@article {1442,
	title = {Barriers to Value Specification when Carrying out Digitalization Projects},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {05/2021},
	pages = {54-64},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {54},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {If digitalization projects aim to effectively create value for a company, one precondition is having a shared view among company staff and project members of what the "desirable" value is. However, it has been shown that few companies fully understand the value that digitalization projects can create for them, while many companies still launch digitalization projects without having gained much understanding. This contributes to the current "alarmingly" low success rate for digitalization projects. Developing effective methods to specify the desired values of digitalization projects has hence become important. One step in developing improved specification methods is to ask what the possible barriers are to improving current value specification practices. The purpose of the current study is to address this. We analyzed several digitalization projects regarding how specifications of desired project value were carried out, finding that very limited resources are spent on specifying desired values in digitalization projects, this limits project success. Likewise, there are several barriers to increasing resources for specifying desired values. Our findings contribute to understanding the development of value specification methods that aim to overcome these barriers and thus could help improve the success rate of digitalization projects.},
	keywords = {automation, digitalization, effectiveness, resource-efficiency, Value specification},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1442},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1442},
	author = {Sten Grahn and Anna Granlund and Erik Lindhult}
}
@article {1454,
	title = {Integrated Test Sites for Innovation Ecosystems},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {10/2021},
	pages = {20-32},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {20},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Natural test sites are resource-intensive and often limited to single industries or technologies. Drawing upon two strands of research into technology development and innovation strategies, the research question in this paper investigates how converging test sites may provide opportunities for multiple industries and regions. The paper analyzes multi-industrial test sites regarding, (i) the requirements of the social and physical environment, logistic requirements, as well as technical requirements, (ii) the added value for technology developers, as well as, (iii) the absorptive capacity of the region. Qualitative and quantitative research designs were adopted to analyze multi-industrial test sites. The results indicate that the suitability of multi-industrial test sites depends on the market and research fit of the test target, the quality of the benchmark data, as well as logistical, organizational, legal, social, and ecological factors. The study shows that multi-industrial test sites increase and strengthen the absorptive capacity of regions. Additionally, the study discusses managerial and political implications of multi-industrial test sites. Until now corporate and public test site practices have received only scant recognition in technology management literature, a gap closed by this paper.},
	keywords = {absorptive capacity, Demonstration, Exploitative Innovation, Exploratory Innovation, Mineral Exploration, Proof-of-Concept, Test Sites},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1454},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1454},
	author = {Michaela Kesselring and St{\'e}phane Ruiz-Coupeau and Moritz Kirsch and Frank Wagner and Richard Gloaguen}
}
@article {1464,
	title = {Living Labs for Public Sector Innovation: insights from a European case study},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {12/2021},
	pages = {47-58},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {47},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Living labs have gained increased attention in research and practice as both a practical and theoretical innovation phenomenon that emphasizes co-creation, real-life settings, and user/customer involvement. More recently, living labs have also emerged as a specific approach to open innovation processes in the context of publics across the EU. Nevertheless, it is still not clear how the understanding of living labs can be translated and organized into new sectorial settings, what type of public sector innovation challenges it addresses, and what role citizens and users have. The aim of this article is therefore to explore and analyze how living labs are applied as processes for public sector innovation. Based on a mixed method approach of 21 European living lab cases, the analysis reveals a pattern of three different processes for living lab organizational and actor roles: living labs organized as cross-sectorial collaboration, living labs emerging within the public sector as main initiator and beneficiary, and living labs developed by civil society actors. The findings are presented as three scenarios for implementing living labs, which also acts as a background for the article{\textquoteright}s final discussion about the potentials and pitfalls of living labs in public sector contexts.},
	keywords = {Citizen engagement, co-creation, living labs, Open innovation, Public sector innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1464},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1464},
	author = {Anne Vorre Hansen and Lars Fuglsang and Christine Liefooghe and Luis Rubalcaba and David Gago and Ines Mergel \& Nathalie Haug and Maria Taivalsaari R{\o}hneb{\ae}k \& Francesco Mureddu}
}
@article {1386,
	title = {Designing a Visual Tool for Teaching and Learning Front-End Innovation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {09/2020},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {14},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This paper presents work on the design and development of a guided visual tool, the project client map (PCM), which is intended to assist students in their class projects solving real-world problems with industry clients. We use a design science research approach to contribute to existing knowledge through the design of an artefact (the PCM) that has a clear educational and learning goal, and that provides utility. Circumscribing a problem is an essential step to seed the ideation process in front-end innovation. While this step can employ existing tools that focus separately on the organisational, environmental, and human contexts of the problem under scrutiny, there is no formalised roadmap for how to integrate these tools. The PCM addresses this gap. We present a first version of the PCM in this paper, which will be refined in further work.},
	keywords = {design thinking, Evidence-based Learning, Evidence-based Teaching, front-end innovation, Problematisation, Visual tools},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1386},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1386},
	author = {Priscilla Kan John and Emmaline Lear and Patrick L{\textquoteright}Espoir Decosta and Shirley Gregor and Stephen Dann and Ruonan Sun}
}
@article {1399,
	title = {Integrated AI and Innovation Management: The Beginning of a Beautiful Friendship},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {11/2020},
	pages = {5-18},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {5},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {There is a growing consensus around the transformative and innovative power of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology. AI will transform which products are launched and how new business models will be developed to support them. Despite this, little research exists today that systematically explores how AI will change and support various aspects of innovation management. To address this question, this article proposes a holistic, multi-dimensional AI maturity model that describes the essential conditions and capabilities necessary to integrate AI into current systems, and guides organisations on their journey to AI maturity. It explores how various elements of the innovation management system can be enabled by AI at different maturity stages. Two key experimentation stages are identified, 1) an initial stage that focuses on optimisation and incremental innovation, and 2) a higher maturity stage where AI becomes an enabler of radical innovation. We conclude that AI technologies can be applied to democratise and distribute innovation across organisations.},
	keywords = {AI innovation, AI maturity, artificial intelligence, IMS ISO 56002, Innovation management, maturity model},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1399},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1399},
	author = {Nina Bozic Yams and Valerie Richardson and Galina Esther Shubina and Sandor Albrecht and Daniel Gillblad}
}
@article {1328,
	title = {Integrated Innovation and Sustainability Analysis for New Technologies: An approach for collaborative R\&D projects},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {02/2020},
	pages = {37-50},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {37},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In order to effectively shape the impact of an innovation on sustainability, the early phases of the innovation process are crucial. This is especially true for complex collaborative R\&D projects with multiple partners. We have found that there is an increasing need for simple methods that enable partners in such R\&D projects to guide them towards sustainability-oriented innovations (SOI). In response, we have developed a methodology called Integrated Innovation and Sustainability Analysis (IISA). It is based on the early involvement of stakeholders, along with a sustainability assessment of the planned innovation to provide feedback loops into technology development. The overall goal of the method is to improve the potential impact on sustainability in the three dimensions: economic, environmental, and social. The IISA method and its application in two collaborative R\&D projects with several research and industry partners that serve as practical examples, is presented and discussed in this paper.},
	keywords = {Innovation and sustainability analysis; R\&D collaborations; sustainability-oriented innovation; stakeholder dialogue; stakeholder integration.},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1328},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1328},
	author = {Johannes Gasde and Philipp Preiss and Claus Lang-Koetz}
}
@article {1395,
	title = {Sustainability-related Communication Patterns on the Websites of European Top R\&D Spenders},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {10/2020},
	pages = {43-54},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {43},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Many firms struggle to incorporate "sustainability" into their operations in a way that can capture economic value and deliver social and environmental benefits. This article aims to answer two questions in this regard: (i) How do companies articulate the sustainability aspects of their businesses online, and (ii) In what ways does the degree of articulation of specific sustainability aspects relate to company performance metrics, such as sales and R\&D expenditure. The research method measures the occurrences of a set of sustainability-related keywords on the websites of a sample of 387 firms that were ranked as top R\&D spenders in Europe for 2013. We processed the keyword occurrences in a simplified version of latent semantic analysis based on the application of principal component analysis to identify the specific combinations of words used by companies to communicate sustainability issues on their websites. The results show that "sustainable innovation" and "sustainable operations" based on partnerships and cooperation represent a dominant part of companies{\textquoteright} online communication strategies. One of the findings suggests a strong relationship between the communication of sustainable innovation aspects and sales, which offers a promising message to companies looking for evidence about the potential impact of their commitment to sustainable operations and innovation.},
	keywords = {business decision-making, online communication, online data collection, principal component analysis, R\&D, research and development, sustainability, sustainable innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1395},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1395},
	author = {Giacomo Liotta and Stoyan Tanev and Andrea Gorra and Alicja Izabela Pospieszala}
}
@article {1233,
	title = {A Discipline-Spanning Overview of Action Research and Its Implications for Technology and Innovation Management},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {04/2019},
	pages = {48-65},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The iterative and learning character of action research is particularly beneficial for exploring complex socio-technical problems in technology and innovation management (TIM). In this respect, action research allows both rigorous and relevant research due to parallel solving of real-world problems, capability building, and gaining scientific insights. However, the use of action research within TIM research is surprisingly limited. Action research also is not a homogeneous research methodology since each research discipline, such as education and organizational science, has its own action research streams, which are often only loosely linked. A systematic overview of those action research traditions and specific best practices is still missing, which complicates a systematic transfer and use of action research in TIM. This article addresses this essential gap by building a cross-disciplinary overview of action research streams based on a bibliometric analysis using Scopus. The analysis includes relevant disciplines with action research traditions, their development over time, and the most influential journals, authors, institutions, and countries. Along with this discipline-spanning analysis, the article investigates particular TIM benefits and challenges of action research. The two key contributions of this article are: 1) a discipline-spanning overview of action research and its evolution and 2) an analysis of its implications for TIM research. These contributions build the basis for strengthening the use of action research in TIM. In the medium-term, action research has the capacity to link academia and industry more closely and, in doing so, assists important endeavours of translating more of our research outcomes into practice.},
	keywords = {action research, bibliometrics, discipline-spanning analysis, literature review, technology and innovation management},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1233},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1233},
	author = {Matthias Guertler and Nathalie Sick and Anton Kriz}
}
@article {1207,
	title = {Editorial: Technology Commercialization and Entrepreneurship (January 2019)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {01/2019},
	pages = {3-8},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {commercialization, digitalization, e-leadership, entrepreneurship, framework, innovation, internationalization, legitimacy, management, SMEs, startups, technology, technology intensity, ventures},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1207},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1207},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Ferran Giones and Dev K. Dutta}
}
@article {1211,
	title = {The Effect of Digitalization on the Commercialization Process of High-Technology Companies in the Life Sciences Industry},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {01/2019},
	pages = {49-63},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article examines how digitalization influences the commercialization of high technologies in the life sciences industry. It is based on a cross-case study focused on pharmaceutical, medical device, and e-health companies in Finland. Both company representatives and regional stakeholders were interviewed. The findings suggest that {\textquotedblleft}digitalization{\textquotedblright} needs to be distinguished from {\textquotedblleft}digitization{\textquotedblright} because both terms seem to be misused or used interchangeably. The findings also show that digitalization led to a concurrent implementation of commercialization processes. Furthermore, the findings revealed that digitalization positively influenced commercialization activities, especially information sourcing and management, various assessments, and official activities, big data creation, and activity routinization. It was also revealed that the creation of new sets of big data and fear of digital attacks are negative influences on digitalization. These findings make a theoretical contribution to the discourses on digitalization and commercialization, but they also provide insights for scientists, engineers, and life science companies.},
	keywords = {commercialization process, digitalization, Finland, life sciences},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1211},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1211},
	author = {Saheed A. Gbadegeshin}
}
@article {1259,
	title = {Escaping the {\textquoteleft}Faster Horses{\textquoteright} Trap:  Bridging Strategic Foresight and Design-Based Innovation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {08/2019},
	pages = {30-42},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Design thinking is inherently and invariably oriented towards the future in that all design is for products, services or events that will exist in the future, and be used by people in the future. This creates an overlap between the domains of design thinking and strategic foresight. A small but significant literature has grown up in the strategic foresight field as to how design thinking may be used to improve its processes. This paper considers the other side of the relationship: how methods from the strategic foresight field may advance design thinking, improving insight into the needs and preferences of users of tomorrow, including how contextual change may suddenly and fundamentally reshape these. A side-by-side comparison of representative models from each field is presented, and it is shown how these may be assembled together to create a foresight-informed design thinking process.},
	keywords = {design thinking,},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1259},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1259},
	author = {Adam Gordon and Rene Rohrbeck and Jan Schwarz}
}
@article {1225,
	title = {Innovation Management in Living Lab Projects: The Innovatrix Framework},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {03/2019},
	pages = {63-73},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Despite living labs being described as {\textquotedblleft}orchestrators{\textquotedblright} and innovation intermediaries, there is scant literature providing concrete guidelines and tools for living lab practitioners on the topic of project-related innovation management. To address this need, we propose Innovatrix, an innovation management framework built upon existing business model and innovation management tools and frameworks and iterated based on practical experience in living lab projects. In this article, we illustrate the added value of the proposed framework through three practical case studies that lead to three propositions regarding innovation management in living lab projects. First, Innovatrix helps to scope the user involvement activities, which leads to greater efficiency and faster decision making. Second, Innovatrix forces the project owner to focus on a limited number of customer segments, which increases the speed of learning as the scarce entrepreneurial resources are dedicated to a limited number of segments. Third, Innovatrix allows practitioners to capture the iterations and pivots that were made during an innovation project, which helps to link specific outcomes with certain living lab activities.},
	keywords = {assumption, business modelling, Innovation management, living labs, testing, user research, validation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1225},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1225},
	author = {Dimitri Schuurman and Aron-Levi Herregodts and Annabel Georges and Olivier Rits}
}
@article {1289,
	title = {Leveraging AI-based Decision Support for Opportunity Analysis},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {12/2019},
	pages = {29-35},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {29},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The dynamics and speed of change in corporate environments have increased. At the front-end of innovation, firms are challenged to evaluate growing amounts of information within shorter time frames in order to stay competitive. Either they spend significant time on structured data analysis, at the risk of delayed market launch, or they follow their intuition, at the risk of not meeting market trends. Both scenarios constitute a significant risk for a firm\&rsquo;s continued existence. Motivated by this, a conceptual model is presented in this paper that aims at remediating these risks. Grounded on design science methodology, it concentrates on previous assessments of innovation search fields. These innovation search fields assist in environmental scanning and lay the foundation for deciding which opportunities to pursue. The model applies a novel AI-based approach, which draws on natural language processing and information retrieval. To provide decision support, the approach includes market-, technology-, and firm-related criteria. This allows us to replace intuitive decision-making by fact-based considerations. In addition, an often-iterative approach for environmental scanning is replaced by a more straightforward process. Early testing of the conceptual model has shown results of increased quality and speed of decision-making. Further testing and feedback is still required to enhance and calibrate the AI-functionality. Applied in business environments, the approach can contribute to remediate fuzziness in early front-end activities, thus helping direct innovation managers to \&ldquo;do the right things\&rdquo;.
},
	keywords = {front-end of innovation; environmental scanning; information processing; opportunity; innovation search field; information retrieval; artificial intelligence; decision-making; latent semantic indexing; design-science},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1289},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1289},
	author = {Wolfgang Groher and Friedrich-Wilhelm Rademacher and Andr{\'e} Csillaghy}
}
@article {1222,
	title = {The SDG-Check: Guiding Open Innovation towards Sustainable Development Goals},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {03/2019},
	pages = {20-37},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The {\textquotedblleft}fuzzy front end{\textquotedblright} of innovation is argued to be crucial for the success and sustainability impact of a final product. Indeed, it is a promising area of focus in efforts to achieve the United Nations{\textquoteright} 2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which provide a globally accepted framework for sustainability. However, the usability of the 17 goals and the large number of sub-goals represent barriers to innovation practitioners. Moreover, this early innovation stage proves to be a challenge for corporate practitioners and innovators, largely due to the concept{\textquoteright}s intangible, qualitative nature and the lack of data. To help overcome these barriers, this article proposes a four-stage approach for structuring the innovation process using an online tool called the {\textquotedblleft}SDG-Check{\textquotedblright}, which help assess an innovator{\textquoteright}s sustainability orientation in the early phases of product and service development. It is a semi-quantitative tool to gather and combine assessments by experts involved in innovation processes with implications for the United Nations{\textquoteright} SDGs. Furthermore, this article presents our first experiences in applying the SDG-Check based on three living lab innovation cases. The results indicate that the tools can support and inspire a dialogue with internal and external stakeholders with regards to sustainability considerations in the early design stages of product and service development. },
	keywords = {fuzzy front end of innovation, Living lab, Open innovation, SDG-Check, sustainability assessments, sustainability inspiration, sustainable development goals},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1222},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1222},
	author = {Justus von Geibler and Julius Piwowar and Annika Greven}
}
@article {1284,
	title = {Uncovering Research Streams in the Data Economy Using Text Mining Algorithms},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {11/2019},
	pages = {62-74},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {62},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Data-driven business models arise in different social and industrial sectors, while new sensors and devices are breaking down the barriers for disruptive ideas and digitally transforming established solutions. This paper aims at providing insights about emerging topics in the data economy that are related to companies\&rsquo; innovation potential. The paper uses text mining supported by systematic literature review to automatize the extraction and analysis of beneficial insights for both scientists and practitioners that would not be possible by a manual literature review. By doing so, we were able to analyze 860 scientific publications resulting in an overview of the research field of data economy and innovation. Nine clusters and their key topics are identified, analyzed as well as visualized, as we uncover research streams in the paper.},
	keywords = {big data, Data Economy, Data Ecosystem, Data Market, digital economy, digital transformation, literature review, Network Graph, Text Mining.},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1284},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1284},
	author = {Can Azkan and Markus Spiekermann and Henry Goecke}
}
@article {1149,
	title = {Approach for a Pattern-Based Development of Frugal Innovations},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {04/2018},
	pages = {14-27},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Emerging markets have become increasingly interesting for companies from industrialized countries, but the requirements in these markets differ dramatically from those in the companies{\textquoteright} traditional markets. New products and services are demanded {\textendash} so-called frugal innovations. Since the challenges for the development of frugal innovations are often quite similar {\textendash} for example, low income of the target customer, poor infrastructure, etc. {\textendash} the hypothesis appears that the solutions will also be similar. In our earlier TIM Review article (Lehner \& Gausemeier, 2016), we showed how solution patterns for frugal innovations can be derived. The article at hand summarizes those findings and supplements an innovation process for frugal innovation using the solution patterns. The validation based on the example of telemedical assistant systems shows the benefit of the pattern-based development of frugal innovations. The article addresses managers and engineers who plan to introduce frugal innovations, as well as university-based researchers interested in the development of frugal innovations.},
	keywords = {business model, emerging markets, frugal innovations, patterns, products and services},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1149},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1149},
	author = {Anne-Christin Lehner and Christian Koldewey and J{\"u}rgen Gausemeier}
}
@article {1147,
	title = {Editorial: Frugal Innovation (April 2018)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {04/2018},
	pages = {3-5},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {development processes, emerging markets, frugal innovation, grassroots, healthcare, inclusion, internationalization, patterns, SMEs, sustainability},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1147},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1147},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Deepak S. Gupta and Mokter Hossain}
}
@article {1204,
	title = {A Framework for Field Testing in Living Lab Innovation Projects},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {12/2018},
	pages = {40-50},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Within innovation research and, more specifically, living lab projects, a crucial component is to test an innovation in a real-life context with potential end users. Such a field test can validate assumptions by combining insights on behaviour and attitudes towards the innovation. This allows for iterative tailoring of the innovation to the needs and wants of the potential end users. Moreover, relevant insights can be gathered to stop or rescope the innovation project before big investments are made. Although studies indicate that testing innovations (or prototypes) in real-life contexts improves the innovation process, there is no specific framework on how to conduct a field test for an innovation. This is important because, in living lab field tests, users are actively involved in co-creating the solutions, which impacts the operational side of setting up living lab projects. Therefore, within this article, we propose a framework for field testing based on the degree to which it reflects reality and the stage within the living lab process. We distinguish four types of field tests: concept, mock-up, pilot, and go2market field test. Based on this framework, we propose some practical guidelines for setting up living lab field tests.},
	keywords = {context research, field test, living labs, testing, user innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1204},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1204},
	author = {Lynn Coorevits and Annabel Georges and Dimitri Schuurman}
}
@article {1186,
	title = {Lean Commercialization: A New Framework for Commercializing High Technologies},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {09/2018},
	pages = {50-63},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Commercializing high technologies is expensive, tedious, and resource intensive. Meanwhile, there is a need for quick diffusion of innovations due to economic pressures for companies and research institutes. Therefore, this article proposes a new framework: lean commercialization. The framework represents a transformation of new technology and knowledge to products and services through the application of the lean/agile methodology. This methodology focuses on how resources can be minimized during the development, manufacturing, and marketing of new products and services, while still being accepted by customers. The lean commercialization framework was developed from a case study of high-technology companies and by interviewing commercialization experts. This article contributes to the theory and practice of commercialization of high technologies and provides a procedure for the practical application of the lean commercialization framework.},
	keywords = {Finland, high technologies, lean commercialization, lean startup, technology-based companies},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1186},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1186},
	author = {Saheed A. Gbadegeshin}
}
@article {1171,
	title = {Q\&A. Innovation and Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Research: Where Are We Now and How Do We Move Forward?},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {07/2018},
	pages = {52-57},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {approaches, business ecosystem, entrepreneurial ecosystem, innovation ecosystem, methods, research, theoretical foundations},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1171},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1171},
	author = {Paavo Ritala and Robin Gustafsson}
}
@article {1189,
	title = {Strategic Foresight of Future B2B Customer Opportunities through Machine Learning},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {10/2018},
	pages = {5-17},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Within the strategic foresight literature, customer foresight still shows a low capability level. In practice, especially in business-to-business (B2B) industries, analyzing an entire customer base in terms of future customer potential is often done manually. Therefore, we present a single case study based on a quantitative customer-foresight project conducted by a manufacturing company. Along with a common data mining process, we highlight the application of machine learning algorithms on an entire customer database that consists of customer and product-related data. The overall benefit of our research is threefold. The major result is a prioritization of 2,300 worldwide customers according to their predicted technical affinity and suitability for a new machine control sensor. Thus, the company gains market knowledge, which addresses management functions such as product management. Furthermore, we describe the necessary requirements and steps for practitioners who realize a customer-foresight project. Finally, we provide a detailed catalogue of measures suitable for sales in order to approach the identified high-potential customers according to their individual needs and behaviour. },
	keywords = {action research, B2B industries, customer base analysis, customer foresight, customer knowledge, customer profile, data mining, machine learning, strategic foresight},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1189},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1189},
	author = {Daniel Gentner and Birgit Stelzer and Bujar Ramosaj and Leo Brecht}
}
@article {1155,
	title = {A Taxonomy of Factors Influencing Drop-Out Behaviour in Living Lab Field Tests},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {05/2018},
	pages = {5-21},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The concept of a {\textquotedblleft}living lab{\textquotedblright} is a relatively new research area and phenomenon that facilitates user engagement in open innovation activities. Studies on living labs show that the users{\textquoteright} motivation to participate in a field test is higher at the beginning of the project than during the rest of the test, and that participants have a tendency to drop out before completing the assigned tasks. However, the literature still lacks theories describing the phenomenon of drop-out within the area of field tests in general and living lab field tests in particular. As the first step in constructing a theoretical discourse, the aims of this study are to present an empirically derived taxonomy for the various factors that influence drop-out behaviour; to provide a definition of {\textquotedblleft}drop-out{\textquotedblright} in living lab field tests; and to understand the extent to which each of the identified items influence participant drop-out behaviour. To achieve these aims, we first extracted factors influencing drop-out behaviour in the field test from our previous studies on the topic, and then we validated the extracted results across 14 semi-structured interviews with experts in living lab field tests. Our findings show that identified reasons for dropping out can be grouped into three themes: innovation-related, process-related, and participant-related. Each theme consists of three categories with a total of 44 items. In this study, we also propose a unified definition of {\textquotedblleft}drop-out{\textquotedblright} in living lab field tests.},
	keywords = {drop-out, field test, Living lab, taxonomy, user engagement, user motivation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1155},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1155},
	author = {Abdolrasoul Habibipour and Annabel Georges and Anna St{\r a}hlbr{\"o}st and Dimitri Schuurman and Birgitta Bergvall-K{\r a}reborn}
}
@article {1068,
	title = {Combining Exploratory Analysis and Automated Analysis for Anomaly Detection in Real-Time Data Streams},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {04/2017},
	pages = {25-31},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Security analysts can become overwhelmed with monitoring real-time security information that is important to help them defend their network. They also tend to focus on a limited portion of the alerts, and therefore risk missing important events and links between them. At the heart of the problem is the system that analysts use to detect, explore, and respond to cyber-attacks. Developers of security analysis systems face the challenge of developing a system that can present different sources of information at multiple levels of abstraction, while also creating a system that is intuitive to use. In this article, we examine the complementary nature of exploratory analysis and automated analysis by testing the development of a system that monitors real-time Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) traffic for anomalies that might indicate security threats. BGP is an essential component for supporting the infrastructure of the Internet; however, it is also highly vulnerable and can be hijacked by attackers to propagate spam or launch denial-of-service attacks. Some of the attack scenarios on the BGP infrastructure can be quite elaborate, and it is difficult, if not impossible, to fully automate the detection of such attacks. This article makes two contributions: i) it describes a prototype platform for computing indicators and threat alerts in real time and for visualizing the context of an alert, and ii) it discusses the interaction of exploratory analysis (visualization) and automated analysis. This article is relevant to students, security researchers, and developers who are interested in the development or use of real-time security monitoring systems. They will gain insights into the complementary aspects of automated analysis and exploratory analysis through the development of a real-time streaming system.},
	keywords = {anomaly detection, cybersecurity, exploratory analysis, real-time data streams, visualization},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1068},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1068},
	author = {Ahmed Shah and Ibrahim Abualhaol and Mahmoud Gad and Michael Weiss}
}
@article {1076,
	title = {Digital Technology Entrepreneurship: A Definition and Research Agenda},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {05/2017},
	pages = {44-51},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Technology entrepreneurship is an established concept in academia. However, recent developments in the context of digital entrepreneurship call for revision and advancement. The multiple possible combinations of technology and entrepreneurship have resulted in a diversity of phenomena with significantly different characteristics and socio-economic impact. This article is focused on the identification and description of technology entrepreneurship in times of digitization. Based on current examples, we identify and describe characterizations of technology entrepreneurship, digital technology entrepreneurship, and digital entrepreneurship. With this new delineation of terms, we would like to foster discussion between researchers, entrepreneurs, and policy makers on the impact of digitization on entrepreneurship, and set a future research agenda.},
	keywords = {definitions, digital entrepreneurship, digital technology entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship, technology entrepreneurship, technology Innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1076},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1076},
	author = {Ferran Giones and Alexander Brem}
}
@article {1054,
	title = {Overcoming Barriers to Experimentation in Business-to-Business Living Labs},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {02/2017},
	pages = {20-26},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Business-to-business (B2B) living lab projects have been mentioned in different areas of academic research, but the innovation management literature requires deeper analysis of their potential opportunities and challenges. Real-life experimentation is a key requirement for living labs as it enables deeper insights in the potential success of innovations. However, the literature has not provided insights on how living lab projects can implement real-life experimentation in B2B innovation projects and does not describe appropriate conditions for experimentation in these settings. In this study, we identified three main barriers preventing real-life experimentation in B2B living lab projects: the technological complexity, the need for integration, and the difficulty in identifying testers. The barriers are discussed in detailed and potential solutions are provided to help overcome these barriers and stimulate the adoption of real-life experimentation in B2B innovation projects.},
	keywords = {B2B, experimentation, living labs, testing, user research},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1054},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1054},
	author = {Ruben D{\textquoteright}Hauwers and Aron-Levi Herregodts and Annabel Georges and Lynn Coorevits and Dimitri Schuurman and Olivier Rits and Pieter Ballon}
}
@article {985,
	title = {Creating Brand India: Strategies, Issues, and Challenges},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {05/2016},
	pages = {5-9},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Just like a product, person, or institution, a country also has an impression in the minds of people. A brand distinguishes the product of one seller from those of the others. With the Indian Prime Minister{\textquoteright}s recent call to "Make in India", brand building is receiving more attention and momentum in the country. India is the largest democratic country with the highest GDP, and it is becoming a favourable destination for the global investment giants. But, despite various strengths and successes in image building, the country faces challenges in creating a sustainable, conducive environment for making India a production hub of the world. Bureaucracy, corruption, delay in clearance of business proposals, ethical standards and work culture, tax reforms, political interventions, socio-economic barriers, regionalism, etc. are some of the challenges that must be coped with. This article examines these various issues and challenges that must be overcome in creating Brand India.},
	keywords = {Brand India, challenges, economic growth, entrepreneurship, government initiatives, innovation, Make in India},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/985},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/985},
	author = {Alok Chakrawal and Pratibha Goyal}
}
@article {973,
	title = {Crowdfunding: Finding the Optimal Platform for Funders and Entrepreneurs},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {03/2016},
	pages = {31-40},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {As a steadily expanding source of venture capital, crowdfunding has become an alternative to traditional funding sources, such as banks and financial investors. The phenomenon of crowdfunding is represented by a growing number of Internet sites, here called crowdfunding platforms, devoted to the service. In this article, we investigate crowdfunding and their payout models, which are standard components on crowdfunding platforms. We consider the perspectives of both entrepreneurs and funders to determine the most attractive combination of models found on crowdfunding platforms. Our findings indicate that the most popular crowdfunding platforms, at the time of this study, reflect the preferences of entrepreneurs. The funders{\textquoteright} favoured crowdfunding model, which we call the equity model, is not currently found, in combination with the often-grouped, non-financial crowdfunding models of pre-order, sponsoring, or reward, on any of the top platforms. Thus, the research identifies a new market for crowdfunding platforms.},
	keywords = {crowdfunding, crowdfunding models, crowdfunding platforms, financing, payout models},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/973},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/973},
	author = {David Gedda and Billy Nilsson and Zebastian S{\r a}th{\'e}n and Klaus Solberg S{\o}ilen}
}
@article {1003,
	title = {Detecting White Spots in Innovation-Driven  Intellectual Property Management},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {07/2016},
	pages = {34-47},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Technology companies scan the competitive arena for patents to discover research activities and technology trends. Patents are the outcome of innovation processes that take several month or even years, depending on the industry. The process of publishing patents usually lasts longer. A huge time gap of up to several years between early research and development activities and published patents is the consequence. Therefore, a patent is a weak indicator for the identification of early innovation activities. However, the inventor needs intellectual assets such as data, knowledge, and expertise to carry out an innovation process. It is likely that these intellectual assets can improve the competitor analysis {\textendash} rendering them primary targets. In this article, we introduce a systematic approach to detect intellectual property (IP) activities of stakeholders in selected technology fields (e.g., hiring experts, taking part in research projects, gathering specific data). A technology field with a low intensity of IP activities offers great opportunities, which we call a "white spot". Our proposed approach can help identify the white spots in innovation-driven IP management and thereby help devise recommendations to improve a company{\textquoteright}s IP portfolio.},
	keywords = {business model, competitive advantage, competitive arena, Innovation management, intellectual capital, intellectual property, value proposition},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1003},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1003},
	author = {Daniel Eckelt and Christian D{\"u}lme and J{\"u}rgen Gausemeier and Simon Hemel}
}
@article {1029,
	title = {Editorial: Innovation in Tourism (November 2016)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {11/2016},
	pages = {3-5},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {action research, boundary objects, co-creation, crowdsourcing, innovation, living labs, smart cities, smart destinations, technology, tourism},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1029},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1029},
	author = {Chris McPhee and David Guimont and Dominic Lapointe}
}
@article {1031,
	title = {Empowering Local Tourism Providers to Innovate through a Living Lab Process: Does Scale Matter?},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {11/2016},
	pages = {18-25},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {A destination management organization looking to integrate technology into its tourism offering tasked a living lab with engaging tourists and tourism providers in the process. At the end of the two-year initial funding period for an action research project, the process is a success and stakeholders are engaged in the innovation ecosystem. But what is next? By observing participants and gathering feedback from stakeholders through a Policy Delphi panel, the outcomes of the project and the intentions and actions of the tourism providers and other parties were identified. Innovation capacity has increased: spin-offs were created and stakeholders have embraced open and collaborative innovation. Now, stakeholders are determined to make the process sustainable by finding other funding sources. But what should be the level of cooperation and intervention? What level can best foster innovation and knowledge retention? A case study combining a grid of characteristics and levels of analysis for living labs was used to identify one key question: for a living lab in tourism, does scale matter? This article will explore that question and will contribute to the understanding of the living lab as a model of socio-territorial action.},
	keywords = {action research, destination management, innovation, level, living labs, scale, socio-territorial action, territoriality, tourism},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1031},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1031},
	author = {David Guimont and Dominic Lapointe}
}
@article {965,
	title = {Examining the Modes Malware Suppliers Use to Provide Goods and Services},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {02/2016},
	pages = {21-27},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Malware suppliers use various modes to provide goods and services to customers. By mode, we mean {\textquotedblleft}the way{\textquotedblright} the malware supplier chooses to function. These modes increase monetization opportunities and enable many security breaches worldwide. A theoretically sound framework that can be used to examine the various modes that malware suppliers use to produce and sell malware is needed. We apply a general model specified recently by Hagiu and Wright to study five modes that malware suppliers use to deliver goods and services to their customers. The framework presented in this article can be used to predict the mode in which a malware supplier will function; to study which types of malware suppliers, agents, and customers are attracted to each mode; to discover new modes; and to better understand the threat a malware supplier presents.},
	keywords = {agents, customers, cybercrime, cybersecurity, malware, modes, multisided platform, suppliers},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/965},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/965},
	author = {Tony Bailetti and Mahmoud Gad}
}
@article {959,
	title = {Factors Affecting the Attrition of Test Users During Living Lab Field Trials},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {01/2016},
	pages = {35-44},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Next to active user involvement and a multi-method approach, a third major principle within living lab research consists of capturing the real-life context in which an innovation is used by end users. Field trials are a method to study the interaction of test users with an innovation in the context of use. However, when conducting field trials, there are several reasons why users stop participating in research activities, a phenomenon labelled as attrition. In this article, we elaborate on drop-outs during field trials by analyzing three post-trial surveys of living lab field trials. Our results show that several factors related to the innovation, as well as related to the field trial setup, play a role in attrition, including the lack of added value of the innovation and the extent to which the innovation satisfies the needs and time restrictions of test users. Based on our findings, we provide practical guidelines for managers to reduce attrition during field trials.},
	keywords = {attrition, drop-out, field trial, Living lab, Open innovation, user engagement, user involvement},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/959},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/959},
	author = {Annabel Georges and Dimitri Schuurman and Koen Vervoort}
}
@article {964,
	title = {Intrusion Learning: An Overview of an Emergent Discipline},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {02/2016},
	pages = {15-20},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The purpose of this article is to provide a definition of intrusion learning, identify its distinctive aspects, and provide recommendations for advancing intrusion learning as a practice domain. The authors define intrusion learning as the collection of online network algorithms that learn from and monitor streaming network data resulting in effective intrusion-detection methods for enabling the security and resiliency of enterprise systems. The network algorithms build on advances in cyber-defensive and cyber-offensive capabilities. Intrusion learning is an emerging domain that draws from machine learning, intrusion detection, and streaming network data. Intrusion learning offers to significantly enhance enterprise security and resiliency through augmented perimeter defense and may mitigate increasing threats facing enterprise perimeter protection. The article will be of interest to researchers, sponsors, and entrepreneurs interested in enhancing enterprise security and resiliency.},
	keywords = {adversarial learning, clustering, cybersecurity, enterprise, intrusion detection, intrusion learning, learning algorithms, machine learning, real-time analysis, resiliency, security, streaming network data},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/964},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/964},
	author = {Tony Bailetti and Mahmoud Gad and Ahmed Shah}
}
@article {971,
	title = {A Pattern-Based Approach to the Development of Frugal Innovations},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {03/2016},
	pages = {13-21},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The economic rise of emerging markets induces a rapid growth of the global middle class. This new mass market demands products and services adapted to the needs of the local population {\textendash} so called "frugal innovations". Engineers often face similar challenges while developing products and services for these markets, and therefore may develop similar solutions. By the abstraction of these solutions to transferrable solution patterns, the efficiency of the development process could be increased. In this article, we introduce a systematic approach to develop a pattern system for frugal innovations. Based on 29 selected frugal innovations, we derived the problems that led to the development of the analyzed frugal innovations. By categorizing these problems, we deduced six problem categories: education, environment, culture, infrastructure, regulation, and finance. We stripped down the solutions to these problems to their core principles, and in our subsequent analysis, we identified 56 solution patterns. Moreover, we analyzed the relationships between the abstracted solution patterns, problem areas, and frugal innovations. By using a pattern-based approach, the efficiency of the product development process could be improved significantly. As well, patterns may generate new impetus and increase creativity.},
	keywords = {business model, developing markets, emerging markets, frugal innovations, market service, pattern catalogue, pattern system, solution patterns},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/971},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/971},
	author = {Anne-Christin Lehner and J{\"u}rgen Gausemeier}
}
@article {1033,
	title = {A Process for Co-Creating Shared Value with the Crowd: Tourism Case Studies from a Regional Innovation System in Western Switzerland},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {11/2016},
	pages = {32-39},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Despite the presence of a regional innovation system, the gross value added attributed to tourism in the Swiss region of Valais is declining. Innovation policies fostering private initiatives and collaboration between companies, researchers, and coaching services have been reinforced recently, and policy instruments are in place to support strategic industries. However, no incitement instrument is dedicated to supporting the co-creation and the creation of shared value through local actors. This article presents a co-creation process of shared value and the lessons learned while implementing a new mode of innovation and entrepreneurship in two case studies in the peripheral region of Valais, Switzerland. The aim of the process is the co-creation of shared value-based business models, with an emphasis on the use of crowdsourcing to find new ways to create shared value.},
	keywords = {business models, co-creation, crowdsourcing, innovation, regional innovation system, shared value, tourism, tourism cluster},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1033},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1033},
	author = {Vincent Gr{\`e}zes and B{\'e}atrice Girod Lehmann and Marc Schnyder and Antoine Perruchoud}
}
@article {986,
	title = {Supporting Research-Inspired Entrepreneurial Activities in India},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {05/2016},
	pages = {14-14},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Nations built on innovation, entrepreneurship, and production are able to dominate the world economy. However, risk taking has traditionally been discouraged in developing nations. The uncertainty and financial insecurity associated with entrepreneurial activities are the greatest barriers that budding entrepreneurs need to overcome in order to transition into successful entrepreneurs. This challenge needs substantial effort and steady support from society. Easy access to information, mentorship, and a network of venture capitalists and angel investors also play critical roles in promoting entrepreneurial activities. To this end, the Government of India recently launched a nationwide campaign to promote entrepreneurial activities across the country.  Some of the recently emerging trends indicate that scientific and technological innovators from India are now willing to be a part of the global entrepreneurial revolution. Research-inspired entrepreneurial initiatives are expected to play a key role in facilitating India{\textquoteright}s economic growth in the coming years. This article focuses on the initiatives undertaken by the Indian Government and by various academic institutes to facilitate entrepreneurial activities across the country. },
	keywords = {business, economy, entrepreneurship, financial risk, research-inspired entrepreneurship},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/986},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/986},
	author = {Nikhil A. Gokhale}
}
@article {1002,
	title = {Value Network Design for Innovations: Developing Alternative Value Network Drafts},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {07/2016},
	pages = {21-33},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Information technology increasingly permeates established products and services, thereby making them "smart". For companies, this trend necessitates new know-how in unknown fields. Hence, traditional manufacturing companies are increasingly forced to cooperate with new players within new value networks. In contradiction to value chains, value networks oftentimes exhibit no clear hierarchies and are characterized by rather weak ties between the participating players. For a company that wants to create smart products or services, the key challenge is arranging the value network such that the customer obtains a unique value while all participants profit from their engagement. In doing so, companies have to find new partners (companies, research institutes, etc.). In this article, we present a methodology to design value networks for innovations, including approaches to identify necessary competences, find suitable partners, and bundle them to powerful alternative value networks.},
	keywords = {innovations, inter-company collaboration, Internet of Things, value networks},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1002},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1002},
	author = {Martin Kage and Marvin Drewel and J{\"u}rgen Gausemeier and Marcel Schneider}
}
@article {880,
	title = {Do Actions Matter More than Resources? A Signalling Theory Perspective on the Technology Entrepreneurship Process},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {03/2015},
	pages = {39-45},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article studies how technology-based entrepreneurs manage to transform their ideas into viable businesses, regardless of their resource limitations and the complexity and dynamics of technology-intense contexts. To describe how entrepreneurs unlock the value proposition that makes a technology useful, we adopt a set of lenses that allow us to view what happens on both sides of the market. In this context, we need to look beyond the resources to explain the weight that entrepreneur{\textquoteright}s actions carry on the technology entrepreneurship process. In this article, we use a multiple case study on three new technology-based firms to explore how their actions can be interpreted as valuable market signals. The results suggest that entrepreneurs strategically use market, technology, and social capital signalling to mitigate uncertainty and advance in the technology entrepreneurship process. This research holds implications for academic research on the integration of resource and demand-side views, as well as for entrepreneurs and practitioners interested in understanding the impact of visible actions in the early stages of a new technology-based venture.},
	keywords = {market signals, opportunity exploitation, opportunity exploration, signalling theory, social capital signals, technology entrepreneurship, technology signals},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/880},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/880},
	author = {Ferran Giones and Francesc Miralles}
}
@article {876,
	title = {Editorial: Innovation Tools and Techniques (March 2015)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {03/2015},
	pages = {3-5},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {innovation, lean, living labs, management, processes, project management, risk, signalling, smart cities, systems engineering, techniques, technology entrepreneurship, tools},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/876},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/876},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Brendan Galbraith and Nadia Noori}
}
@article {864,
	title = {Identifying the Challenges in Commercializing High Technology: A Case Study of Quantum Key Distribution Technology},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {01/2015},
	pages = {26-36},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article examines the challenges in commercializing high technologies successfully and sustainably using quantum key distribution (QKD) technology as a case study. Quantum communication is increasingly relevant to cybersecurity and nanotechnology, which will replace current technologies and change the way we live. To understand how such high technology could be successfully commercialized, we interviewed individuals from four metrology institutions and two international companies. The result revealed that scattered and small markets, supply chain development, technology validation/certification, a lack of available or adequate infrastructure, and after-sales services are the most serious challenges facing successful commercialization of quantum communication technology. To validate these challenges, we conducted a survey of 60 experts, 49 of whom agreed that above-mentioned factors could affect the commercialization success of QKD technology. Likewise, the survey revealed that technical development, customer orientation/awareness, and government regulations could also hinder the commercialization of QKD technology.},
	keywords = {after-sales services, certification, challenges, commercialization, high technology, infrastructure, market size, quantum key distribution, standards, supply chains},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/864},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/864},
	author = {Anas Al Natsheh and Saheed A. Gbadegeshin and Antti Rimpil{\"a}inen and Irna Imamovic-Tokalic and Andrea Zambrano}
}
@article {912,
	title = {Lessons in Creativity from the Innovative Design of the Swatch},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {07/2015},
	pages = {34-40},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {No space is off-limits to innovation, even those occupied for many years by leading players and proven solutions. The case of the innovative Swatch watch, re-examined in this article with new information and insights, demonstrates that, without knowledge, design is not possible; but, with only knowledge, all we can do is reproduce. Innovation also requires creativity, the introduction of new concepts. Knowledge needs to be associated with unbridled, surprising, and hitherto unknown creativity, as described by the concept-knowledge theory of design. In this article, a new analysis of the well-known but misunderstood case of the Swatch yield lessons about the importance of creativity and knowledge in developing innovative products. },
	keywords = {concept, creativity, design, engineering, innovation, knowledge, Swatch},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/912},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/912},
	author = {Gilles Garel}
}
@article {873,
	title = {Personal Health Systems Technologies: Critical Issues in Service Innovation and Diffusion},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {02/2015},
	pages = {46-57},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Personal health system (PHS) technologies can enhance public and private health service delivery and provide new business opportunities in Europe and around the world. Although much PHS technology has already been developed and could potentially provide virtually everyone with access to personalized healthcare, research driven primarily by a technology push may fail, because it fails to situate PHS within the wider health and social care service systems. In this article, we explore the scattered PHS research and innovation landscape, as well its relevant markets, using several types of analyses: bibliometrics, patent analysis, social network analysis, stakeholder workshops, and interviews. Our analyses aim to identify critical issues in the development and implementation of service systems around PHS technologies. },
	keywords = {ehealth, foresight studies, health and social care, healthcare, innovation ecosystem, mhealth, personal health systems, service innovation, service systems, stakeholders, system design, technology adoption},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/873},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/873},
	author = {Doris Schartinger and Ian Miles and Ozcan Saritas and Effie Amanatidou and Susanne Giesecke and Barbara Heller-Schuh and Laura Pombo-Juarez and G{\"u}nter Schreier}
}
@article {871,
	title = {The Role of Self-Service Mobile Technologies in the Creation of Customer Travel Experiences},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {02/2015},
	pages = {24-32},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Through the use of self-service mobile devices, the traditional marketplace interaction is being replaced by a marketspace transaction, in which the foundation of customer-company interaction has changed. This article discusses the main actors of experiencial value creation through the physical world and virtual world in the context of transport service. The empirical data is collected from semi-structured interviews with 19 young urban transport commuters. The results show that self-service mobile devices enhance the information accessibility for passengers to create customized travel experiences through a closer interaction with other actors, including transport service providers, transport-related service providers, and other passengers. Moreover, the scope of travel experience was expanded beyond the traditional service encounter both temporally and spatially. This article is an exploration of the influence of self-service mobile devices in the changing roles of customers and companies. A key message is that executives must pay attention to how their companies create experience value in both the physical world and the virtual world, separately or in combination.},
	keywords = {customer experience, mobile technology, self-service device, travel experience, value co-creation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/871},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/871},
	author = {Chaoren Lu and Wei Geng and Iris Wang}
}
@article {898,
	title = {TIM Lecture Series {\textendash} The Internet of Everything: Fridgebots, Smart Sneakers, and Connected Cars},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {05/2015},
	pages = {47-49},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {Consumer Internet of Things, cyber-attacks, cybersecurity, hackers, Industrial Internet, Internet of Everything, Internet of Things, IOT},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/898},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/898},
	author = {Jeff Greene}
}
@article {847,
	title = {Crimeware Marketplaces and Their Facilitating Technologies},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {11/2014},
	pages = {28-33},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The cybercrime community has evolved from one in which criminals develop their own tools into one in which crimeware {\textendash} tools and services to carry out or facilitate illegal online activity {\textendash} can be readily bought, sold, traded, hired, or licensed in online marketplaces. Crimeware marketplaces are expected to grow significantly in the near term, and they will offer an increasing number of services and tools that target mobile computing devices. This article examines the actors, value chains, and modes of operation in underground crimeware marketplaces, and it identifies three facilitating technologies that are likely to significantly expand the reach of cybercriminals. Anonymous e-currency (e.g., Bitcoin) enables anonymous financial transactions; anonymity networks (e.g., Tor) enable anonymous Internet access; and mobile computing provides access to a very large number of potential target devices. },
	keywords = {anonymity, Bitcoin, crimeware marketplaces, cybercrime, dark web, underground economy},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/847},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/847},
	author = {Mahmoud Gad}
}
@article {854,
	title = {Does Social Innovation Require Social Entrepreneurship?},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {12/2014},
	pages = {17-26},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Social innovation is now considered an important element in the search for solutions to pressing social problems. Inspired by Schumpeter{\textquoteright}s conceptualization of innovation, "social" entrepreneurship is thought to contribute to "social" innovation in more or less the same way that "normal" entrepreneurship consists of the introduction of "normal" innovations. In the literature as well as in practice, the definition of concepts such as social innovation and social entrepreneurship has led to considerable confusion. We aim to bring clarity to the debate, arguing that every entrepreneurial action results in some measure of intended or unintended social innovation, regardless of whether the entrepreneurs in question are considered or consider themselves "social" or not. We test our insights in an investigation of 20 social enterprises that have a commercial business model.},
	keywords = {entrepreneurship, institutional change, Schumpeter, social change, social entrepreneurship, social innovation, sustainability},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/854},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/854},
	author = {Asceline Groot and Ben Dankbaar}
}
@article {816,
	title = {Editorial: Innovation and Entrepreneurship in India (August 2014)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {08/2014},
	pages = {3-4},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {education, entrepreneurship, government support, India, innovation, knowledge systems, policy, service innovation, stakeholders, startups, uncertainty, university},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/816},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/816},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Kalyan Kumar Guin}
}
@article {793,
	title = {Integrating Design for All in Living Labs},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {05/2014},
	pages = {50-59},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The European Union has identified innovation as a key driver behind business competitiveness and responsive governance. However, innovation in and of itself may not be sufficient to help businesses bring new products to market and to help governments shape public services that meet the real needs of citizens. The Integrating Design for All in Living Labs (IDeALL) project sought to identify and test methodologies for designing with users in real-life settings. The results of the experiments showed how different methodologies can be applied in different contexts, helping to provide solutions to societal issues and to create products and services that genuinely meet user requirements. In this article, we describe the methodologies used in the IDeALL project and provide examples of the project{\textquoteright}s experiments and case studies across four main areas: i) services; ii) health and social care; iii) information and communication technology; and iv) urban design. },
	keywords = {3H, co-creation, design, design for all, health, HUMBLES, ICT, innovation, living labs, LUPI, methodologies, service prototyping, services, social care, urban design, user-centred approaches},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/793},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/793},
	author = {Madeleine Gray and Mika{\"e}l Mangyoku and Artur Serra and Laia S{\'a}nchez and Francesc Aragall}
}
@article {820,
	title = {Perceived Environmental Uncertainty for Startups: A Note on Entrepreneurship Research from an Indian Perspective},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {08/2014},
	pages = {27-35},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In an entrepreneurship environment, understanding uncertainty is critical to startups because it is directly related to the context of decision making. In an emerging country such as India, uncertainties are more predominant due to the very nature of the emerging country, which is characterized by an underdeveloped institutional setup, a lack of protection for legal and intellectual property rights, underdeveloped factor markets, and high transaction costs. In this article, a systematic review of the existing literature on environment and uncertainty in an entrepreneurial, emerging-economy context identifies a gap of a new scale for perceived environmental uncertainty. Three primary contributions are made by this research. First, a literature review for existing uncertainty scales and their evaluation in the context of emerging countries is provided. Second, the research identifies a gap in the uncertainty measurement literature that is relevant to emerging economies. Finally, this study proposes a future research scope that can bridge the identified gap by exploring the factors of uncertainty in emerging countries. },
	keywords = {business environment, emerging economies, India, startups, uncertainty},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/820},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/820},
	author = {Susmita Ghosh and Bhaskar Bhowmick and Kalyan Kumar Guin}
}
@article {792,
	title = {The Promoting Force of Technology for Service Innovation in High-Tech Industries},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {05/2014},
	pages = {40-49},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article focuses on the interaction between the development of technology and service innovation. It goes {\textquotedblleft}back to the basics{\textquotedblright} by analyzing the first theoretical contributions to the service innovation literature from the late 1980s. These contributions were heavily technologically oriented: they aimed at bringing the results of technological innovation to the realm of services. More specifically, we focus on the model of {\textquotedblleft}reverse innovation cycle{\textquotedblright} on one hand, and on the first innovation-specific categorization of services on the other. The latter introduced the division into supplier-dominated, production-intensive/scale-intensive, and science-based services. Our purpose is to examine in which ways these theoretical approaches could promote our understanding about the new phenomena of technology-service interaction in innovation. In the second part of the article, we apply these approaches in five case studies that originate from different service industries and that differ in size and technologies. The findings of the analysis demonstrate that the applicability of the approaches to the case studies depends on several factors including the kind of technology involved in the innovation activities, the stage of development of this technology, and the type of service. },
	keywords = {case studies, dynamic model of process and product innovation, reverse innovation cycle, service innovation, technology, technology adoption, technology development, typologies},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/792},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/792},
	author = {Silvia Gliem and Janny Klabuhn and Nadine Litwin}
}
@article {821,
	title = {Reviewing the Knowledge Systems of Innovation and the Associated Roles of Major Stakeholders in the Indian Context},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {08/2014},
	pages = {36-45},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In this article, we review various models of knowledge systems and discusses the relationships between various component stakeholders of innovation, namely higher-education institutions, industry, and government. The article uses India as a case study to examine new challenges and opportunities facing its innovation ecosystem. Within this context, we review existing models of knowledge systems through an innovative representation exemplifying the knowledge landscape and the model positioning. We argue for a reinforcing role of major stakeholders in the proliferation of innovation and entrepreneurship, and the need to promote healthy interactions between them.},
	keywords = {entrepreneurship, government, higher-education institutions, industry, innovation ecosystem, innovation system, knowledge systems, models, stakeholders, university},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/821},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/821},
	author = {Punit Saurabh and Prabha Bhola and Kalyan Kumar Guin}
}
@article {803,
	title = {TIM Lecture Series {\textendash} Insights on Innovation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {06/2014},
	pages = {40-41},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {customer focus, ecosystems, innovation, service provision, telecommunications},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/803},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/803},
	author = {Ibrahim Gedeon}
}
@article {785,
	title = {TIM Lecture Series {\textendash} The Business of Cybersecurity},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {04/2014},
	pages = {53-57},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {analytics, banking, cybersecurity, hacking, incident response, information security, intelligence, targets, threats},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/785},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/785},
	author = {David Grau and Charles Kennedy}
}
@article {790,
	title = {Using Trademarks to Measure Innovation in Knowledge-Intensive Business Services},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {05/2014},
	pages = {18-30},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {We present an empirical approach to measuring service innovation on the company level through the analysis of trademarks. Prior empirical investigations in several industries have shown that a trademark may be used as an innovation indicator. This article explores the use and relevance of trademarks by conducting a survey in the knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS) industries with 278 participating companies. Our survey results explain the use of trademarks as a way to protect innovation and intellectual property for KIBS. In sum, we show that trademarks can be described as adequate and useful indicators to measure new service innovations in the KIBS industries. Additionally, we show that trademarks have the potential to overcome weaknesses of traditional measurement concepts towards KIBS innovation and might make special surveys redundant in the future.},
	keywords = {innovation, innovation indicator, KIBS, knowledge-intensive business services, trademarks},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/790},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/790},
	author = {Matthias Gotsch and Christiane Hipp}
}
@article {692,
	title = {From Ideas to Opportunities: Exploring the Construction of Technology-Based Entrepreneurial Opportunities},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {06/2013},
	pages = {13-20},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The transformation of business ideas into market opportunities is at the core of entrepreneurship. Nevertheless, the complexity of such a transformative process is seen to change depending on the variables influencing the opportunity-entrepreneur nexus. Although technology-entrepreneurship is regarded as a force of change and dynamism in socio-economic growth, it also depends upon an intricate process of opportunity development. The interest in understanding better how technology-based entrepreneurs simultaneously cope with technological uncertainty while trying to gain stakeholder support and access to resources, highlights a relevant research gap. The research described in this article uses the constructivist view to deepen our understanding of the technology-based entrepreneur{\textquoteright}s conceptualization of the opportunity as a process of social construction. Our results show how initial consensus-building efforts and iteration with knowledgeable peers are an essential part of the emergence of the opportunity, changing both entrepreneur{\textquoteright}s and stakeholders{\textquoteright} perceptions of the early business idea. Consequently, our results provide evidence in support of policy programs and measures that favour social-construction support mechanisms to foster technology-based entrepreneurship.},
	keywords = {constructivist view, entrepreneurship policy, technology entrepreneurship},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/692},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/692},
	author = {Ferran Giones and Zhao Zhou and Francesc Miralles and Bernhard Katzy}
}
@article {677,
	title = {Incubation Programs from Public Research Organizations as Catalysts for Open Business Ecosystems},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {04/2013},
	pages = {29-34},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In many economies, new knowledge and technology creation and transfer towards local entities and new startups have been recognized as catalysts for industry renewal and tools for safeguarding (or even enhancing) a region{\textquoteright}s employment and prosperity. This article presents a case study of iMinds, a network organization in Flanders, Belgium. The organization fosters interdisciplinary research in information and communication technologies (ICT) and strongly engages in transferring these new technologies towards local actors and in creating and supporting new startups. iMinds{\textquoteright} incubation and entrepreneurship programs act as catalysts for open innovation and company startup activities in the Flemish region.},
	keywords = {clusters of innovation, incubation programs, startup ecosystem, technology entrepreneurship, university-industry interaction},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/677},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/677},
	author = {Sven H. De Cleyn and Frank Gielen and Jan Coppens}
}
@article {674,
	title = {Partner Selection for Open Innovation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {04/2013},
	pages = {11-16},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In this article, we consider open innovation from the perspectives of: i) causation and effectuation, and ii) social networking. Our empirical evidence consists of a case study of a late-stage open-innovation project aimed at creating a hybrid ship that uses liquid natural gas and hydrogen as power sources. The results show that the effectuation approach is preferable to open innovation when the initiator of open innovation aims to keep sensitive information inside the closed group, when the initiator has established an effective team of representatives from other firms from earlier innovation projects, and when the participants are geographically close. },
	keywords = {causation, effectuation, Norway, Open innovation, partner selection},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/674},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/674},
	author = {Marina Z. Solesvik and Magnus Gulbrandsen}
}
@article {715,
	title = {A Research Agenda for Security Engineering},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {08/2013},
	pages = {41-50},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Despite nearly 30 years of research and application, the practice of information system security engineering has not yet begun to exhibit the traits of a rigorous scientific discipline. As cyberadversaries have become more mature, sophisticated, and disciplined in their tradecraft, the science of security engineering has not kept pace. The evidence of the erosion of our digital security {\textendash} upon which society is increasingly dependent {\textendash} appears in the news almost daily.

In this article, we outline a research agenda designed to begin addressing this deficit and to move information system security engineering toward a mature engineering discipline. Our experience suggests that there are two key areas in which this movement should begin. First, a threat model that is actionable from the perspectives of risk management and security engineering should be developed. Second, a practical and relevant security-measurement framework should be developed to adequately inform security-engineering and risk-management processes. Advances in these areas will particularly benefit business/government risk assessors as well as security engineers performing security design work, leading to more accurate, meaningful, and quantitative risk analyses and more consistent and coherent security design decisions.

Threat modelling and security measurement are challenging activities to get right {\textendash} especially when they need to be applied in a general context. However, these are decisive starting points because they constitute the foundation of a scientific security-engineering practice. Addressing these challenges will require stronger and more coherent integration between the sub-disciplines of risk assessment and security engineering, including new tools to facilitate that integration. More generally, changes will be required in the way security engineering is both taught and practiced to take into account the holistic approach necessary from a mature, scientific discipline.},
	keywords = {cybersecurity, information system security engineering, research, risk management, security engineering, security measurement, threat modelling},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/715},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/715},
	author = {Rich Goyette and Yan Robichaud and Fran{\c c}ois Marinier}
}
@article {702,
	title = {Security Challenges in Smart-Grid Metering and Control Systems},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {07/2013},
	pages = {42-49},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The smart grid is a next-generation power system that is increasingly attracting the attention of government, industry, and academia. It is an upgraded electricity network that depends on two-way digital communications between supplier and consumer that in turn give support to intelligent metering and monitoring systems. Considering that energy utilities play an increasingly important role in our daily life, smart-grid technology introduces new security challenges that must be addressed. Deploying a smart grid without adequate security might result in serious consequences such as grid instability, utility fraud, and loss of user information and energy-consumption data. Due to the heterogeneous communication architecture of smart grids, it is quite a challenge to design sophisticated and robust security mechanisms that can be easily deployed to protect communications among different layers of the smart grid-infrastructure. In this article, we focus on the communication-security aspect of a smart-grid metering and control system from the perspective of cryptographic techniques, and we discuss different mechanisms to enhance cybersecurity of the emerging smart grid. We aim to provide a comprehensive vulnerability analysis as well as novel insights on the cybersecurity of a smart grid.},
	keywords = {authentication, cybersecurity, encryption, privacy, smart grid},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/702},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/702},
	author = {Xinxin Fan and Guang Gong}
}
@article {659,
	title = {TIM Lecture Series {\textendash} Energy Efficiency and Data Security in Modern Data Centres},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {02/2013},
	pages = {41-44},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {data centre, design, energy conservation, green innovation, power saving, security, storage},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/659},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/659},
	author = {Jerry Glowka}
}
@article {463,
	title = {Benefits of the Community for Partners of Open Source Vendors},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2011},
	month = {08/2011},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Open source vendors can benefit from business ecosystems that form around their products. Partners of such vendors can utilize this ecosystem for their own business benefit by understanding the structure of the ecosystem, the key actors and their relationships, and the main levers of profitability. This article provides information on all of these aspects and identifies common business scenarios for partners of open source vendors. Armed with this information, partners can select a strategy that allows them to participate in the ecosystem while also maximizing their gains and driving adoption of their product or solution in the marketplace.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/463},
	author = {Sandro Groganz}
}
@article {487,
	title = {Letters to the Editor},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2011},
	month = {10/2011},
	pages = {5-6},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/487},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/487},
	author = {Roseann O{\textquoteright}Reilly Runte and Rafik Goubran and Jerry Tomberlin}
}
@article {491,
	title = {A Sales Execution Strategy Guide for Technology Startups},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2011},
	month = {10/2011},
	pages = {32-36},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The majority of startups fail to consider sales execution as part of their overall strategy. This article demonstrates how a sales execution strategy can help a company take a product or service to market more efficiently and effectively by focusing on the customers that are key to generating revenue. Combined with techniques for recruiting effectively and measuring sales outcomes, a sales execution strategy helps technology startups exceed growth aspirations and potentially reduce or even eliminate the requirement for external investment. 

In this article, we first describe the focus of assistance currently given to startups and the reasons why sales execution strategies are often overlooked. Next, we outline recommendations for developing, implementing, and supporting a sales execution strategy. Finally, we summarize the key points presented in the article. },
	keywords = {entrepreneurs, sales, sales execution strategy, sales strategy, startups},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/491},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/491},
	author = {Ian Gilbert and Stephen Davies}
}
@article {435,
	title = {The Social Management of Risk},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2011},
	month = {04/2011},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In this article, we discuss a conceptual framework on the social management of risk and highlight the role of the community sector in that process. We introduce the topic of risk, illustrate how it is distinct from the concept of uncertainty, and show how different social actors assess risk differently. Next, we introduce the "social management of risk" approach, which takes a broad view of the potential actors involved in pursuing societal objectives in relation to risk. Finally, we discuss the role of the community sector is the social management of risk. While this framework is presented in the context of social policy, it can be generalized to any situations where social actors respond to and manage risks in a multi-player environment.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/435},
	author = {David P{\'e}loquin and Jean Kunz and Nicola Gaye}
}
@article {503,
	title = {Software Patents: Current Challenges and Future Solutions},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2011},
	month = {12/2011},
	pages = {18-22},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Software patents for years have been used in the software industry to suppress innovation, kill competition, and generate undeserved royalties. This article considers whether software patents maintain the right {\textquotedblleft}bargain between the inventor and the public{\textquotedblright} where, in exchange for disclosure of the invention to the public, the inventor receives a limited monopoly and the exclusive right to exploit the invention. This article argues that they do not and then explores possible solutions to address the problems identified. Those solutions include streamlining the patent process, making it more difficult to patent software innovations, making it easier to invalidate software patents, and shortening the patent protection from 20 to 10 years. The article closes with a call to action for people to work collectively to effect change in the industry.},
	keywords = {innovation, patent system, software patents},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/503},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/503},
	author = {Monica Goyal}
}
@article {395,
	title = {Developing a Replicable and Sustainable Model of Business Incubation},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {11/2010},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The only constant in the world these days seems to be the accelerating rate of change. This article explores, what are in the author{\textquoteright}s opinion, the driving forces of change; the decline of the TV industrial complex, business model migration, and the emergence of the knowledge economy. The changes in the way we live and work are having a very profound impact on how businesses start and grow. The paradigm and policy of the industrial era will not pave the way to success in a knowledge-based economy. The knowledge economy requires a significant paradigm shift in the way we structure incubators to successfully nurture and grow knowledge-based businesses.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/395},
	author = {Ian Graham}
}
@article {251,
	title = {The Feds are Ready for a Change},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {05/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Canada is at the tipping point for acceptance of open source. Open source software and culture has reached a critical mass in the business world and it is also being actively deployed within the Canadian government. While open source has contributed outstanding code, its impacts are even more profound, raising core values of participation, co-operation and standardization. However, like many large institutions, there has been reluctance to modernize its official position regarding this approach to software development. There is still considerable investment in existing procurement practice and thousands of jobs and billions of dollars are being invested in old information technology (IT) solutions.

This article discusses the global momentum in federal government departments to support open source as well as some of the problems with the federal government{\textquoteright}s procurement process. However, despite the problems and relatively slow adoption of open source technology, there is movement for adoption. Federal government policies may be lagging behind other G7 governments, but it is being implemented across the civil service. There are also many people within government, at all levels, who understand the advantages of using open source.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/251},
	author = {Mike Gifford}
}
@article {243,
	title = {Licensing of Open APIs},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {04/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Two major trends in software development today are the open source paradigm and the notion of software as a service. The combination of these has lead to the concept of open APIs and mashups. Since late 2005, there has been a rapid proliferation of applications, referred to as mashups, that combine data and services provided by third parties through open APIs with data sources owned by users. Open APIs give users access to the data or services of an information technology platform. A well-known example is the Google Maps API, which generates maps for a given location, whose output can be combined with other data and services into mashups.

Combining services and data from multiple sources raises several issues related to intellectual rights in mashups. However, the concept of mashups is currently in a nascent stage, and service and data providers often underestimate the relevance of these issues. In this paper we give an overview of open API licensing and provide examples from current open APIs. We then briefly discuss licensing of open APIs. 
},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/243},
	author = {G.R. Gangadharan}
}
@article {309,
	title = {Value Co-creation as Part of an Integrative Vision of Innovation Management},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {12/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Value co-creation is an emerging concept in business, marketing and innovation management. Its growing interest points to the emergence of a new semantic wave in innovation research that requires the adoption of new terminology, frameworks and fields of research exploration. There is a number of existing research streams that provide a solid starting point in the discussion of different perspectives on co-creation. One key research aspect that needs to be further addressed is the potential benefits from the adoption of value co-creation practices and strategies.

This article shares insights from an attempt to position the value co-creation paradigm within an integrative vision for innovation management research and practices. This positioning is a challenging task as the meaning of the terms "value co-creation" and "integrative" innovation management need to be more fully clarified. We attempt to identify an appropriate plane of conceptual integrity that could be used to describe the innovation management field within the context of its relation to value co-creation.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/309},
	author = {Stoyan Tanev and Mette Knudsen and Wolfgang Gerstlberger}
}
@article {161,
	title = {The Canadian DMCA: A Betrayal},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {06/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Having had a few more hours to think about Industry Minister Jim Prentice{\textquoteright}s Canadian DMCA, I am left with one dominant feeling--betrayal. I have already highlighted the key provisions and coverage (and note that it will take some time to fully assess the implications of this bill) but it is immediately apparent that the concerns of thousands of Canadians--now over 45,000 on the Fair Copyright for Canada Facebook group alone--have been realized. If enacted, the Canadian DMCA would strongly encourage the use of technological locks and lawsuits. While Prentice has given a handful of new rights to Canadian consumers, each is subject to many limitations and undermined by the digital locks provisions that may effectively render the new rights meaningless.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/161},
	author = {Michael Geist}
}
@article {172,
	title = {Editorial: Education (August 2008)},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {08/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Editorial},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The August issue of the  OSBR is focused on "education". The relationship between open source software (OSS) and education is extremely broad and also very important. One could argue that OSS creation and adoption has been driven by faculty and research leaders, with eventual buy-in from the commercial sphere. This should not be a surprise; university research labs are populated with individuals possessing an abundance of creativity, a need to work with platforms for innovation, and a shortage of funding. My own lab{\textquoteright}s experience with clever graduate students and finite funding sources forced us to collaborate with the National Research Council of Canada on open source helicopters.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/172},
	author = {Kevin Goheen and Dru Lavigne}
}
@article {145,
	title = {Making Open Source Ready for the Enterprise: The Open Source Maturity Model},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {05/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {One of the questions always asked about open source is whether it{\textquoteright}s ready for the enterprise. But framing the question in that fashion blurs the issue. With over 100,000 open source products available for download at the click of a mouse, there is no blanket answer comprehensive enough to describe the entire universe of open source products. The real question facing an enterprise is whether, based upon its unique requirements, a specific open source product will satisfy its needs. Far from being a vaguely existential question, this question is extremely pragmatic, completely localized, and, as we shall see, wholly capable of being answered.

This article, extracted from chapter four of "Succeeding with Open Source" presents the Open Source Maturity Model (OSMM). The OSMM is designed to enable organizations to evaluate open source products and understand whether a product can fulfill the organization{\textquoteright}s requirements.
 },
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/145},
	author = {Bernard Golden}
}
@article {216,
	title = {Open Innovation 2.0},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {12/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The objective of this article is to argue for a new model that guides the efforts of multiple stakeholders to solve a problem. The new model is referred to as Open Innovation 2.0 Its main benefit is to gain competitive advantage through effective spending combined with enterprise to enterprise collaboration instead of traditional cost reduction.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/216},
	author = {Michael Grove}
}
@article {177,
	title = {Is Open Source Right for your Library?},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {08/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {We all know that feeling in our gut, that moment when it?s time to sign the order for a new software program for your library. It{\textquoteright}s accompanied by a host of nagging questions: "Is it the right decision?" "Have we overlooked anything?" "Will this work?" "Have we considered all our options?" The decision to acquire or upgrade a library automation package is never an easy one and every director, when faced with this decision, wants to choose the best package at the best value that most fully meets the needs of users. Today, that decision is complicated by a new option, that of open source.

This article will examine when and why open source software (OSS) might be appropriate for your library. It also discusses why so many libraries are moving towards OSS and some of the disadvantages that you should be aware of should you decide to move in that direction. 
 },
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/177},
	author = {Carl Grant}
}
@article {105,
	title = {An Introduction to Rights Expression Languages},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2007},
	month = {12/2007},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The objective of this article is to: i) extend the discussion of licensing to non-software assets and ii) provide an introduction to rights expression languages (RELs). Licensing is not limited to software. We can associate a license with any kind of asset that holds intellectual value, and can thus be turned into a source of revenue. Here, our interest is on information assets, which include software and software components, but also services, processes, and content. For instance, a song that a user downloads from iTunes is an information asset. So is a web service such as the Google Maps API (application programming interface).},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/105},
	author = {G.R. Gangadharan and Michael Weiss}
}
@article {70,
	title = {Q\&A. What effect do supply and a demand have on open source commercialization?},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2007},
	month = {10/2007},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Q and A},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {I{\textquoteright}ve read that commercialization has both a supply and a demand side. What effect do these two sides have on open source commercialization, specifically in Canada?},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/70},
	author = {Ian Graham}
}
@article {97,
	title = {Software Licensing},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2007},
	month = {07/2007},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {G.R. Gangadharan discusses the many dimensions of software.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/97},
	author = {G.R. Gangadharan}
}
