\'e}d{\'e}rick Brousseau-Gauthier and Yvon Brousseau}
}
@article {743,
	title = {Open Innovation Processes in Living Lab Innovation Systems: Insights from the LeYLab},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {11/2013},
	pages = {28-36},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Living labs have emerged on the crossroads of the open innovation and user innovation frameworks. As open innovation systems, living labs consist of various actors with each playing their specific role. Within this article, we will take an open innovation perspective by analyzing the knowledge spill-overs between living lab actors through three in-depth innovation case studies taking place within the LeYLab living lab in Kortrijk, Belgium. The results illustrate how living labs foster the three open innovation processes of exploration, exploitation, and retention. From our analysis, we conclude that living labs are particularly useful for exploration and, to a lesser extent, exploitation. In terms of retention, living labs seem to hold a large potential; however, the success and the nature of the innovation processes depend on the sustainability of living labs, the number of innovation cases, and the alignment of these cases with the living lab infrastructure. Based on these findings, a concrete set of guidelines is proposed for innovating in living labs and for setting up a living lab constellation.},
	keywords = {knowledge exchange, living labs, Open innovation, open innovation networks, user innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/743},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/743},
	author = {Dimitri Schuurman and Lieven De Marez and Pieter Ballon}
}
@article {667,
	title = {Quebec Seeks Solutions: An Economic Development Agency{\textquoteright}s Role in Local Open Innovation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {03/2013},
	pages = {27-32},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article offers an economic-development perspective on a new method for local companies to find innovative solutions to their most challenging business problems: local open innovation. Quebec International, the economic development agency for the Quebec City area, contributed to the development of the Seeking Solutions approach to local open innovation, which included the hosting of problem-solving conferences with local research centres, economic development actors, and companies. Looking back on our experiences and outcomes since 2010, this article shows how the development and introduction of this new approach to local open innovation has changed the rules of the game in the region.},
	keywords = {collaboration, economic development, local open innovation, Open innovation, private research and development, Quebec Seeks Solutions},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/667},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/667},
	author = {Alexandra Berger Masson}
}
@article {578,
	title = {Accelerating a Network Model of Care: Taking a Social Innovation to Scale},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {07/2012},
	pages = {26-30},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Government-funded systems of health and social care are facing enormous fiscal and human-resource challenges. The space for innovation in care is wide open and new disruptive patterns are emerging. These include self-management and personal budgets, participatory and integrated care, supported decision making and a renewed focus on prevention. Taking these disruptive patterns to scale can be accelerated by a technologically enabled shift to a network model of care to co-create the best outcomes for individuals, family caregivers, and health and social care organizations.

The connections, relationships, and activities within an individual{\textquoteright}s personal network lay the foundation for care that health and social care systems/policy must simultaneously support and draw on for positive outcomes. Practical tools, adequate information, and tangible resources are required to coordinate and sustain care. 

Tyze Personal Networks is a social venture that uses technology to engage and inform the individual, their personal networks, and their care providers to co-create the best outcomes. In this article, we demonstrate how Tyze contributes to a shift to a network model of care by strengthening our networks and enhancing partnerships between care providers, individuals, and family and friends. },
	keywords = {network centric care, network model of care, personal networks, social innovation, Tyze},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/578},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/578},
	author = {Vickie Cammack and Kerry Byrne}
}
@article {565,
	title = {Developmental Impact Analysis of an ICT-Enabled Scalable Healthcare Model in BRICS Economies},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {06/2012},
	pages = {25-31},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article highlights the need for initiating a healthcare business model in a grassroots, emerging-nation context. This article{\textquoteright}s backdrop is a history of chronic anomalies afflicting the healthcare sector in India and similarly placed BRICS nations. In these countries, a significant percentage of populations remain deprived of basic healthcare facilities and emergency services. Community (primary care) services are being offered by public and private stakeholders as a panacea to the problem. Yet, there is an urgent need for specialized (tertiary care) services at all levels. 
As a response to this challenge, an all-inclusive health-exchange system (HES) model, which utilizes information communication technology (ICT) to provide solutions in rural India, has been developed. The uniqueness of the model lies in its innovative hub-and-spoke architecture and its emphasis on affordability, accessibility, and availability to the masses. This article describes a developmental impact analysis (DIA) that was used to assess the impact of this model. The article contributes to the knowledge base of readers by making them aware of the healthcare challenges emerging nations are facing and ways to mitigate those challenges using entrepreneurial solutions.},
	keywords = {business model innovation, developmental Impact analysis, DIA, health technology, social entrepreneurship},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/565},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/565},
	author = {Punit Saurabh and Bhaskar Bhowmick and Amrita and Dhrubes Biswas}
}
@article {613,
	title = {Editorial: Born Global (October 2012)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {10/2012},
	pages = {3-4},
	publisher = {Talent FIrst Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {born global, entrepreneurs, entrepreneurship, export, globalization, internationalization, startups},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/613},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/613},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Tony Bailetti}
}
@article {544,
	title = {Editorial: Technology Entrepreneurship (April 2012)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {04/2012},
	pages = {3-4},
	keywords = {technology entrepreneurship},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/544},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/544},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Tony Bailetti}
}
@article {519,
	title = {Editorial: Technology Entrepreneurship (February 2012)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {02/2012},
	pages = {3-4},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {entrepreneur, entrepreneurship, technology entrepreneurship},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/519},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/519},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Tony Bailetti}
}
@article {531,
	title = {Editorial: Technology Entrepreneurship (March 2012)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {03/2012},
	pages = {3-4},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {technology entrepreneurship},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/531},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/531},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Tony Bailetti}
}
@article {552,
	title = {Editorial: Technology Entrepreneurship (May 2012)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {05/2012},
	pages = {3-4},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {entrepreneur, global entrepreneurship, technology entrepreneurship},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/552},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/552},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Tony Bailetti}
}
@article {626,
	title = {Enabling Process Alignment for IT Entrepreneurship},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {11/2012},
	pages = {13-20},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {All firms use information technology (IT). Larger firms have IT organizations whose business function is to supply and manage IT infrastructure and applications to support the firm{\textquoteright}s business objectives. Regardless of whether the IT function has been outsourced or is resident within a firm, the objectives of the IT organization must be aligned to the strategic needs of the business.

It is often a challenge to balance the demand for IT against the available supply within the firm. Most IT organizations have little capacity to carry out activities that go beyond the incremental ones that are needed to run the immediate needs of the business. A process-ambidexterity framework for IT improves the IT organization{\textquoteright}s entrepreneurial ability, which in turn, better aligns the IT function with the business functions in the firm.

Process ambidexterity utilizes both process alignment and process adaptability. This article presents a framework for process alignment in IT. This is useful for understanding how the processes in Business Demand Management, a core component of the process-ambidexterity framework for IT, relate to those in IT Governance and IT Supply Chain Management. The framework is presented through three lenses (governance, business, and technology) along with real-world examples from major firms in the USA. Enabling process alignment in the IT function, and process ambidexterity overall, benefits those who govern IT, the executives who lead IT, as well as their peers in the business functions that depend on IT.},
	keywords = {exploitation, exploration, IT function, process alignment, process ambidexterity},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/626},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/626},
	author = {Paul E. Renaud and Sonia D. Bot}
}
@article {557,
	title = {An Overview of Four Issues on Technology Entrepreneurship in the TIM Review},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {05/2012},
	pages = {28-34},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The field of technology entrepreneurship is in its infancy when compared to other fields such as economics and management. Articles on technology entrepreneurship have been published in at least 62 journals, of which only 18 contribute to technology innovation management or entrepreneurship. Less than a handful of these 62 journals are considered to be "good" journals and none can claim a leadership position in technology entrepreneurship. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the 20 journal articles published in the February, March, April, and May 2012 issues of the Technology Innovation Management Review (TIM Review).},
	keywords = {creative destruction, global entrepreneurship, journal articles, social entrepreneurship, technology entrepreneurship, theory},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/557},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/557},
	author = {Tony Bailetti and Sonia D. Bot and Tom Duxbury and David Hudson and Chris McPhee and Steven Muegge and Michael Weiss and Jonathan Wells and Mika Westerlund}
}
@article {627,
	title = {Process Adaptability in the IT Supply Chain},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {11/2012},
	pages = {33-40},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The continuous pressure to minimize IT costs challenges the IT function to achieve a balance between its own effectiveness and the productivity of the users in the business functions that it serves (i.e., user effectiveness). In many cases, user effectiveness is sacrificed to ensure IT function effectiveness. Process adaptability improves the IT organization{\textquoteright}s entrepreneurial ability by balancing these conflicting productivity and performance objectives.

This article applies a process-ambidexterity framework to examine how process adaptability in IT is affected by the choice of different strategies for IT Demand Management as well as different fulfillment strategies for IT Supply Chain Management. Alternative fulfillment strategies are presented, along with criteria and indicators that impact IT and user effectiveness that have been applied within major firms. 

IT and senior business executives will find this article valuable for helping understand how they can influence the balance between IT and user productivity through their choice of different Demand Management and IT fulfillment strategies. Academic readers will discover that, while process adaptability in IT is an important enabler for implementing dynamic alignment between business and IT function objectives, there may be circumstances where IT process adaptability is not a priority for the business.},
	keywords = {exploitation, exploration, IT function, process adaptability, process ambidexterity, supply chain},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/627},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/627},
	author = {Paul E. Renaud and Sonia D. Bot}
}
@article {547,
	title = {Process Ambidexterity for Entrepreneurial Firms},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {04/2012},
	pages = {21-27},
	abstract = {Technology-based entrepreneurial firms must effectively support both mainstream exploitation and new-stream exploration in order to remain competitive for the long term. The processes that support exploitation and exploration initiatives are different in terms of logistics, payoff horizons, and capabilities. Few firms are able to strike a balance between the two, where mainstream exploitation usually trumps new-stream exploration. The ultimate goal is for the firm to operate effectively in a repeatable, scalable, and systematic manner, rather than relying on good luck and hoping either to come up with the next innovation or for the product to function according to its requirements. 

This article builds on the author{\textquoteright}s years of experience in building businesses and transforming medium and large-sized, entrepreneurial technology firms, leading large-scale breakthrough and sustained performance improvements by using and evolving Lean Six Sigma methodologies, and reviews of technology innovation management and entrepreneurship literature. This article provides a process-based perspective to understanding and addressing the issues on balancing mainstream exploitation and new-stream exploration in medium and large-sized entrepreneurial firms and extending it to startups. The resulting capability is known as process ambidexterity and requires disciplined, agile, and lean business management.
},
	keywords = {business management, exploitation, exploration, performance improvement, process ambidexterity, technology entrepreneurship},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/547},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/547},
	author = {Sonia D. Bot}
}
@article {596,
	title = {Process Ambidexterity for IT Entrepreneurship},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {08/2012},
	pages = {16-22},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {All firms use information technology (IT). Larger firms have information technology organizations whose business function is to supply and manage IT infrastructure and applications to support business needs for IT. While some firms have chosen to outsource the IT function, the majority rely on an internal IT organization that is focused on running the IT infrastructure and optimizing IT operations and applications by exploiting technology improvements over time. Most IT organizations have little capacity to carry out transformational initiatives because they are focused on incremental improvements needed to run the business. As the global economy contracts, growing cost pressure on firms escalates the need for the IT function to behave in a more entrepreneurial manner that accelerates the availability of new technological solutions to enhance productivity and lower cost of doing business. 

This article provides a process-based perspective for understanding and addressing an IT function{\textquoteright}s ability to implement entrepreneurial practices that better align the IT function to business functions. This is done by developing the capability of process ambidexterity. Improving an IT organization{\textquoteright}s entrepreneurial ability results in improved productivity, shorter time to market, and lower operational costs {\textendash} as validated by recent practice with major firms in the USA. Developing process ambidexterity in the IT function benefits those who govern IT, the executives who lead IT, as well as their peers in the business functions that depend on IT.},
	keywords = {business demand, business value chains, exploitation, exploration, IT, IT supply, process ambidexterity},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/596},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/596},
	author = {Sonia D. Bot and Paul E. Renaud}
}
@article {520,
	title = {Technology Entrepreneurship: Overview, Definition, and Distinctive Aspects},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {02/2012},
	pages = {5-12},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Technology entrepreneurship lies at the heart of many important debates, including those around launching and growing firms, regional economic development, selecting the appropriate stakeholders to take ideas to markets, and educating managers, engineers, and scientists. Unless a generally accepted definition of technology entrepreneurship is established, however, these debates lose their focus.

The purpose of this article is to identify the themes that dominate the technology entrepreneurship literature, provide a definition of technology entrepreneurship, and identify its distinguishing aspects relative to economics, entrepreneurship, and management. 

The author argues that technology entrepreneurship is an investment in a project that assembles and deploys specialized individuals and heterogeneous assets to create and capture value for the firm. What distinguishes technology entrepreneurship from other entrepreneurship types (e.g., social entrepreneurship, small business management, and self-employment) is the collaborative experimentation and production of new products, assets, and their attributes, which are intricately related to advances in scientific and technological knowledge and the firm{\textquoteright}s asset ownership rights. 
},
	keywords = {entrepreneurs, entrepreneurship, technology entrepreneurs, technology entrepreneurship},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/520},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/520},
	author = {Tony Bailetti}
}
@article {629,
	title = {TIM Lecture Series - 29 Lessons Learned in Entrepreneurship},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {11/2012},
	pages = {46-48},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {entrepreneurship, lessons learned, startups, strategy, technology},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/629},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/629},
	author = {Wes Biggs}
}
@article {614,
	title = {What Technology Startups Must Get Right to Globalize Early and Rapidly},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {10/2012},
	pages = {5-16},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Upon or shortly after inception, growth-oriented technology startups must operate in a market that is global. Management teams and investors of technology startups can benefit from approaches and models that can help them operate in a global market early and rapidly. How well a technology startup addresses the realities of globalization will determine its success. A better understanding of what management teams and investors of technology startups must get right to globalize their startups is needed. This article is an attempt to meet this need. 

In this article, lessons that have been extracted from six literature streams and from information on 21 startups founded in 12 countries are used to identify the six elements that a startup must get right to globalize early and rapidly. These six elements are: i) Problem scope, ii) Stakeholders{\textquoteright} commitments, iii) Collaborative entrepreneurship, iv) Relational capital, v) Legitimacy, and vi) Global capability. The main contribution of this article is that it throws the spotlight on the need to develop prescriptive rules and practitioner-oriented models that can help a technology startup operate globally from an early stage. },
	keywords = {born global, effectuation logic, entrepreneurs, entrepreneurship, global startups, globalization, gradual internationalization, internalization, international new ventures, internationalization, multinational, rapid internationalization, startups},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/614},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/614},
	author = {Tony Bailetti}
}
@article {433,
	title = {Carleton Entrepreneurs: The First Keystone Off-The-Shelf Application},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2011},
	month = {04/2011},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In this article, we describe the first application of the Keystone Off-The-Shelf (KOTS) platform. KOTS integrates software applications available under open source licenses with proprietary applications and services offered by small local technology companies, most of which are Carleton University spin-offs.

KOTS is the engine behind the website for the Carleton Entrepreneurs program. The goals of this unique program are to: i) strengthen the entrepreneurial spirit at Carleton University; ii) help graduate and senior undergraduate students transform their ideas into compelling opportunities and successful ventures; and iii) share the best opportunities with potential investors, alumni, and friends of Carleton University. KOTS will enable the Carleton Entrepreneurs collective to achieve significant system-level outcomes that are not attainable without the platform. This collective is comprised of students, mentors, internal and external reviewers, top managers of technology university spin-off companies, academics, and friends of Carleton.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/433},
	author = {Tony Bailetti and Ludovico Prattico}
}
@article {431,
	title = {Editorial: Collectives (April 2011)},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2011},
	month = {04/2011},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Editorial},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The articles in this issue of the OSBR focus on collectives that harness diversity to produce significant system-level outcomes. These collectives support members that belong to different groups and carry out activities in three different horizons: today{\textquoteright}s business (Horizon 1), the next generation of emerging businesses (Horizon 2), and the longer-term options out of which the next generation of businesses will arise (Horizon 3).},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/431},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Tony Bailetti}
}
@article {485,
	title = {Fostering Student Entrepreneurship and University Spinoff Companies},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2011},
	month = {10/2011},
	pages = {7-12},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {A student spinoff company strives to transform knowledge acquired by students into an income-generating business. This article outlines how a university can increase the number of spinoff companies created by its student entrepreneurs. 

Student spinoff companies are of interest to all forward-thinking universities, particularly those that support research and teaching programs in the field of entrepreneurship. The spinoff companies provide tangible evidence that students acquire viable entrepreneurial skills while studying at the university. In addition, student spinoff companies contribute to regional economic development, commercialize knowledge that otherwise would go undeveloped, help universities attain and expand their core missions, and increase the return on the investments in university R\&D. 

University policies developed specifically for student spinoff companies significantly affect the growth potential of such ventures. This article provides a model and a set of principles that universities can use to support and increase the number of student entrepreneurs at their institutions. The model and principles are grounded in research findings and practical experience. In addition, the article suggests that universities adopt a results-based management approach to plan and deploy initiatives to support student entrepreneurs. The approach is widely used by government agencies interested in increasing the outcomes from their investments. },
	keywords = {entrepreneurship, spinoff, student entrepreneur, university},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/485},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/485},
	author = {Tony Bailetti}
}
@article {496,
	title = {Innovation Policy Development and the Emergence of New Innovation Paradigms},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2011},
	month = {11/2011},
	pages = {14-19},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The objective of the present article is to discuss innovation policy issues related to three emerging innovation paradigms: user-driven innovation, open innovation, and value co-creation. It provides a summary of insights based on innovation policy practices and challenges in Denmark. The choice of Danish innovation policy practices is not accidental. In 2008 Denmark implemented 40 different national innovation programs by allocating about 400 million euros. Since the three emerging paradigms have become globally relevant, the discussion of Danish policy development challenges and practices is expected to be insightful for innovation experts from other developed countries that are currently dealing with the adoption of these paradigms. },
	keywords = {innovation, Open innovation, policy, user-driven innovation, value co-creation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/496},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/496},
	author = {Stoyan Tanev and Mette Pr{\ae}st Knudsen and Tanja Bisgaard and Merethe Stjerne Thomsen}
}
@article {417,
	title = {Key Player Identification in the Mashup Ecosystem},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2011},
	month = {02/2011},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {By combining multiples sources of data to create a new application, mashups represent a powerful source of innovation. Together, the various data providers, developers, mashup platforms, and users constitute an ecosystem that depends on innovation from these various players for its growth and success. This article summarizes recent research into the network structure of the mashup ecosystem, along with the positions and roles of entities within it. This research illustrates analytical methods for identifying key players in an ecosystem, while delivering new insights into the structure of the mashup ecosystem. Finally, the implications of these findings for entrepreneurs and incumbents are discussed.
 },
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/417},
	author = {Monique Bardawil}
}
@article {505,
	title = {Reasons for Patent Protection and Cost-effective Patent Filing Options for SMEs},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2011},
	month = {12/2011},
	pages = {29-33},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Many innovative small and medium enterprises (SMEs) do not seek patent protection for their innovations, either because they are skeptical about the perceived benefits or wary of the perceived costs. However, by failing to protect their intellectual property with patents, they leave themselves exposed to attack by other patent holders. This article explores arguments for patent protection as well as filing options that can protract the patenting process while simultaneously reducing patenting costs. By choosing their patent application filings wisely, SMEs can keep their patenting options open for as long as possible while delaying costs.},
	keywords = {innovation, intellectual property, patent cost, patent filing, patent protection},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/505},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/505},
	author = {Natalie Raffoul and Art Brion}
}
@article {419,
	title = {Software-as-a-Service Offer Differentiation by Business Unit},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2011},
	month = {02/2011},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article summarizes the author{\textquoteright}s recent research into the fit between software-as-a-service (SaaS) tools and the requirements of particular business units. First, an overview of SaaS is provided, including a summary of its benefits to users and software vendors. Next, the approach used to gather and analyze data about the SaaS solutions offered on the Force.com AppExchange is outlined. Finally, the article describes the managerial implications of this research.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/419},
	author = {Islam Balbaa}
}
@article {355,
	title = {Blueprint and Approach to Grow Revenue in Small Technology Companies},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {06/2010},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article examines a new approach to grow the revenue of small technology companies and technology startups. We name this new approach the business ecosystem approach.

The article is organized into five sections. The first section provides a blueprint to grow revenue and an inventory of growth formulas that top management teams of small technology companies and founders of startups find useful. The second section briefly defines business ecosystems, keystones and platforms. The third section describes the business ecosystem approach to grow the revenue of small technology companies and technology startups. It compares the traditional and business ecosystem approaches to growing revenue; identifies when the business ecosystem approach works better than the traditional approach; explains what small companies and startups need to do to grow revenue using the business ecosystem approach; and describes the benefits and risks of implementing the business ecosystem approach. The fourth section compares three approaches to growing revenue and highlights the differences between i) business ecosystems and development communities and ii) the business ecosystem approach and outsourcing. The fifth section identifies the key decisions a small technology company or technology startup needs to make to become the keystone that anchors a business ecosystem. 
 },
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/355},
	author = {Tony Bailetti}
}
@article {390,
	title = {Editorial: Economic Development (November 2010)},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {11/2010},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Editorial},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Economic development: these two simple words are excessively used and often misused in many contexts, including municipal government. In this issue of the OSBR, we offer a mainly municipal perspective under which we discuss what economic development means and what it can deliver.

Economic development acts as a headlight that can guide a city like Ottawa through a fog of national and international competition and uncertain economic realities. It is an overarching role that nudges the local government towards smart decisions around long-term investments such as infrastructure.

Achieving sustainable economic development for Ottawa means investment in the creation of a toolkit that consists of tourism development, community and social economic development, transportation access, entrepreneurship support, investment attraction, workforce development and academia, export development, and performance measurement. Such a toolkit is what encourages partnerships between stakeholders and facilitates the environment for healthy economic development conditions.

This last element, performance measurement, deserves honest attention but is often found missing in an economic development plan. Just like a private sector firm that must always have its eyes on its bottom line and profitability, a city must constantly measure its economic development execution and adapt to changing circumstances. This can be achieved through a comprehensive scorecard or dashboard that analyzes trends over time, as well as compares Ottawa{\textquoteright}s performance versus its competitors.

Economic development is no different than the business development unit of a firm that not only has the responsibility of creating market opportunities for its company{\textquoteright}s products, but also the crucial task of conveying back-market intelligence. From the City of Ottawa{\textquoteright}s perspective, the product we should be selling to both local residents and international community is the city brand, including business, tourism, and academia, as well as gathering competitive intelligence to continuously tweak our offering.

Similar to cities whose future is dependent and linked to natural resources, Ottawa{\textquoteright}s economic future is tied to a rare resource as well. However, it is not found under the earth but between the ears of the knowledge-based workers that drive innovation in Ottawa. In today{\textquoteright}s environment, where both the knowledge-based work force and investment capital are highly fluid, the economic development challenge is to relentlessly retain and grow this knowledge resource.

Economic development is the type of investment that will help Ottawa earn its way to be one of the world{\textquoteright}s leading centres for business, tourism, and academia. Conversely, lack of economic development vision and investment will undoubtedly leave the city{\textquoteright}s fortunes to luck.

In this issue, the authors provide diverse perspectives and insights that will help all of us address the challenges of economic development and the knowledge-based economy.
},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/390},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Saad Bashir}
}
@article {377,
	title = {Keystone Off-The-Shelf},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {09/2010},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In this article, we describe the Keystone Off-The-Shelf (KOTS), a project to create a toolkit for platform owners. The toolkit will include everything that is required to operate a platform that supports a new approach to grow the revenue of small technology companies. 

The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the KOTS project and the new approach to development and commercialization that it supports. We first describe the project{\textquoteright}s goal, objective, deliverables, and leadership. Next, we compare the new approach to development and commercialization that KOTS supports with two traditional approaches. We then identify the culture that best supports the new approach and provide an overview of the three key conceptual building blocks of this approach: integration of stakeholders{\textquoteright} interests into development and commercialization decisions, value co-creation, and trust building. Finally, we provide the conclusions. 
 },
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/377},
	author = {Tony Bailetti}
}
@article {332,
	title = {Low Cost Cellular Networks with OpenBTS},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {03/2010},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In mid-2007, Kestrel Signal Processing, Inc., a small software radio consulting shop in northern California, started writing an implementation of a GSM basestation. The initial developers were myself and Kestrel co-founder Harvind Samra. Our goal was to create a new kind of light-weight cellular network that could be built out inexpensively in remote and sparsely populated areas. Our software-radio GSM system, now called OpenBTS, was released publicly under the GPLv3 license in September 2008 and will be used in pilot deployments with small operators by the time this article goes to publication. This will probably be the first use of a free software basestation in a public cellular network, where both network operators and subscribers can download and read the full source code of the GSM protocol stack that connects their handsets to the rest of the world and where the operators will be free to modify the system to meet their specific needs. This article introduces the goals and evolution of the OpenBTS project. 
},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/332},
	author = {David Burgess}
}
@article {359,
	title = {Q\&A. How do you make money with open source?},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {06/2010},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Q and A},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {How do you make money with open source?},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/359},
	author = {Tarus Balog}
}
@article {456,
	title = {Q\&A. Why Is There a Dearth of Women on High-Growth Technology Startup Teams?},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {07/2010},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Q and A},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Through my work with women-led startups, I have come to the following conclusion: as an industry, we should be focusing on increasing the number of women on startup teams. We should be ensuring that women team members have an equity stake in the business and have meaningful leadership roles on the management teams. If a woman is President and CEO, that is wonderful, but I feel that it is even more important just to have women present and engaged. I believe that the diversity in viewpoint and life experience that women leaders bring to the table impact the performance of companies in a complex, global, and increasingly interconnected world. This is the world in which Canadian startups have to compete and thrive in order to boost our country{\textquoteright}s productivity levels. Women have to have a seat at the table, and by being there, have the potential to impact the success of Canadian startups. 
},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/456},
	author = {Ruth Bastedo}
}
@article {325,
	title = {Technical Entrepreneurs Benefit From Business Ecosystems},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {02/2010},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The objective of this article is to highlight nine creative companies that are part of Lead to Win and describe how they benefit from this vendor-neutral business ecosystem.

This paper is organized into three sections. The first section provides an overview on technical entrepreneurship, creative companies and business ecosystems. The second section describes nine startups located in Canada{\textquoteright}s National Region and identifies how their founders benefit from Lead to Win. The third section provides key takeaway messages about technical entrepreneurship and business ecosystems.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/325},
	author = {Tony Bailetti}
}
@article {392,
	title = {When Small is Big: Microcredit and Economic Development},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {11/2010},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Microcredit - the extension of small loans - gives people who would otherwise not have access to credit the opportunity to begin or expand businesses or to pursue job-specific training. These borrowers lack the income, credit history, assets, or security to borrow from other sources. Although the popularity and success of microcredit in developing countries has been trumpeted in the media, microcredit is established and growing in the United States and Canada as well. Its appeal comes from its capacity to provide the means for those who have the ability, drive, and commitment to overcome the hurdles to self-sufficiency.

In this article, the role of microcredit as a stimulant for economic development is examined. First, its importance for the establishment of small businesss is described. Second, the article provides an overview of the general microcredit climate in the United states and the local situation in the Ottawa area. Third, brief stories about individuals who have received this type of loan reveal the human impact behind the economic benefits. Finally, the role of microcredit in funding startups is analyzed in comparison to other sources of available funding. The article concludes with a summary of the benefits of microcredit as a win-win proposition for economic development.   
 },
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/392},
	author = {George Brown}
}
@article {290,
	title = {BIRT: Building Next Generation BI Using Open Source},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {09/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The Business Intelligence and Reporting Tools Project is a highly successful open source business intelligence (BI) project developed and released as part of the Eclipse ecosystem. In this article, we look at the genesis of the BIRT project, why Actuate chose the open source development model, and the benefits that this project brings to the BI user community. 
 },
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/290},
	author = {Tom Bondur and Jason Weathersby}
}
@article {301,
	title = {Components of Co-creation},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {11/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Value co-creation is an emerging innovation, marketing and business paradigm describing how customers and users are seen as active participants in the design of personalized products, services and experiences. Often this participation is organised via the Internet to enable the opportunity for customers to integrate their knowledge, experience and skills into existing, modified or entirely new market offerings reflecting their personal preferences, needs and contexts. There is a growing body of literature dedicated to the discussion of value co-creation frameworks, mechanisms and processes. However, these typically focus on the study, discussion and analysis of a small number of cases using deep, ethnographic description of their practices aiming at conceptualization and categorization of the different types of interactions between end users, the firm and the value network. Although useful, such an approach misses the advantages of an empirically driven quantitative approach that benefits from larger size samples and is more appropriate for theory building through the development and testing of hypotheses. It is important, therefore, to seek the development of a research methodology that combines the benefits of both qualitative and quantitative research approaches for studying the nature of value co-creation.

The article provides a first attempt to identify the main research steps of such a methodology. It provides some preliminary results on the key components of value co-creation between firms and end customers based on the application of web search and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) techniques. The analysis of these preliminary results is then used as an opportunity to identify a number of research questions to be addressed in future research. The emerging research questions follow the inner logic of the value co-creation phenomenon as well as the nature of the results reported in this article. The specific nature of the results was found to be suitable for the application of small-N techniques such as the Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) technique which combines the advantages of both qualitative and quantitative techniques. One of the main contributions of this article is to suggest and explore the possibility for using the QCA technique in future research on value co-creation.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/301},
	author = {Stephen Allen and Tony Bailetti and Stoyan Tanev}
}
@article {248,
	title = {Editorial: Open Source in Government (May 2009)},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {05/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Editorial},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Last summer, the Center for Strategic and International Studies published the sixth update to their Open Source Policy survey. The survey "tracks governmental policies on the use of open source software as reported in the press or other media." The report lists 275 open source policy initiatives. It also breaks down by country and by government level whether the policy on the use of open source is considered to be advisory, preferential, or mandatory.

The editorial theme for the May issue of the OSBR is "open source in government" and we are pleased that the authors have drawn upon their experiences to provide insight into public policy regarding open source for many parts of the world.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/248},
	author = {Dru Lavigne and James Bowen}
}
@article {289,
	title = {Enabling Geospatial Business Intelligence},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {09/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Recently, interest in the huge potential of Geospatial BI has increased. It aims at combining geographic information system (GIS) and business intelligence (BI) technologies. Geospatial BI combines spatial analysis and map visualization with proven BI tools in order to better support the corporate data analysis process and to help companies make more informed decisions. 

BI is a business management term which refers to applications and technologies that are used to gather, provide access to, and analyze data and information about company operations. BI applications are usually used to better understand historical, current and future aspects of business operations. BI applications typically offer ways to mine database- and spreadsheet-centric data to produce graphical, table-based and other types of analytics regarding business operations. BI systems give companies a more comprehensive knowledge of the factors affecting their business, such as metrics on sales, production, and internal operations, in order to to make better business decisions. Be aware that BI is a different from classical databases and much more complex.

This article provides a rapid introduction to some important BI concepts. It then highlights the need for geospatial BI software and deals with the integration of the spatial component in a BI software stack in order to consistently enable geo-analytical tools. We then present different works performed and tools designed by the GeoSOA research group.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/289},
	author = {Thierry Badard and Etienne Dub{\'e}}
}
@article {280,
	title = {Entrepreneurship in an Established Company},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {08/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {There are some fundamental differences between how you go about being innovative in a startup and how you go about it when you have more than 350 customers in 75 countries already running their business on your product. Put another way, you have to approach entrepreneurship differently when you have over 2,000 active deployments serving 40 million people every day. We faced that challenge at Movius Interactive Corporation. This article provides a description of how we took on the challenge of revitalizing innovation and entrepreneurship and how open source plays a part. 
},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/280},
	author = {John Boden}
}
@article {230,
	title = {Government Transparency via Open Data and Open Source},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {02/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Industry analyst Gartner describes web services based on open government data as having a "greater potential effect on the ability to transform government than anything else in the Web 2.0 world". In his technology platform, Barack Obama has made groundbreaking promises related to increasing government accountability by: i) publishing data in open formats; and ii) using online tools to involve citizens in government decision making. These transformative ideas have not yet spread to politics in Canada.

As citizens, we trust that money is being wisely spent on the systems that run our country. We trust that the people governing us have the skills, time, and information they need to make the best decisions. We trust that bureaucracies are well-designed and that the people in them are motivated to make those bureaucracies better. Unfortunately, it{\textquoteright}s hard to trust what you can{\textquoteright}t see. By publishing information in open, machine-readable formats, governments can take a powerful step towards building public trust. By sharing information, governments can start to channel the expertise of the citizenry outside of the civil service to build more effective and inclusive ways of running the country.

The non-profit VisibleGovernment.ca is working to make online tools for civic participation based on open government data a reality in Canada. This article describes why open government data is not only a requirement for greater government transparency, but also a valuable investment in our country{\textquoteright}s infrastructure.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/230},
	author = {Jennifer Bell}
}
@article {226,
	title = {How Open Source Strengthens Business Models},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {02/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {For a company{\textquoteright}s commercialization efforts to succeed, it needs to come up with great market offers which have great business models. Open source (OS) is neither a business model nor a market offer. A market offer with a weak business model will derive little benefit from OS regardless of how good the OS may be.

Little is known about how OS strengthens the business model of a company{\textquoteright}s market offer. This article provide a conceptual tool that can be used to capture, share and communicate the strength of a company{\textquoteright}s business model and help articulate tacit knowledge into explicit knowledge. The second half of the article provides many examples that show how OS strengthens a company{\textquoteright}s business model.

This paper is relevant to: i) top management teams who must formulate their companies{\textquoteright} business models clearly and communicate what is expected from OS; ii) top management teams who are considering investing in OS projects, participating in OS development, or influencing schedules and priorities of OS projects; iii) staff of OS foundations who must attract company investment and participation in their OS projects; and iv) academics who undertake research in the alignment of product development and OS evolution for the purpose of improving business performance},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/226},
	author = {Tony Bailetti}
}
@article {258,
	title = {Lessons on Community Management from the Open Source World},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {06/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {From the outside (and often times from within, too), the success of healthy open source projects defies all logic. Scores of individuals from all over the world, all of whom have different skill levels, use cases, and experience, not to mention native languages and time zones, collaborate together in order to help make a project succeed.

How is it that all of this chaos comes together and creates something wonderful and useful? And moreover, what lessons can be taken from how open source projects work "on the ground" and applied to our practical, daily lives and organizations?

This article will attempt to extrapolate some of the experience gleaned from being immersed for over four years in the Drupal project. Drupal is an open source website building tool which has transformed from a small hobby project in 1999 to a robust framework powering hundreds of thousands of websites today. But behind buzzwords like "social publishing" and "content management framework" there lies a diverse, passionate, and vibrant global community. We present some of the key ingredients to the community{\textquoteright}s success, many of which can be applied to any organization.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/258},
	author = {Angela Byron}
}
@article {236,
	title = {Open Source Web Based Geospatial Processing with OMAR},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {02/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The availability of geospatial data sets is exploding. New satellites, aerial platforms, video feeds, global positioning system tagged digital photos, and traditional GIS information are dramatically increasing across the globe. These raw materials need to be dynamically processed, combined and correlated to generate value added information products to answer a wide range of questions.

This article provides an overview of OMAR web based geospatial processing. OMAR is part of the Open Source Software Image Map  project under the Open Source Geospatial Foundation. The primary contributors of OSSIM make their livings by providing professional services to US Government agencies and programs. OMAR provides one example that open source software solutions are increasingly being deployed in US government agencies. We will also summarize the capabilities of OMAR and its plans for near term development.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/236},
	author = {Mark Lucas and Scott Bortman}
}
@article {294,
	title = {Opening the Source of Art},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {10/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The open source community has developed a number of tools and philosophies to assist in distributed software development. The Still Water Lab at the University of Maine believes that these tools and philosophies can be adapted to facilitate other forms of distributed creative endeavours. It has developed two tools that reinterpret the ideas used in open source software through the lenses of artistic creation and preservation: The Pool and the Variable Media Questionnaire. This article discusses how several of the ideas used in software development have influenced Still Water{\textquoteright}s approach to making tools that support artistic production.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/294},
	author = {John Bell}
}
@article {281,
	title = {Q\&A. What do investors look for in a business venture?},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {08/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Q and A},
	address = {Ottawa},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/281},
	author = {James Bowen}
}
@article {244,
	title = {Using JavaScript Toolkits to Create Rich Internet Applications},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {04/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Since 2004, the number of Rich Internet Applications has increased, making them a key component of the Web 2.0 phenomenon. Many RIAs have been developed using JavaScript and AJAX. AJAX is used to access remote data sources, that reside on the server or are available through an open API, directly from within the application. The rich variety of applications would not be available today without the concurrent appearance of many, powerful JavaScript toolkits that have taken the development of these applications from labour-intensive to nearly painless. These toolkits provide an open source alternative to the proprietary products developed by Adobe (Flash/Flex/Air) and Microsoft (Silverlight).

This article provides two examples that demonstrate the evolution of RIAs, then compares the features of the most commonly used JavaScript Toolkits used to create RIAs. We then discuss how freely available toolkits are able to compete against proprietary alternatives. Finally, we provide some concluding remarks based on our experience with creating enterprise RIAs. 
 },
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/244},
	author = {Owen Byrne}
}
@article {308,
	title = {Value Co-creation: Lessons from Lead to Win Ecosystem},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {12/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {While the concepts of value co-creation and business ecosystems have become dominant, there is lack of conceptual clarity as to the role of co-creation in a business ecosystem. The objective of this article is to provide concrete examples of co-creation in vendor neutral ecosystems using lessons learned from operating the Lead to Win ecosystem. In a vendor neutral ecosystem, no vendor dominates and membership is open to all individuals and organizations that meet specific criteria.

The article is organized into three sections. The first section provides a short description of the Lead to Win ecosystem. The second section uses concrete examples to illustrate the lessons learned about co-creation in vendor neutral ecosystems. The third section describes key takeaways based on our five months experience operating the keystone of the Lead to Win ecosystem.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/308},
	author = {Tony Bailetti and David Hudson}
}
@article {150,
	title = {Blood on the Tracks: 6 Years of Technical Entrepreneurship in Ottawa},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {05/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In 2002, twenty nine engineers and computer scientists completed a Lead-to-Win (LTW) program in Technical Entrepreneurship. The LTW program was a pilot program designed for former Nortel employees to gain the skills needed to become entrepreneurs. Of the participants, fifteen started technology businesses, ten tried to attract venture capital funding, eleven tried to grow their companies with no venture capital funding, and seven established five technology businesses headquartered in Ottawa. These businesses attracted over $91 million from venture capital firms during one of the worst economic times to hit this region and created over 280 jobs globally.

On May 15th at the Partnership Conference Series, John Callahan and Tony Bailetti, directors of the LTW program, and three of the LTW graduates spoke about the lessons learned during and since the program.
},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/150},
	author = {John Callahan and Tony Bailetti}
}
@article {204,
	title = {Developing an Open Source Reference Implementation of the Canadian Electronic Health Records Solution},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {11/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Developing a reference implementation of the Canada Health Infoway pan-Canadian Electronic Health Record Solution standard can be a useful step in ensuring the successful and cost-effective development of full scale electronic health systems in the Provincial Ministries of Health across Canada. These jurisdictions could benefit from the knowledge gained and the artifacts created in this prototype environment. The reference implementation utilizes an Enterprise Service Bus architecture and a Service Oriented Architecture design approach to build a Health Information Access Layer, as recommended by Canada Health Infoway. The system components and supporting technology developed will be released as open source. This set of technology could represent a starting point for prototyping an implementation in a production environment, for creating a standards development platform, for standards conformance testing, and/or as a test bed for evaluating alternative software components in a HIAL environment.

Mohawk Applied Research Centre for Health Informatics at Mohawk College in Hamilton, Ontario, along with public and private sector partners, is continuing to build a reference implementation of the pan-Canadian Infoway standard that demonstrates the ESB/SOA approach. This article summarizes the project to date and suggested future research areas that will reduce the cost, risk and time barriers to widespread adoption of eHealth systems in Canada.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/204},
	author = {Mark Yendt and Duane Bender and Brian Minaji}
}
@article {202,
	title = {Editorial: Health and Life Sciences (November 2008)},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {11/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Editorial},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The length of Wikipedia{\textquoteright}s list of open source healthcare software  may come as a surprise to many readers. This issue of the OSBR provides an excellent introduction to the complexities and interoperability issues associated with healthcare software and the role open source can play in helping to resolve these issues. This month{\textquoteright}s authors also provide insight into an open source projects that follows open standards, lessons learned from providing a reference implementation, the benefits of a healthcare ecosystem, and the value of open source projects working closely with standards organizations.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/202},
	author = {Dru Lavigne and Brian Barry and Peter Tanner}
}
@article {181,
	title = {Editorial: Social Innovation (September 2008)},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {09/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Editorial},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {If the overwhelming response we received to this month{\textquoteright}s call for submissions is any indication, those engaged in open source are also passionate about social innovation. We could have easily published a 100 page issue, but opted instead to save some submissions for upcoming issues as they are also suited to the themes of Building Community and Enabling Innovation.

Tony Bailetti of the Talent First Network is one of the driving forces behind the OSBR. He is guest editor this month and I think you{\textquoteright}ll agree that he has done an excellent job of finding authors from industry, academia, and non-profits who are on the frontlines of social innovation in Canada.

This issue is jam-packed with resources and examples of initiatives--enough to leave you thinking "I had no idea so much was happening in Canada". They aren{\textquoteright}t meant to be exhaustive, but the insights and lessons learned can be applied to similar initiatives across the globe.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/181},
	author = {Dru Lavigne and Tony Bailetti}
}
@article {203,
	title = {The Emerging Role of Open Source in Healthcare},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {11/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Healthcare has been characterized as a multi-trillion dollar cottage industry. It is highly fragmented, labour intensive, barely connected, extremely competitive, and has many different vendors and proprietary solutions. The rising cost of healthcare is straining budgets at all levels of government and imposing financial burdens on corporations and individuals alike. Against this backdrop, legitimate concerns about privacy have led to a plethora of regulations requiring complex administrative, physical and technical infrastructure to safeguard sensitive health information. Governments are attempting to impose standards and specifications from the top down to improve efficiency in healthcare delivery. These standards are broad, complex and, for the most part, lack implementations. In short, things are in a bit of a mess.

A consensus is emerging around two initiatives that promise to improve the current situation. The first is to foster widespread adoption of Electronic Health Records. The second is to improve accessibility and interoperability between EHR systems. In this article, we present Open Health Tools, an open source ecosystem where members of the health and information technology professions can collaborate to build interoperable EHR systems.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/203},
	author = {Brian Barry}
}
@article {113,
	title = {Ladder of Participation: Business Models for Peer Production},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {01/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Open source software is just one part of a much wider social and economic ecosystem that is evolving around increased participation of what-used-to-be consumers. New roles are emerging, including "produsers", with an intentional {\textquoteright}s{\textquoteright}, to refer to the amalgamation of being both a user and a producer, and "end-makers", another intentional concept to be contrasted with end-users.

In this new ecosystem, produsers and end-makers either partially, but sometimes fully, produce value, aided or unaided by institutions and companies. This creates new dynamics that need to be understood. One way of increasing our understanding is to look at the inter-locking dynamics of both businesses and the participant-communities, for which the following article constructs a model of Interaction. Each distinct type of relationship generates different dynamics and associated business models.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/113},
	author = {Michel Bauwens}
}
@article {205,
	title = {Mirth: Standards-Based Open Source Healthcare Interface Engine},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {11/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The Mirth Project is an open source healthcare interface engine and interface repository created and professionally supported by WebReach. Mirth provides standards-based tools to develop, test, and deploy interoperability solutions for healthcare information systems and information exchanges.

This article provides an overview of healthcare interface engines. It discusses Mirth and the healthcare and connectivity standards it supports. Lastly, the article compares Mirth to other interface engines.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/205},
	author = {Jacob Brauer}
}
@article {167,
	title = {The Need for F/LOSS (Governance) Operations},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {07/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The case for the effective operation of Free/Libre and Open Source Software (F/LOSS) in the enterprise has never been stronger. Yet in some quarters, the chasm between senior management{\textquoteright}s perception of the penetration of F/LOSS within their organization, and the reality, has never been wider. And when you consider that  Gartner predicts that "by 2012 more than 90\% of enterprises will use open source in direct or embedded form", this suggests that the development of an effective F/LOSS policy will become increasingly necessary for business operations.

Many enterprises, for now, are sourcing the majority of their F/LOSS solutions via a vendor. This does not remove the need for governance. Even with commercial arrangements in place, it is crucial that business have an understanding of F/LOSS communities: what drives them, how to interact with them, and what obligations they may have to them. The game has changed and innovation is no longer the reserve of software vendors with large development budgets. Software development is now enabled by open licenses that afford great freedoms and, in doing so, facilitate widespread collaboration. With this unprecedented pace of innovation, comes new obligations. We argue that the need for education around F/LOSS communities and licensing is clear.

},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/167},
	author = {Andrew Back}
}
@article {138,
	title = {TIM Lecture Series: Ecosystem Approach to the Commercialization of Technology Products and Services},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {04/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {On March 28, 2008, Tony Bailetti, Director of Ontario{\textquoteright}s Talent First Network, launched Carleton University{\textquoteright}s TIM Lecture Series with a presentation entitled Ecosystem Approach to the Commercialization of Technology Products and Services. The TIM Lecture Series provides a forum to promote the transfer of knowledge from university research to technology company executives and entrepreneurs as well as research and development (R\&D) personnel. This conference report presents the key messages and insights from the three sections discussed during the inaugural presentation.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/138},
	author = {Tony Bailetti}
}
@article {68,
	title = {Evolution of an Open Source Strategy},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2007},
	month = {10/2007},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {On June 8th, 2005, we officially launched the ePresence (http://epresence.tv/) Interactive Media Open Source Consortium, at the Knowledge Media Design Institute (KMDI), University of Toronto (UofT). We had been researching and developing ePresence, our webcasting, webconferencing, and archiving software project for about five years. Throughout the early phase of the project we used the system to produce live webcasts of KMDI{\textquoteright}s annual lecture series. Eventually word spread about our webcasting system and other universities, such as Memorial University in Newfoundland, became interested. It was obvious that the time to share our project with the world had come, but what wasn{\textquoteright}t obvious to us at the time was how we were going to do that.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/68},
	author = {Kelly Rankin and Ronald Baecker}
}
@article {75,
	title = {Open Source Assets},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2007},
	month = {09/2007},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The Open Source Definition or OSD defines the criteria to which the distribution terms of software must comply for it to be deemed to be open source software.  The term open source, however, is used to label a broad assortment of phenomena that fall well outside the established OSD. In addition, there is ambiguity in what is meant to be covered by the terms source and open.  

We envisage a definition of open source that equally applies to software, hardware schematics, content, and processes, not just software.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/75},
	author = {Tony Bailetti and Peter Hoddinott}
}
@article {95,
	title = {TFN: Open Source and Innovation},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2007},
	month = {07/2007},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Tonay Bailetti explains the goals and progress of the Talent First Network Program.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/95},
	author = {Tony Bailetti}
}
