@article {1481,
	title = {The Impact of FinTech and Blockchain Technologies on Banking and Financial Services},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2022},
	month = {05/2022},
	pages = {22010204},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {-},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {With the emergence of new technologies, banks and financial services around the globe are taking advantage. The rapid development of information technology, internet connectivity, and smartphones has influenced the banking and financial services sector. The combination of financial technology (FinTech) and blockchain is deliberately transforming digital banking services. This study explores the intervention of FinTech and blockchain technologies in digital banking and financial services. The present study shows that FinTech and blockchain have a strong influence on the digitalization trends. The research focuses on processes of modernization in banking and financial services in addition to particular focus on the community.},
	keywords = {Blockchain Technology, decentralized finance, digital banking, FinTech},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1481},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1481},
	author = {Anitha Kumari and N. Chitra Devi}
}
@article {1471,
	title = {Can Artificial Intelligence be a Critical Success Factor of Construction Projects? Practitioner perspectives},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {12/2021},
	pages = {17-32},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {17},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The construction sector has not been altogether successful in adopting automated systems. Related research on artificial intelligence has mainly been confined to the development of software models for a specific subset of construction work. This study aims to identify whether artificial intelligence is a potential critical success factor for construction project success. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using content analysis. The interviewees were selected on the basis of convenience and included highly experienced project managers from the global community with expertise in project management working on large construction projects. Our research shows that senior project managers perceive artificial intelligence as different from information technology and advanced project management software. Major drawbacks of artificial intelligence were found to be (i) lack of soft skills, (ii) lack of intelligence to interpret things in various ways like human beings, and (iii) lack of human relationship capabilities, including the ways people manage projects. The interviewees believe that artificial intelligence is still years away from becoming self-aware. This study improves the understanding of artificial intelligence as a success factor for construction projects and provides future directions for research in this field.},
	keywords = {artificial intelligence, Construction Projects, Critical Success Factors, Project Success},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1471},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1471},
	author = {Virender Kumar and Amrendra Pandey and Rahul Singh}
}
@article {1425,
	title = {The Catch-22 in Strategizing for Radical Innovation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {03/2021},
	pages = {4-16},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {4},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Corporate strategy development is a well-oiled and recurring process in most established companies. Innovation strategy, however, especially for radical innovation, is new and unknown territory. This creates challenges for companies with radical innovation ambitions. We followed the innovation strategy work of nine large organisations, finding that they all struggle with the process and how to link innovation with corporate strategy in a meaningful way, while at the same time not hampering the innovative ambitions of the organisation. We identify two main challenges of gravitation and alignment, and develop a framework aimed at asking the questions necessary for increasing awareness about inherent business challenges, and how to overcome them at the intersection between corporate and innovation strategy work.},
	keywords = {corporate strategy, innovation strategy, radical innovation, strategy challenges},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1425},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1425},
	author = {Helle Alsted S{\o}ndergaard and Mette Pr{\ae}st Knudsen and Nicolai S{\o}ndergaard Laugesen}
}
@article {1470,
	title = {Coping with the Double-Edged Sword of Data Sharing in Ecosystems},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {12/2021},
	pages = {5-16},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {5},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Researchers and practitioners agree upon the huge potential of Big Data Analytics (BDA) for firms{\textquoteright} competitive advantage. Capitalizing on Big Data (BD) often requires sharing firms{\textquoteright} data with their stakeholders in an ecosystem. Sharing data, however, is a double-edged sword, because firms might also risk losing their competitive advantage by doing so. This conceptual paper uses extant literature on data analytics to introduce a comprehensive data sharing strategy framework that helps firms decide which data can be shared in an ecosystem, which should be kept secret, or if additional rules and regulations are required for sharing the data. The framework combines two distinct categorizations of data, and it relates the data categories to firms{\textquoteright} strategic competitive advantage by employing the Resource-Based View (RBV). Firstly, the framework is grounded in the stages of the data analytics process and secondly, it distinguishes between operative, strategic and monetizable data, a new categorization introduced by this paper. Depending on the categories of data a company intends to share, the framework recommends five distinct data sharing strategies that help mitigating the risk of losing their competitive advantage.},
	keywords = {Big Data Analytics Capabilities, competitive advantage, data sharing, ecosystem, Resource-Based View},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1470},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1470},
	author = {Petra Kugler and Thomas Plank}
}
@article {1441,
	title = {Developing Social Impact Evaluation Methods for Research: viewpoints on commercialization and sustainability},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {05/2021},
	pages = {44-53},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {44},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The social contributions of research activities have become more and more important in the rapidly changing innovation environment. Despite the fact that industrial commercialization of research results constitutes one of the most essential drivers for innovation and competitiveness, most generally used social impact evaluation criteria do not include clear metrics involving research commercialization possibilities. In a similar manner, principles regarding sustainable development have been largely omitted from the impact criteria. This paper considers the "broader impacts criteria" (BIC) model developed for social impact evaluation in the National Science Foundation in United States. We propose extensions to the BIC criteria related to commercialization and sustainable development viewpoints on impact evaluation. This paper also considers a newly introduced extension to BIC, called "inclusion-immediacy criteria" (IIC). Based on it, we propose an extended version of the model that aims to additionally evaluate the impact of research from a commercialization point of view.},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1441},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1441},
	author = {Leena Kunttu and Helka Kalliom{\"a}ki and Sorin Dan and Jari Kuusisto}
}
@article {1431,
	title = {Editorial: Aligning Multiple Stakeholder Value Propositions (April 2021)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {04/2021},
	pages = {3-5},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {3},
	address = {Ottawa},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1431},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1431},
	author = {Tony Bailetti and Christian Keen and Stoyan Tanev}
}
@article {1423,
	title = {Editorial: Digital Innovations in the Bioeconomy (February 2021)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {02/2021},
	pages = {3-4},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {3},
	address = {Ottawa},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	author = {Iivari Kunttu}
}
@article {1454,
	title = {Integrated Test Sites for Innovation Ecosystems},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {10/2021},
	pages = {20-32},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {20},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Natural test sites are resource-intensive and often limited to single industries or technologies. Drawing upon two strands of research into technology development and innovation strategies, the research question in this paper investigates how converging test sites may provide opportunities for multiple industries and regions. The paper analyzes multi-industrial test sites regarding, (i) the requirements of the social and physical environment, logistic requirements, as well as technical requirements, (ii) the added value for technology developers, as well as, (iii) the absorptive capacity of the region. Qualitative and quantitative research designs were adopted to analyze multi-industrial test sites. The results indicate that the suitability of multi-industrial test sites depends on the market and research fit of the test target, the quality of the benchmark data, as well as logistical, organizational, legal, social, and ecological factors. The study shows that multi-industrial test sites increase and strengthen the absorptive capacity of regions. Additionally, the study discusses managerial and political implications of multi-industrial test sites. Until now corporate and public test site practices have received only scant recognition in technology management literature, a gap closed by this paper.},
	keywords = {absorptive capacity, Demonstration, Exploitative Innovation, Exploratory Innovation, Mineral Exploration, Proof-of-Concept, Test Sites},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1454},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1454},
	author = {Michaela Kesselring and St{\'e}phane Ruiz-Coupeau and Moritz Kirsch and Frank Wagner and Richard Gloaguen}
}
@article {1447,
	title = {Learning from Early Adopters of Blockchain Technology: A Systematic Review of Supply Chain Case Studies},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {06/2021},
	pages = {19-31},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {19},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Blockchain technology is widely seen as a promising technology for global supply chains, though early adoption of the technology is both costly and risky. Along with many other discouraging factors, large investments required to enter or develop a blockchain raise barriers to entry. Concerns about potential benefits, on the other hand, have led to companies questioning whether it is worth it. Consequently, many players in the global arena are still preferring to wait by observing current practices before making investments, while trying to figure out what the technology might bring them. Hence, the main purpose of this paper is to research various implementations of blockchain technology in supply chains, in order to learn from its early adopters. For this purpose, we chose case studies as the research method, which we used in a systematic way. We focused on multiple relevant case studies from previous research concerning the use of blockchain technology in supply chain practices. Through a systematic analysis of case studies, the study paper aims at bringing forward different views, approaches and results about blockchain adoption, as a way to show the pros and cons of adopting the technology under certain circumstances. The previous research was obtained from the Web of Science Core Collection. This paper contributes to the literature by showcasing the use of blockchain in supply chains via multiple cases to learn from early blockchain adopters in supply chain practices.
},
	keywords = {blockchain, digitalization, distributed ledger technology, supply chain, systematic review},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1447},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1447},
	author = {Sevda Dede and Mesut Can K{\"o}seo{\u g}lu and H. Funda Yercan}
}
@article {1415,
	title = {A Roadmap for Systematically Identifying Opportunities in Ecosystems Using Scientific Publications Data},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {01/2021},
	pages = {34-55},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {34},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Opportunity identification is a continuous process in ecosystems. However, ambiguities and challenges associated with knowledge exploration and exploitation can retard opportunity recognition processes. This in turn may culminate in excessive expenditure of resources or loss of latent opportunities. The present study adopts an analytical approach and proposes a methodological roadmap that utilizes scientometric and text mining techniques. The roadmap uses data from Web of Science as input, and generates insights that support decision-making about resource saving, strategic planning, investment, and policymaking. Our roadmap extends methods used in studying ecosystems by combining existing and novel techniques in data analytics. Using Python and VOSViewer, we show an exemplary application of the new roadmap, framed in the context of the Nordic countries{\textquoteright} renewable energy ecosystem. },
	keywords = {ecosystem, knowledge, opportunity, roadmap, scientometrics, text mining},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1415},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1415},
	author = {Behrooz Khademi and Hannele Lampela and Kosmas X. Smyrnios}
}
@article {1421,
	title = {Simulating a Biorefinery Ecosystem to Manage and Motivate Sustainable Regional Nutrient Circulation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {02/2021},
	pages = {33-43},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {33},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Creating an ecologically sustainable circulation of nutrients requires local solutions with commitment from all participating parties. Due to vast differences between various regions, it is very complicated, if not impossible, to create fair, simple, and applicable legislation that can consider all of these differences in a meaningful way. Thus, there is a need for clear and easy ways of developing sustainable and viable solutions locally, as well as communicating them with local community and all the way up to the supervising governmental representatives. To meet this need, we developed a simulation tool that allows the user to explore the effectiveness and impact of a local biorefinery in waste management. As an iterative model based on state machine agents, it can easily be modified for a multitude of scenarios with changes taking place over time, while considering the viewing points of all involved. In this article, we report the first version of this tool and demonstrate its usefulness in estimating suitable biogas reactor size in a biorefinery.},
	keywords = {Bioreactor, circular economy, nutrient recycling, simulation, waste management},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1421},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1421},
	author = {Olli Koskela and Clemens Dempers and Maritta Kym{\"a}l{\"a}inen and Jarkko Nummela}
}
@article {1414,
	title = {SMEs and the Innovation Management Process:  A multi-level process conceptual framework},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {01/2021},
	pages = {22-33},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {22},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The aim of this paper is to propose a conceptual framework to manage the innovation process in small businesses. It is based on research from 11 case studies in the Montreal software industry using contingency and resource dependency theories. This conceptual framework provides a view of the innovation process that differs from the linear approach often used in many studies to investigate innovation in small and medium sized businesses (SMEs). The linear approach considers the process as a set of activities that includes developing from one stage to another, while depending on the previous one. We conceptualize the innovation process in small businesses as an interactive process that involves a set of six subprocesses and several keys points of resources mobilization, which requires interacting with both internal and external business actors. Successful mobilization of innovation resources at all key points determines the success or failure of SMEs{\textquoteright} innovation processes.},
	keywords = {innovation, Innovation management, innovation process, small business},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1414},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1414},
	author = {Angelo Dossou-Yovo and Christian Keen}
}
@article {1418,
	title = {A Year Acquiring and Publishing Drone Aerial Images in Research on Agriculture, Forestry, and Private Urban Gardens},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {02/2021},
	pages = {5-16},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {5},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Drone imaging has been shown to have increasing value in monitoring and analysing different kinds of processes related to agriculture and forestry. In long-term monitoring and observation tasks, huge amounts of image data are produced and stored. Environmental drone image datasets may have value beyond the studies that produced the data. A collection of image datasets from multiple data producers can, for example, provide more diverse training input for a machine learning model for vegetation classification, compared with a single dataset limited in time and location. To ensure reproducible research, research data such as image datasets should be published in usable and undegraded form, with sufficient metadata. Timely storage in a stable research data repository is recommended, to avoid loss of data. This work presents research datasets of 2020 drone images acquired from agricultural and forestry research sites of H{\"a}me University of Applied Sciences, and from H{\"a}meenlinna urban areas. Those images that do not contain personal data are made freely available under a Creative Commons Attribution license. For images containing personal data, such as images of private homes, privacy preserving forms of data sharing may be possible in the future.},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1418},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1418},
	author = {Olli Niemitalo and Eero Koskinen and Jari Hyv{\"a}luoma and Esa Lientola and Henrik Lindberg and Olli Koskela and Iivari Kunttu}
}
@article {1333,
	title = {Agile New Solution Development in Manufacturing Companies},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {03/2020},
	pages = {16-24},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {16},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This conceptual paper proposes a new agile solution development model for technology and manufacturing companies. The flexible model consists of five key phases: 1) new idea screening, 2) idea nurturing, 3) conversion of ideas into "good enough" solutions, 4) solution productization, and 5) solution revamping. These phases are iterative by nature and follow partial stage model logic, hence combining elements of both the waterfall and agile methods. For technology and manufacturing companies, the new model presents a new way to consider ideas related to new product, service, process, and business model development. It is framed in contrast with older models that are typically product oriented, which potentially restrict companies in the ability to strategically renew themselves fast enough in turbulent product-service markets.},
	keywords = {agile development, innovation practices, new service development (NSD), Open innovation, servitization and digital servitization, solution business, solution development},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	author = {Tuomas Huikkola and Marko Kohtam{\"a}ki}
}
@article {1338,
	title = {Agile Product Development Practices for Coping with Learning Paradox in R\&D Offshore Units},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {03/2020},
	pages = {70-78},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {70},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {R\&D offshoring involves the relocation of in-house R\&D activities to subsidiary units located in other countries, often associated with low-cost engineering work, to meet global operational requirements. The main motivation behind R\&D offshoring by global technology companies is usually to utilize local resources, knowledge, and competencies provided by geographically dispersed subsidiaries in the most effective manner, which in most cases involves high expectations for project performance. However, offshore units often have their own local interests, such as developing their activities to compete with the company{\textquoteright}s other global R\&D units, by not only building their project performance, but also demonstrating learning and innovativeness. This causes a learning paradox in which the R\&D unit is expected to possess capabilities for innovation and learning, while at the same time demonstrating a high product development performance. This paper presents a qualitative case study that analyzes how R\&D managers in the offshore units of a global technology company can cope with conflicting tensions between learning and performance. The results present a variety of coping practices that are based on developing local innovation strategies, constant learning, and supporting local innovation culture. The results also underline the meaning of agile working models in facilitating local innovation activities.},
	keywords = {Agile R\&D, Learning paradox, R\&D offshoring},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1338},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1338},
	author = {Janne Kuivalainen and Iivari Kunttu and Marko Kohtam{\"a}ki}
}
@article {1393,
	title = {Approaching a Data-Dominant Logic},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {10/2020},
	pages = {16-28},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {16},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This paper introduces the construct of "data-dominant logic". The findings of a multi-step exploratory study indicate that SME have an established mindset (dominant logic) that often hinders these firms from turning data in innovative products, services, and business models. The availability of large amounts of data and the use of this data through data science-driven practices has reached a stage when it now enables new and promising possibilities for firms to innovate. However, the actual use of data and data science insights has proven to be difficult for many companies. The firms under consideration in this paper recognize that the availability of data fundamentally changes their businesses. But also, they lack the appropriate culture, mindset, and business repertoire that would enable them to act by turning data into innovation. The paper concludes that firms first need to establish a new mindset in which data plays a central role. Here I term this mindset "data-dominant logic" (DDL). Future research is required to further concretize the construct beyond this introduction.},
	keywords = {Data science, data-dominant logic, dominant logic, empirical study, organizational and managerial requirements, SMEs},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1393},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1393},
	author = {Petra Kugler}
}
@article {1349,
	title = {Call for Papers: Aligning multiple stakeholder value propositions: the challenge of new companies  committed to scale early and rapidly},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {04/2020},
	pages = {80-82},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {80},
	address = {Ottawa},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1349},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1349},
	author = {Tony Bailetti and Christian Keen and Stoyan Tanev}
}
@article {1383,
	title = {Call for Papers: Digital Innovations in the Bioeconomy},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {09/2020},
	pages = {1},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {1},
	address = {Ottawa},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	author = {Iivari Kunttu}
}
@article {1311,
	title = {Ecosystem Value Creation and Capture: A Systematic Review of Literature and Potential Research Opportunities},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {01/2020},
	pages = {16-34},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {16},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Collaboration, co-creation, and competition are essential strategies for success in today{\textquoteright}s modern businesses. In comparison with former ways of doing business in isolation, ecosystems nowadays have created ample opportunities for generating significantly more values. However, there are also potential threats in the pathway towards success in ecosystems. Ecosystem value creation and capture (EVCC) has recently gained significant attention in the academic literature of business and management. Yet, due to the complex structures of ecosystems and ambiguity in understanding value creation and capture in ecosystems, the contributions heretofore are fragmented, where scholars analysed different aspects of EVCC. The present study offers a systematic review of the literature to shed light on the EVCC studies. The content analysis of a fine-grained sample of articles relevant to EVCC revealed that despite the initiation of discussions in 2007, the topic did not gain noticeable attention until 2016. A 150\% increase in the number of papers has since been observed. The paper contributes to the intersection of strategy and studies on EVCC by synthesizing existing knowledge, illuminating current EVCC research, and highlighting potential research avenues. },
	keywords = {ecosystem, strategy, Systematic literature review, value capture, value creation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1311},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1311},
	author = {Behrooz Khademi}
}
@article {1331,
	title = {Editorial: Rapid Product Development and R\&D (March 2020)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {03/2020},
	pages = {3-4},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {3},
	address = {Ottawa},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1331},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1331},
	author = {Iivari Kunttu and Charles Camarda and Antti Perttula}
}
@article {1334,
	title = {Enabling Rapid Product Development through Improved Verification and Validation Processes},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {03/2020},
	pages = {25-36},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {25},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Fierce competition in consumer electronics market has raised a lot of challenges for product development. Products now must enter to the market as fast as possible. The verification and validation (V\&V) process is normally the most resource-demanding activity in product development (PD), and thus also has huge potential for improvement. The V\&V process is traditionally executed near the end of the development process, and is one of the most critical activities because it identifies design errors. Error correction for a nearly complete product is often difficult and therefore can cause unexpected delays in product delivery. Performing V\&V activities in early phases of the PD process and utilising V\&V methods other than testing has proven to be a good approach to reduce risks associated with taking a long time to reach the market. However, V\&V can only be carried out when verifiable requirements exist. This paper focuses on the importance of moving V\&V activities to each phase of PD by defining the requirements for components and modules. In addition, we explore how some of product-level requirements can be verified before a product has been integrated, and explain the difference between definitions of verification and validation requirements. Finally, we present the idea of changing the focus of verification activities from being set-based in the early phase of development, to being point-based when the product is close to completion.},
	keywords = {agile, requirements, set-based design, validation, Verification},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1334},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1334},
	author = {Antti Perttula and Joni Kukkam{\"a}ki}
}
@article {1332,
	title = {Rapid Learning and Knowledge-Gap Closure During the Conceptual Design Phase {\textendash} Rapid R\&D},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {03/2020},
	pages = {5-15},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {5},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {New product development strategies, such as set-based concurrent engineering design (SBCED) or set-based design (SBD), have demonstrated improved ways to address knowledge gaps in alternate design concepts prior to the decision to select a single concept for development. Most of the corpus in this field addresses engineering product development that relies on systems and subsystems with years of prior experience in testing, development, and operation. These often have known or existing solutions, and use state-of-the-art (SOA), or near SOA technology. In addition, most papers do not dive into the details of how knowledge was attained to rapidly close critical knowledge gaps. This paper attempts to explain how a research-based method to construct knowledge can accelerate the knowledge capture critical for developing solutions to extremely challenging problems. This rapid R\&D methodology enables a rapid acquisition of critical knowledge to understand potential failure modes of concepts in a set-based way. Thus, it enables intelligent decisions for the selection of the final concept as well as the continuous maturation of parallel concepts. The continuous, parallel maturation of multiple concepts enables effective off-ramps in the design process as requirements and new knowledge arise in the course of the development program, without incurring excessive rework, cost growth, and schedule creep. The goal of this paper is to describe a method that accelerates the generation of critical knowledge early in the conceptual design phase, as a way to close knowledge gaps quickly, and thus enable intelligent design decisions and concept selections early in the product development cycle. The methodological descriptions are illustrated with case examples from NASA technology development.},
	keywords = {knowledge gaps, R\&D, Rapid product development, set-based design},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1332},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1332},
	author = {Charles J. Camarda and Stephen J. Scotti and Iivari Kunttu and Antti Perttula}
}
@article {1336,
	title = {Rapid Product Development in University-Industry Collaboration: Case Study of a Smart Design Project},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {03/2020},
	pages = {49-59},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {49},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {University-industry collaboration aims at mutually beneficial knowledge and technology exchange between higher education and business. Prototyping new products is one sweet spot where industry can gain new valuable knowledge and understanding of technology, while higher education institutions develop the skills and competences of students by encouraging them to work on authentic real-life problems. From the \&ldquo;design thinking\&rdquo; perspective, rapid product development can be defined as the creation of new products, in the shortest timescales possible, that meet the criteria of desirability, feasibility, and viability. This article addresses rapid product development by presenting a case study of developing prototypes in university-industry collaboration. As a result, the study highlights key design principles, such as the importance of involving teachers, business representatives, and students in collaborative project design, of focusing on the customers or service users who will benefit from the design, and of guiding students participating in co-creation activities. Presenting conclusions for both academics and the industry, the article contributes to design thinking and rapid product development in university-industry collaboration.},
	keywords = {co-creation, Co-creation pedagogy, design thinking, Rapid product development, University-Industry Collaboration},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1336},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1336},
	author = {Jari Jussila and Jukka Raitanen and Atte Partanen and Vesa Tuomela and Ville Siipola and Irma Kunnari}
}
@article {1337,
	title = {The Role of Academics, Users, and Customers in Industrial Product Development},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {03/2020},
	pages = {60-69},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {60},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Industrial research and development (R\&D) is often adopted as a leading strategy for innovation in high-technology firms. It has been recognized that collaboration with external actors has become increasingly crucial for R\&D practices in a world where product and service innovation are increasingly challenging for companies involved in knowledge-intensive technology areas. Thus, high-technology firms are increasingly engaging in collaborative relationships with external stakeholders to transfer valuable new knowledge for industrial purposes, or to create new knowledge through a joint learning process. These external stakeholders may include research institutes such as universities, customer firms, or end users of the firm{\textquoteright}s products or services. Academic involvement in industrial innovation projects has traditionally focussed on the early stages of a product{\textquoteright}s development process, when new ideas and innovations are being developed. On the other hand, the interaction between a firm and its customers takes place during the final stages of the R\&D process, when innovations are brought to market. In this paper, we explore how users and customers can be involved in university-industry collaboration projects from the beginning of the product development process. Based on a case study comprising five long-term university-industry collaborations in Finland, this paper presents collaborative practices through which academic actors, users, and industrial customers may actively take part in the industrial innovation processes.},
	keywords = {commercialization, customer involvement, stakeholder involvement, University-Industry Collaboration, user involvement},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1337},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1337},
	author = {Leena Kunttu and Yrj{\"o} Neuvo}
}
@article {1387,
	title = {Seeking {\textquoteright}Strategy{\textquoteright} in Business Intelligence Literature: Theorizing BI as part of strategy research},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {09/2020},
	pages = {??},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {??},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This paper connects the business intelligence (BI) literature with research in strategic management by plotting the existing research strands on BI: environmental scanning, competitive intelligence, executive information systems, and business intelligence, against the strategic dimensions of a) orientation (External vs. Internal), b) focus (Content vs. Process), and c) practice realms. The article accordingly offers a new re-conceptualization of BI as a strategic artifact across four strategic clusters: BI as a system, BI as a planned process, BI as a product, and BI as a decisional paradigm. This conceptual article contributes to the literature by integrating disparate views on BI and placing them within the content, process, and practice streams of strategy research.},
	keywords = {Business intelligence (BI), Conceptualization, definition., literature review, strategy as practice, strategy content, strategy process, strategy realms},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1387},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1387},
	author = {Yassine Talaoui and Marko Kohtam{\"a}ki and Risto Rajala}
}
@article {1369,
	title = {Technology Adaptation and Survival of SMEs: A Longitudinal Study of Developing Countries},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {06/2020},
	pages = {64-72},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {64},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In the current era of internationalizing business activities and globalizating markets, technology has become an essential tool for enhancing market competitiveness. With globalization, a country{\textquoteright}s economic and business scenarios can change drastically. Many companies have seized on opportunities to pursue, and sometimes achieve economies of scale. Especially in some countries, however, the technological revolution creates significant challenges for small business entrepreneurs. Technological development plays a pivotal role in making small and medium enterprises (SMEs) competitive, as well as leading to sustainable growth. Under such circumstances, it is relevant to consider a country{\textquoteright}s technological environment for ways that can lead SMEs towards sustainable development. In the present study, we explore the impact of volatility in technological environments on the sustainability of SMEs in developing countries with emerging economies. We use the Global Competitive Index Report for the period 2012-2016, in which six parameters were applied to define the technological environment of developing nations. Two factors, namely, institutional capabilities and external capabilities emerged as significant factors according to factor analysis. We also studied the impact of emerging factors in new technological environments on the sustainability of SMEs in the specific time period using a regression analysis. The results indicate that both institutional capabilities and external capabilities become significant when time is taken as a selection variable. The highly significance of the time variable indicates the dynamism of today{\textquoteright}s technological environments. As well, institutional capabilities were found to have a strong impact on a business{\textquoteright} sustainability, in comparison with external capabilities and the high level of technological volatility.},
	keywords = {developing countries, SME, sustainability, technological environment, technology readiness},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1369},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1369},
	author = {Supriyo Das and Amit Kundu and Arabinda Bhattacharya}
}
@article {1374,
	title = {Using Foresight to Shape Future Expectations in Circular Economy SMEs},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {07/2020},
	pages = {42-51},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {42},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Future foresight in business plays a central role in firms\&rsquo; strategic planning, innovation, and product development activities. This is particularly true for the firms that are operating in rapidly changing business environments, in which a firm may obtain significant competitive advantages by coming up with new innovations and customer solutions. This article studies future foresight mechanisms and practices in innovative SMEs operating in circular economy\&ndash;related industries. The future demands set by legislation and regulation, consumer buying behaviour, and environmental consciousness, all have a strong impact on an SME\&rsquo;s future horizon, in which there may be prosperous business opportunities as well as several challenges. This paper presents a qualitative case study conducted on seven Finnish circular economy-oriented SMEs. The case study reveals that the SMEs in this industrial sector are quite active in foresight activities, and that they have developed a variety of practices for effectively utilizing foresight information in their product development and strategic planning activities.},
	keywords = {circular economy, foresight, innovation, PESTEL, SMEs},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1374},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1374},
	author = {Anne-Mari J{\"a}rvenp{\"a}{\"a} and Iivari Kunttu and Mikko M{\"a}ntyneva}
}
@article {1365,
	title = {What Makes Value Propositions Distinct and Valuable to New Companies Committed to Scale Rapidly?},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {06/2020},
	pages = {14-27},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {14},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {One of the most valuable resources a company owns is the "portfolio of value propositions" to its diverse external stakeholders, such as customers, investors, and resource owners. In this article, we fill a gap in the value proposition literature by identifying features that make the value propositions of new companies different from other resources, along with factors that make them valuable. A value proposition is conceived as being what enables and improves business transactions between a new company and external stakeholders. We reason that two features in particular make value propositions of new companies distinct: (1) business transactions between a new company and one or more external stakeholders, and (2) investments to create and improve a new company{\textquoteright}s value propositions that enable business transactions. We provide a definition of "value proposition" and postulate that a value proposition will benefit a new company when it: (1) strengthens the new company{\textquoteright}s capabilities to scale; (2) increases demand for the new company{\textquoteright}s products and services; and (3) increases the number, diversity, and rapidity of external investments in the new company{\textquoteright}s value proposition portfolio.},
	keywords = {new company, scaling company value, scaling-up, value proposition, value proposition alignment},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1365},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1365},
	author = {Tony Bailetti and Stoyan Tanev and Christian Keen}
}
@article {1291,
	title = {Connected Health Innovation:  Data Access Challenges in the Interface of AI Companies and Hospitals},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {12/2019},
	pages = {43-55},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {43},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The purpose of this paper is to explore the challenges and potential solutions regarding data access for innovation in the realm of connected health. Theoretically, our study combines insights from data management and innovation network orchestration studies, taking thereby a new approach into issues that have emerged in these research streams. Empirically, we study these issues in the context of a development endeavor involving an AI-driven surgery journey solution in collaboration with hospitals and companies. Our study indicates that the challenges and solutions in data access can be categorised according to the level where they emerge: individual, organisational, and institutional. Depending on the level, the challenges require solutions to be searched from different categories. While solutions are generally still scarce, organizational level solutions seem The purpose of this paper is to explore the challenges and potential solutions regarding data access for innovation in the realm of connected health. Theoretically, our study combines insights from data management and innovation network orchestration studies, taking thereby a new approach into issues that have emerged in these research streams. Empirically, we study these issues in the context of a development endeavor involving an AI-driven surgery journey solution in collaboration with hospitals and companies. Our study indicates that the challenges and solutions in data access can be categorised according to the level where they emerge: individual, organisational, and institutional. Depending on the level, the challenges require solutions to be searched from different categories. While solutions are generally still scarce, organizational level solutions seem to hold wide-ranging potential in addressing many challenges. By discussing these dynamics, this paper provides new knowledge for academics and practitioners on the challenges and solutions for data access and management in networked contexts. The greatest challenges among healthcare providers and health technology companies lay on uncertainties and interpretations concerning regulation, data strategy, and guidelines. Creating guidelines for data use and access in a hospital can be a first step to creating connected health innovations in collaboration with AI companies. For their part, these companies need to put effort into gaining in-depth knowledge and understanding of the processes and standards in healthcare context. Our paper is one of the first to combine data management and innovation network orchestration literatures, and to provide empirical evidence on data access related issues in this setting.to hold wide-ranging potential in addressing many challenges. By discussing these dynamics, this paper provides new knowledge for academics and practitioners on the challenges and solutions for data access and management in networked contexts. The greatest challenges among healthcare providers and health technology companies lay on uncertainties and interpretations concerning regulation, data strategy, and guidelines. Creating guidelines for data use and access in a hospital can be a first step to creating connected health innovations in collaboration with AI companies. For their part, these companies need to put effort into gaining in-depth knowledge and understanding of the processes and standards in healthcare context. Our paper is one of the first to combine data management and innovation network orchestration literatures, and to provide empirical evidence on data access related issues in this setting.},
	keywords = {artificial intelligence, connected health, Data access, data management, governance, information mobility, innovation, orchestration, patient- centered},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1291},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1291},
	author = {Laura Kemppainen and Minna Pikkarainen and Pia Hurmelinna-Laukkanen and Jarmo Reponen}
}
@article {1233,
	title = {A Discipline-Spanning Overview of Action Research and Its Implications for Technology and Innovation Management},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {04/2019},
	pages = {48-65},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The iterative and learning character of action research is particularly beneficial for exploring complex socio-technical problems in technology and innovation management (TIM). In this respect, action research allows both rigorous and relevant research due to parallel solving of real-world problems, capability building, and gaining scientific insights. However, the use of action research within TIM research is surprisingly limited. Action research also is not a homogeneous research methodology since each research discipline, such as education and organizational science, has its own action research streams, which are often only loosely linked. A systematic overview of those action research traditions and specific best practices is still missing, which complicates a systematic transfer and use of action research in TIM. This article addresses this essential gap by building a cross-disciplinary overview of action research streams based on a bibliometric analysis using Scopus. The analysis includes relevant disciplines with action research traditions, their development over time, and the most influential journals, authors, institutions, and countries. Along with this discipline-spanning analysis, the article investigates particular TIM benefits and challenges of action research. The two key contributions of this article are: 1) a discipline-spanning overview of action research and its evolution and 2) an analysis of its implications for TIM research. These contributions build the basis for strengthening the use of action research in TIM. In the medium-term, action research has the capacity to link academia and industry more closely and, in doing so, assists important endeavours of translating more of our research outcomes into practice.},
	keywords = {action research, bibliometrics, discipline-spanning analysis, literature review, technology and innovation management},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1233},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1233},
	author = {Matthias Guertler and Nathalie Sick and Anton Kriz}
}
@article {1253,
	title = {The Ecosystem Knowledge Explorer: A Tool to Systematically Discover External Knowledge},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {07/2019},
	pages = {28-40},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {It is crucial for any organization to discover knowledge from ecosystem-specific sources of knowledge that are considered external to the organization. Since knowledge exploration is a resource-intensive task for organizations, untimely or excessive knowledge exploration have detrimental impacts on the innovativeness and competitiveness of organizations. The benefits of performance measurement and management tools for knowledge management in organizations have been known for many years now. Therefore, the application of similar tools in ecosystems may enable actors to have access to valuable external knowledge. However, there is a paucity of such tools in management scholarship. The purpose of this study is to bridge this gap by proposing a conceptual tool {\textendash} the Ecosystem Knowledge (EK) Explorer, which generates insightful knowledge for ecosystem actors using codified technical knowledge (e.g., scientific publications and patents). Not only does the EK Explorer reduce the uncertainty and fuzziness of the knowledge exploration phase for ecosystem actors, it also enables them to save resources and have access to strategic knowledge regarding competition, collaboration, technology management, and policy making in ecosystems. Bibliometric analysis, social network analysis, and text mining were used to conceptualize the constructs and measurable variables of the EK Explorer. },
	keywords = {ecosystem, knowledge management, performance measurement, social network analysis, text mining},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1253},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1253},
	author = {Behrooz Khademi}
}
@article {1263,
	title = {Editorial: Smart Cities (September 2019)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {09/2019},
	pages = {3-4},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {3},
	address = {Ottawa},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1263},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1263},
	author = {Iivari Kunttu}
}
@article {1216,
	title = {Innovation Ecosystems as Structures for Value Co-Creation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {02/2019},
	pages = {25-35},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Despite the many recent discussions on {\textquotedblleft}innovation ecosystems{\textquotedblright} as well as on open innovation or other co-innovation models, a more in-depth understanding of the multi-actor processes of value co-creation remains rather scarce. Hence, in this case study, we provide significant novel insight about innovation ecosystems as structures enabling multi-actor value co-creation in real-life innovation ecosystems. Based on our empirical findings, we identified two key principles: 1) in order to encourage the active participation of ecosystem actors in the value co-creation process, efforts must be made to ensure a clear vision and a shared value base on which the ecosystem activities can be built and 2) facilitation is needed to support the ecosystem actors to make new connections and to share their knowledge and resources in concrete ways. Most importantly, the more diversity there is among the ecosystem actors, the greater the support for innovativeness within the value co-creation process. },
	keywords = {ecosystems, innovation, platforms, value co-creation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = { http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1216},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1216},
	author = {Sanna Ketonen-Oksi and Katri Valkokari}
}
@article {1266,
	title = {Open Data and Open Source Enabling Smart City Development: A Case Study in H{\"a}me Region},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {09/2019},
	pages = {26-35},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {26},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Open data offers possibilities to accelerate both innovations and co-creation activities in cities and regions. Likewise, open source software development is an efficient way to create new services. Open data can be used to promote better information sharing and offers various opportunities for third-party developers. Co-creation improves the commitment of different stakeholders and ensures that the created solutions are based on real needs. For these reasons, it is only logical that these two themes are linked together in smart city activities. This paper presents a practical open data and co-creation development made in the region of H{\"a}me, Finland. This paper contributes to smart cities research by describing the development of two smart city services: the Tavastia Events API and "H{\"a}meenlinna in pocket" smartphone application. It describes strategies that facilitate beneficial participation and collaboration in smart city open data initiatives. Based on Linked Events, an open source solution developed for the city of Helsinki, modification and implementation were made to create a centralized and open service, to collect and publish event-related data via an application programming interface (API) in the H{\"a}me region. A smartphone application was then developed, making use of the developed Events API and other data sources, to provide citizens with the most common digital services, and a platform for digital participation in H{\"a}me.},
	keywords = {Smart city,},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1266},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1266},
	author = {Jari Jussila and Joni Kukkam{\"a}ki and Mikko M{\"a}ntyneva and Juuso Heinisuo}
}
@article {1267,
	title = {Open Strategy in a Smart City},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {09/2019},
	pages = {36-44},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {36},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {To attract new companies and a talented workforce in a way that increases income streams, cities are searching for strategic capabilities by using a variety of strategic practices. The present study participates in the theoretical debate between micro- and macro-strategizing by focusing on the interplay between the city organization and its institutional environment. As such, the study elucidates the open strategy process used in the strategy work of a medium-sized city in Finland. To make the strategy work open and encourage citizens\&rsquo; participation, the city decided to utilize crowdsourcing as a tool that was part of a broader strategy process to develop a city strategy in a participative manner. The present study analyzes the responses of almost 2000 citizens who addressed the role of an open strategy in developing a smart city. The study contributes by depicting how the open strategy was utilized in practice and what types of outcomes it produced.},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1267},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1267},
	author = {Suvi Einola and Marko Kohtam{\"a}ki and Harri Hietikko}
}
@article {1264,
	title = {Towards a Smart City Concept in Small Cities},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {09/2019},
	pages = {5-14},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {5},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The smart city concept brings together technology, government and different layers of society, utilizing technological enablers, such as the internet of things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI). These enablers, in turn, facilitate development of various aspects of the smart city including, e.g., transportation, governance, education, safety and communications. However, the transition towards smarter cities involves not only technological development but also the changing and evolving roles of citizens, service providers and city authorities. In this transition, the key issue is creating and growing roles of collaboration, participation and coordination. Whereas mainstream research focuses on smart city transformation in big cities, aspects of this transformation in the context of small cities has been a widely neglected topic. This paper presents three cases of smart city development in small cities in Finland, each concentrating on a different aspect of smart city development. The cases reveal how a relatively small-sized city may take remarkable steps in smart city development by selecting a specific theme on which to build smart city activities. These examples also emphasize the critical role of public sector actors, showing that the public sector has a key role in creating the foundations for fruitful ecosystem-based development work.},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1264},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1264},
	author = {Heikki Ruohomaa and Vesa Salminen and Iivari Kunttu}
}
@article {1149,
	title = {Approach for a Pattern-Based Development of Frugal Innovations},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {04/2018},
	pages = {14-27},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Emerging markets have become increasingly interesting for companies from industrialized countries, but the requirements in these markets differ dramatically from those in the companies{\textquoteright} traditional markets. New products and services are demanded {\textendash} so-called frugal innovations. Since the challenges for the development of frugal innovations are often quite similar {\textendash} for example, low income of the target customer, poor infrastructure, etc. {\textendash} the hypothesis appears that the solutions will also be similar. In our earlier TIM Review article (Lehner \& Gausemeier, 2016), we showed how solution patterns for frugal innovations can be derived. The article at hand summarizes those findings and supplements an innovation process for frugal innovation using the solution patterns. The validation based on the example of telemedical assistant systems shows the benefit of the pattern-based development of frugal innovations. The article addresses managers and engineers who plan to introduce frugal innovations, as well as university-based researchers interested in the development of frugal innovations.},
	keywords = {business model, emerging markets, frugal innovations, patterns, products and services},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1149},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1149},
	author = {Anne-Christin Lehner and Christian Koldewey and J{\"u}rgen Gausemeier}
}
@article {1143,
	title = {Data Science as an Innovation Challenge: From Big Data to Value Proposition},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {03/2018},
	pages = {16-25},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Analyzing {\textquotedblleft}big data{\textquotedblright} holds huge potential for generating business value. The ongoing advancement of tools and technology over recent years has created a new ecosystem full of opportunities for data-driven innovation. However, as the amount of available data rises to new heights, so too does complexity. Organizations are challenged to create the right contexts, by shaping interfaces and processes, and by asking the right questions to guide the data analysis. Lifting the innovation potential requires teaming and focus to efficiently assign available resources to the most promising initiatives. With reference to the innovation process, this article will concentrate on establishing a process for analytics projects from first ideas to realization (in most cases: a running application). The question we tackle is: what can the practical discourse on big data and analytics learn from innovation management? The insights presented in this article are built on our practical experiences in working with various clients. We will classify analytics projects as well as discuss common innovation barriers along this process. },
	keywords = {analytics, big data, digital innovation, idea generation, innovation process},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1143},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1143},
	author = {Victoria Kayser and Bastian Nehrke and Damir Zubovic}
}
@article {1134,
	title = {Editorial: Inclusive Innovation in Developed Countries (February 2018)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {02/2018},
	pages = {3-6},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {biotechnology, convergent innovation, food security, inclusive growth, inclusive innovation, maker spaces, Open innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1134},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1134},
	author = {Chris McPhee and R. Sandra Schillo and Louise Earl and Jeff Kinder}
}
@article {1164,
	title = {How Doctoral Students and Graduates Can Facilitate Boundary Spanning between Academia and Industry},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {06/2018},
	pages = {48-54},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The mobility of scientific competences from universities to industrial firms enables firms to absorb and utilize the knowledge developed in academia. However, too few young doctors are currently employed in industry, despite the fact that they could transfer and integrate valuable academic knowledge for industrial purposes and facilitate its utilization towards commercial ends. In this article, we investigate the role of doctoral students and graduates as academic boundary spanners by presenting three joint programs between universities and industrial players that facilitate and promote the industrial involvement of doctoral students and graduates. The cases highlight the meaning of university{\textendash}industry collaboration in doctoral education and present practical examples of how industrial firms may facilitate the transfer of academic knowledge to industry through jointly organized doctoral education and postdoctoral mobility programs. },
	keywords = {academic engagement, doctoral education, industrial engagement, knowledge transfer, university{\textendash}industry collaboration},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1164},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1164},
	author = {Leena Kunttu and Essi Huttu and Yrj{\"o} Neuvo}
}
@article {1190,
	title = {How to Build Competencies for a Data-Driven Business: Keys for Success and Seeds for Failure},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {10/2018},
	pages = {18-28},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Data analysis to create deep understanding and insights holds vast potential for innovation, but there is a severe shortage of data scientists. How then can a company create the competencies needed to obtain a competitive edge in the era of data-driven business? This article describes {\textquotedblleft}Data Driven Business{\textquotedblright}, a program developed to coach company teams in Finland in the use of an innovation platform combining data analysis and service design using real-life case projects. The results suggest that this approach is an efficient way to build data-analysis competencies in a company: after taking the 14-week coaching course, 58\% of the participating companies had launched a new product or service in the market within six months from the end of the course. After the program, a network called DOBit was established to share experiences among the members and to leverage data analysis and service thinking in society. This article describes the development and implementation of the course, its results and outcomes, and the keys for success and seeds for failure when attempting to build competencies for a data-driven business. },
	keywords = {best practices, case projects, data analysis, data-intensive services, design thinking, experiences, innovation platform, service design, service thinking, team building},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1190},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1190},
	author = {Jyrki Koskinen}
}
@article {1198,
	title = {Information Security Best Practices: First Steps for Startups and SMEs},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {11/2018},
	pages = {32-42},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article identifies important first steps toward understanding and implementing information security. From the broad selection of existing best practices, we introduce a lightweight yet comprehensive security framework with four useful first steps: identifying assets and risks; protecting accounts, systems, clouds, and data; implementing a continuity plan; and monitoring and reviewing. This article is intended primarily for startups and less mature companies, but it is likely to be of interest to any reader seeking an introduction to basic information security concepts and principles as well as their implementation.},
	keywords = {best practices, cybersecurity, information security, risk management, SMEs, startups},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1198},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1198},
	author = {Urpo Kaila and Linus Nyman}
}
@article {1202,
	title = {The Library Living Lab: A Collaborative Innovation Model for Public Libraries},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {12/2018},
	pages = {17-25},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {New models of governance advance towards participatory schemes in which citizens not only play an active role in decision-making processes but also the processes by which new products and services are defined and introduced. In parallel, technological innovations, and the new horizons of creativity that they allow, open a huge range of options to innovation in all areas of society, particularly in the cultural field. Under these two premises {\textendash} participation and innovation {\textendash} the Library Living Lab initiative was born at the Public Library of Miquel Batllori Volpelleres in Sant Cugat del Vall{\`e}s, Barcelona. The Library Living Lab is a space that gathers all stakeholders around the public library with the aim of exploring new methods and tools that allow us to enjoy culture both individually and collectively. This article describes how technology can be an enabling factor in a citizen-initiated grassroots project. The project implements a complete model of inter-institutional collaboration with all relevant actors around the living lab working group. The specific challenges of developing an open, flexible, and inter-connected space are identified, and the interaction dynamics based on a challenge{\textendash}action{\textendash}return methodology definition are described through practical examples. Our conclusions tackle the challenges of a horizon for the implementation of innovation initiatives {\textendash} such as living labs {\textendash} in public spaces. },
	keywords = {cultural spaces, innovation, library, Living lab, participatory, public spaces, technology},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1202},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1202},
	author = {Fernando Vilari{\~n}o and Dimosthenis Karatzas and Alberto Valcarce}
}
@article {1151,
	title = {Overcoming Barriers to Frugal Innovation: Emerging Opportunities for Finnish SMEs in Brazilian Markets},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {04/2018},
	pages = {38-48},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Frugal innovation has become a popular concept, in academia but also in industry at large. Although there has been a great deal of discussion about the relevance of frugal innovation to the developed world, the notion{\textquoteright}s full acceptance within small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) still seems far in the distance. The opportunities and barriers seen with practical implementation of frugal innovation during the development processes have received little attention. This article considers these opportunities and barriers in the context of Finnish SMEs, providing insight specifically into the approaches these companies take in Brazilian markets. Qualitative data were drawn from a case study forming part of an extensive action research-based development project called SCALA, aimed at creating suitable and scalable mobile learning services for global markets. The concepts of frugal innovation and proceeding from user needs {\textendash} essential parts of the development processes {\textendash} are examined by observing three Finnish SMEs and their top managers, with particular focus on their interaction with Brazilian partners. Development sessions and meetings shed light on how the companies perceived and responded to testing their products/services with six individual schools in Brazil. Although frugal innovation is seen as essential for guaranteeing long-term competitiveness of Finnish SMEs {\textendash} and access to rapidly growing, unsaturated emerging markets such as Brazil can be a step in the right direction {\textendash} our study highlights numerous barriers and ways to overcome them in the real-world implementation of frugality in SMEs{\textquoteright} development processes. },
	keywords = {barriers, Brazilian markets, Finnish SMEs, frugal innovation, opportunities},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1151},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1151},
	author = {Mirva Hyypi{\"a} and Rakhshanda Khan}
}
@article {1145,
	title = {To Internationalize or Not to Internationalize? A Descriptive Study of a Brazilian Startup},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {03/2018},
	pages = {38-46},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This study examines the failed internationalization experience of a Brazilian high-tech startup. The research methodology of the study is descriptive and aims to explore whether this startup should re-internationalize, despite an unsuccessful first experience. Based on interviews with the founders, it was found that the initial internationalization took place in an incipient way, in the heat of the moment. The lack of success with the initial internationalization did not shake the directors of the startup, who aim to return to internationalization, now in a consolidated way and counting on the advice of an investor. Despite its bitter first experience, should the startup try again? Through an analysis of the lessons learned from the startup{\textquoteright}s initial failure and insights from its consideration of a possible second attempt, this study contributes to the literature on competitiveness, internationalization, and international entrepreneurship.},
	keywords = {entrepreneurial, innovation, internationalization, startups, technology},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1145},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1145},
	author = {Flavia Luciane Scherer and Italo Fernando Minello and Cristiane Kr{\"u}ger and Andr{\'e}a Bach Rizzatti}
}
@article {1102,
	title = {Anticipating Alternative Futures for the Platform Economy},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {09/2017},
	pages = {6-16},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Despite the considerable hype around platforms, our understanding of what the platform economy means and what drivers will define future development trajectories is limited. Companies and policy makers have a great need to investigate what potential opportunities will arise from the platform economy. A shared perception of uncertainties and a strong vision are prerequisites for the development of the platform economy. In this article, we describe a systematic way to develop a resilient vision for a new platform ecosystem, both from the viewpoint of national policy makers and corporate strategy makers in the heavy engineering industry. The process uses morphological analysis for scenario development and robust portfolio modelling for creating resilient strategies. The results include a list of key uncertainties, three general scenarios (sustainable development by Europe; polarization driven by China and the United States; US-driven fast, unreliable growth) as well as steel-industry specific scenarios based on these uncertainties, elements of a resilient vision, and strategies for coping with the uncertainties described by the scenarios.},
	keywords = {foresight, morphological analysis, platform economy, platforms, portfolio modelling, resilience, scenarios, strategy},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1102},
	author = {Mikko Dufva and Raija Koivisto and Leena Ilmola-Sheppard and Seija Junno}
}
@article {1103,
	title = {The Core Interaction of Platforms: How Startups Connect Users and Producers},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {09/2017},
	pages = {17-29},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The platform economy is disrupting innovation while presenting both opportunities and challenges for startups. Platforms support value creation between multiple participant groups, and this operationalization of an ecosystem{\textquoteright}s value co-creation represents the {\textquotedblleft}core interaction{\textquotedblright} of a platform. This article focuses on that core interaction and studies how startups connect producers and users in value-creating core interaction through digital platforms. The study is based on an analysis of 29 cases of platform startups interviewed at a leading European startup event. The studied startups were envisioning even millions of users and hundreds or thousands of producers co-creating value on their platforms. In such platform businesses, our results highlight the importance of attracting a large user pool, providing novel services to those users, offering a new market for producers, supporting the core interaction in various ways, and utilizing elements of the platform canvas {\textendash} an adaptation of the business model canvas, which we have accommodated for platform-based business models {\textendash} to accomplish these goals.},
	keywords = {core interaction, digital platforms, multisided markets, platform business, platform canvas, slush event, startups, value creation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1103},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1103},
	author = {Heidi M. E. Korhonen and Kaisa Still and Marko Sepp{\"a}nen and Miika Kumpulainen and Arho Suominen and Katri Valkokari}
}
@article {1119,
	title = {Designing a Business Model for Environmental Monitoring Services Using Fast MCDS Innovation Support Tools},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {11/2017},
	pages = {36-46},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The free availability of open data provides opportunities to start new businesses and gain business intelligence. However, although data is often used to support decisions and actions, the possibilities offered by modern sensor technologies with connections to cloud-based data collection services are not being effectively capitalized. Data collection systems are also not generally open source solutions, even though open and flexibly adjustable systems would broaden the opportunities for solutions and larger revenue streams. In this article, we used action research methods to discover new business opportunities in a semi-open information system that utilizes environmental monitoring data. We applied a four-stage innovation process for industry, which included context definition, idea generation, and selection, and produced multi-criteria decision support (MCDS) data to help the design of business model. This was done to reveal business opportunities for an environmental monitoring service. Among these opportunities, one service-style business model canvas was identified as feasible and selected for further development. We identified items that are needed in the commercialization process of environmental monitoring services. Our process combines open environmental monitoring data, participative innovation process, and MCDS support, and it supports and accelerates a co-creative business model creation process that is cost-beneficial in terms of saving time. The results are applicable to the creation of an open data information system that supports data-driven innovation.},
	keywords = {business model, data collection, environmental monitoring, MCDS, open data, service innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1119},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1119},
	author = {Tuomo Eskelinen and Teemu R{\"a}s{\"a}nen and Ulla Santti and Ari Happonen and Miika Kajanus}
}
@article {1124,
	title = {Educational Involvement in Innovative University{\textendash}Industry Collaboration},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {12/2017},
	pages = {14-22},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The positive link between university research and industrial innovation has been widely recognized among academics and industrial practitioners. A remarkable volume of previous research emphasizes the importance of the transfer of academic knowledge into the industrial domain. In this sense, it is surprising that the role of university education is an almost neglected topic in the research concerning university{\textendash}industry collaboration, despite education and the creation of knowledge being a primary goal of universities and providing great potential in terms of improving competences. This study presents a case study that analyzes educational involvement in nine long-term university{\textendash}industry relationships. In all the cases, the research collaboration between industrial firm and university research group is directly associated with close educational involvement. The aim of the case analysis is to understand mechanisms and practices of educational collaboration that facilitate relational learning and innovation development in university{\textendash}industry relationships. The forms of educational involvement studied in this article include student projects, thesis projects, jointly organized courses, and tailored degree courses. The findings of the study reveal a number of educational collaboration practices that may facilitate relational learning, creation of new knowledge, as well as innovation development in university{\textendash}industry relationships.},
	keywords = {academic involvement, educational involvement, innovation, knowledge transfer, university{\textendash}industry collaboration},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1124},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1124},
	author = {Leena Kunttu}
}
@article {1062,
	title = {A Managerial Decision Tool for R\&D Outsourcing and Partner Selection in High-Technology Industries},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {03/2017},
	pages = {25-32},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Deciding which tasks and projects are best performed in-house and which should be outsourced to external suppliers are, alongside the supplier selection process, among the key challenges for R\&D managers operating in high-technology firms. This study presents a decision tool for evaluating whether to pursue R\&D tasks in-house or to outsource them. The tool also helps R\&D managers to evaluate which of the supplier candidates would be best suited to undertake the task to be outsourced. The tool is based on four views of evaluation that have both managerial and theoretical roots: identity, dependence, efficiency, and competence. The tool has been developed in a qualitative multiple case study based on R\&D supplier relationships and has been empirically tested in an R\&D organization.},
	keywords = {decision tool, outsourcing, partner selection, research and development, supplier involvement},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1062},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1062},
	author = {Iivari Kunttu}
}
@article {1053,
	title = {Methods for Supporting Older Users in Communicating Their Emotions at Different Phases of a Living Lab Project},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {02/2017},
	pages = {7-19},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In this article, we focus on living lab methods that support the elicitation of emotions {\textendash} a key success factor in whether a design solution will be accepted and taken up over the long term. We demonstrate the use of emotional goal models to help understand what is relevant for a target user group in the early phases of design. We promote animations and storyboards to envision the context of use and to gain an understanding of how design ideas can integrate into people{\textquoteright}s lives. For the evaluation of ideas and to further understand user needs, we show how technology probes facilitate natural interactions with a suggested solution concept. All methods have in common that they enable older adults without design or development experience to participate in the design process and work towards a meaningful solution by helping to communicate feelings and goals that are often hard to define. Lastly, we present a process model that demonstrates our emotion-led design toolkit at various phases of a living lab process. },
	keywords = {aging well, co-design methods, emotion-led design, expressing emotions, Living lab, personal alarm systems},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1053},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1053},
	author = {Sonja Pedell and Alen Keirnan and Gareth Priday and Tim Miller and Antonette Mendoza and Antonio Lopez-Lorca and Leon Sterling}
}
@article {1091,
	title = {Q\&A. Are Universities Ready for Knowledge Commercialization?},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {07/2017},
	pages = {63-68},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {commercialization, entrepreneurship, knowledge, research, technology transfer, universities},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1091},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1091},
	author = {Mohammad Saud Khan}
}
@article {1083,
	title = {A University{\textendash}Industry Collaborative Entrepreneurship Education Program as a Trading Zone: The Case of Osaka University},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {06/2017},
	pages = {38-49},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Two complementary problems are that busy practitioners find it difficult to access academic knowledge and university students lack practical experience. University{\textendash}industry collaborative education is a potential solution for both of these problems by bringing together theoretical insights from universities and experiential know-how from industry. However, university{\textendash}industry collaborative education has not been sufficiently studied to offer clear frameworks and mechanisms to foster effective knowledge exchanges between these two groups. In this article, we propose the metaphor of a {\textquotedblleft}trading zone{\textquotedblright} as a potential analytical framework for implementing this method of education. Applying this framework to the analysis of a university{\textendash}industry collaborative education program, this study proposes that the exchange of knowledge between students and practitioners is the essential learning experience and that it is made more meaningful by the heterogeneity between students and practitioners. The shared language provided by the program and those who deliver it make the exchanges efficient, and the temporary and extraordinary nature of the program accelerate those exchanges. Here, we analyze the case of Osaka University in Japan to illustrate the framework and develop associated propositions to encourage further study and validation of the framework.},
	keywords = {entrepreneurship education, experiential learning, technology commercialization, trading zone, university{\textendash}industry collaboration},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1083},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1083},
	author = {Koichi Nakagawa and Megumi Takata and Kosuke Kato and Terumasa Matsuyuki and Toshihiko Matsuhashi}
}
@article {1082,
	title = {Using Artificial Intelligence and Web Media Data to Evaluate the Growth Potential of Companies in Emerging Industry Sectors},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {06/2017},
	pages = {25-37},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In this article, we describe our efforts to adapt and validate a web search and analytics tool {\textendash} the Gnowit Cognitive Insight Engine {\textendash} to evaluate the growth and competitive potential of new technology startups and existing firms in the newly emerging precision medicine sector. The results are based on two different search ontologies and two different samples of firms. The first sample includes established drug companies operating in the precision medicine field and was used to estimate the relationship between the firms{\textquoteright} innovativeness and the extent of online discussions focusing on their potential growth. The second sample includes new technology firms in the same sector. The firms in the second sample were used as test cases to determine whether their growth-related web search scores would relate to the degree of their innovativeness. The second part of the study applied the same methodology to the real-time monitoring of the firms{\textquoteright} competitive actions. In our findings, we see that our methodology reveals a moderate degree of correlation between the Insight Engine{\textquoteright}s algorithmically computed relevance scores and independent measures of innovation potential. The existence of such correlations invites future work in attempting to analyze company growth potential using techniques founded in web content scraping, natural language processing, and machine learning.},
	keywords = {analytics, artificial intelligence, business intelligence, entrepreneurship, online textual data, precision medicine sector, startup growth potential},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1082},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1082},
	author = {Andrew Droll and Shahzad Khan and Ehsanullah Ekhlas and Stoyan Tanev}
}
@article {993,
	title = {All Australian Regions Are Not Born Equal: Understanding the Regional Innovation Management Sandpit},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {06/2016},
	pages = {11-23},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In this article, we highlight and challenge an overly simplistic assessment of regions and regional innovation systems in Australia. Treating each region and place as equal and prescribing blanket policy is anathema to the reality. Having argued that places are not equivalent, we then move on to highlight that commonalities at a deeper institutional level are possible. We draw on fieldwork and ongoing action research from the Australian regions of Hunter and Central Coast (New South Wales) and Northern Tasmania. Results of the theory and case work have been instrumental in the development of 11 structural attributes of a regional innovation management (RIM) sandpit framework. The framework provides attributes but also important process insights related to regional programs, enterprise development, and project innovations. Although developing from the Australian context, we expect that the RIM Sandpit and its place-based insights can be generalized to other regions around the world.},
	keywords = {action research, constructed advantage, phronesis, pivot, quadruple helix, regional innovation management sandpit, RIS3, smart specialization, strategic management, triple helix},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/993},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/993},
	author = {Anton Kriz and Courtney Molloy and Alexandra Kriz and Sabrina Sonntag}
}
@article {1010,
	title = {Audience Commodification: A Source of Innovation in Business Models},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {08/2016},
	pages = {40-47},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article reports on a research project aimed at developing a business model by changing the value-creation mechanism. The essence of this change is to persuade customers to perform actions in favour of the service provider. Such actions include responding to advertising clips to unlock value. The business model was generated from the concept of audience commodification and is based on the idea of looking at users as a source of a tradeable asset in business-to-business markets. Here, attention and actions are the assets that users pay to access the proposed value. The research includes two phases of surveys and experimentation. In the first phase, the tendency and acceptance level of users towards watching advertisements to unlock value are measured. In the next phase, a platform prototype is developed to test and understand user actions towards receiving value. The sample includes 52 users of different nationalities who were seeking relationships on an online dating platform. Results revealed that users accept advertising and will perform requested actions if they can perceive the delivered value. Practical implications of this research include insights to help move away from the current {\textquotedblleft}view-based{\textquotedblright} advertising model toward new models of partnership with users in the value-creation process. This research may also stimulate further research into developing sustainable business models based on advertising revenue. },
	keywords = {audience commodification, business model, innovation, technology entrepreneurship, value marketing},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1010},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1010},
	author = {Datis Khajeheian}
}
@article {1041,
	title = {Collaborative Innovation with External Actors: An Empirical Study on Open Innovation Platforms in Smart Cities},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {12/2016},
	pages = {49-60},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Despite the rapid increase of public{\textendash}private{\textendash}people partnership (PPPP) programs at the global scale, the scientific knowledge of collaborative innovation in cities is scarce. All smart city initiatives emphasize collaborative innovation for better services and products to address the needs and problems of modern cities. Indeed, there is an evident need for both scientific and practical knowledge in this area. Based on an extensive empirical study of open innovation platforms in smart cities, this article seeks to address this knowledge gap by increasing the knowledge of opportunities and challenges of collaborative innovation between a city and external actors, including companies, third sector organizations, research institutions, and citizens. The opportunities relate to novel services, products, and solutions, as well as economic gains, regional development, and systemic and process improvements. The challenges relate to city governments and external actors.},
	keywords = {collaboration, collaborative innovation, innovation intermediaries, innovation platform, PPPP, public innovation, public{\textendash}private{\textendash}people partnership, smart city, urban development},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1041},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1041},
	author = {Jukka Ojasalo and Heini Kauppinen}
}
@article {1039,
	title = {The Cuckoo{\textquoteright}s Nest Approach for Co-Creating Business Ecosystems in Smart Cities},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {12/2016},
	pages = {26-37},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The development of business ecosystems in smart cities is currently hampered by the absence of established approaches for facilitating long-term value and sustainability. In our view, the underlying reason is the lack of collective action involving various organizations in the design process. Collective action for the good of the whole ecosystem does not take place in existing participatory practices because of the dominating role of a single customer or designer organization (in urban development projects typically the owner-developer or lead architect), who uses their bargaining and decision-making power over others. This leads to sub-optimal behaviour where the system is optimized for the goals of one strong organization instead of collectively developed system-level goals of the business ecosystem as a whole. The Cuckoo{\textquoteright}s Nest approach addresses this problem by inviting various expert organizations to design the system and assigning each organization design rights for the ecosystem and its system-level goal. The Cuckoo{\textquoteright}s Nest approach enhances collective action among the organizations by making individuals from various organizations consider the interests, goals, objectives, and value-adding elements of other organizations {\textendash} not just those of their own organizations. With the Cuckoo{\textquoteright}s Nest approach, the business ecosystem comes first, and single organizations{\textquoteright} goals or specific design features come second. This article discusses the outcomes of two workshops where the Cuckoo{\textquoteright}s Nest approach was used for the purpose of developing business ecosystems in connection with smart city development projects within the Helsinki Metropolitan Area. We outline the steps involved in the Cuckoo{\textquoteright}s Nest approach and how they were applied in these two smart city projects, and we describe how it is being refined for further use in other locations and contexts.},
	keywords = {business ecosystem, business network, campus development, co-creation, co-design, collective action, Cuckoo{\textquoteright}s Nest Approach, participatory planning, smart cities, sustainability},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1039},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1039},
	author = {Karlos Artto and Riikka Kyr{\"o} and Tuomas Ahola and Antti Peltokorpi and Kristiina Sandqvist}
}
@article {1032,
	title = {The Smart City Ecosystem as an Innovation Model: Lessons from Montreal},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {11/2016},
	pages = {26-31},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Innovations are not confined to new technologies designed to improve the manufacturing processes of a product or the provision of a service. In a context of postmodernity, the new innovation paradigm calls on organizations to choose the best innovation strategies for their broader purposes. Today, such strategies usually involve adopting organizational structures that enable better collaboration with the stakeholders of an ecosystem. This article focuses on the smart city of Montreal {\textendash} selected as the 2016 Intelligent Community of the Year by the Intelligent Community Forum {\textendash} as a model of innovation. The aim is to understand the distinction between "the smart city" and "the smart destination", despite the omnipresence of tourism projects in smart city development plans. Among the key lessons are the importance of engaging tourism stakeholders and the role of a dedicated organization to develop and implement the city{\textquoteright}s unique vision.},
	keywords = {ecosystem, innovation, Montreal, smart cities, smart destination, stakeholders},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1032},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1032},
	author = {Mohamed Reda Khomsi}
}
@article {958,
	title = {Urban Living Labs for Sustainability in Suburbs in Need of Modernization and Social Uplift},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {01/2016},
	pages = {27-34},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {A number of urban living labs have been set up in recent years, with the aim of developing innovation processes within a multi-stakeholder partnership in an urban context. Several urban living labs focus on sustainable development, which is a visible and urgent issue in less valued suburbs in need of modernization and social uplift. We argue that, when applying the living labs approach in the context of sustainable development in suburbs, the primary focus should be society{\textquoteright}s collective goals, as expressed through municipalities and users. The aim of this article is to show examples of how urban living labs can be applied in less valued suburbs in order to contribute to sustainability based on societal goals. We build on analyses from the research project SubUrbanLab, where urban living labs were set up in Alby and Peltosaari, two suburban areas in Sweden and Finland, respectively. We draw lessons regarding how to use urban living labs for sustainable development in order to create favourable conditions for ongoing engagement with the municipality and users towards long-term sustainability. },
	keywords = {city, Living lab, suburb, sustainability, urban},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/958},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/958},
	author = {Katarina Buhr and Maija Federley and Anja Karlsson}
}
@article {1002,
	title = {Value Network Design for Innovations: Developing Alternative Value Network Drafts},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {07/2016},
	pages = {21-33},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Information technology increasingly permeates established products and services, thereby making them "smart". For companies, this trend necessitates new know-how in unknown fields. Hence, traditional manufacturing companies are increasingly forced to cooperate with new players within new value networks. In contradiction to value chains, value networks oftentimes exhibit no clear hierarchies and are characterized by rather weak ties between the participating players. For a company that wants to create smart products or services, the key challenge is arranging the value network such that the customer obtains a unique value while all participants profit from their engagement. In doing so, companies have to find new partners (companies, research institutes, etc.). In this article, we present a methodology to design value networks for innovations, including approaches to identify necessary competences, find suitable partners, and bundle them to powerful alternative value networks.},
	keywords = {innovations, inter-company collaboration, Internet of Things, value networks},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1002},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1002},
	author = {Martin Kage and Marvin Drewel and J{\"u}rgen Gausemeier and Marcel Schneider}
}
@article {942,
	title = {3D Printing and Its Disruptive Impacts on Supply Chains of the Future},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {11/2015},
	pages = {20-25},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {3D printing technology has emerged as one of the most disruptive innovations to impact the global supply chain and logistics industry. The technology is impacting our personal and professional lives, with some claiming that the technology will revolutionize and replace existing manufacturing technologies, while others argue that the technology merely enhances some aspects of the production process. Whether evolutionary or revolutionary, 3D printing technology is recognized as a striking trend that will significantly impact supply chains. Although the expansion of 3D printing in the private consumer market is an interesting development in its own right, the biggest potential for disruption lies in industrial applications and how 3D printing will influence supply chains of the future. In this article, we examine the areas of the supply chain most likely to be disrupted by 3D printing technology and we identify the key questions that must be answered in a roadmap for future research and practice. While we seek answers to these questions, we suggest that managers should develop a flexible change management strategy to mitigate the effects of disruption to their future supply chains and take advantage of the resulting opportunities. Those that do nothing will be left wanting, because the influence of 3D printing technology on supply chains is expected to grow. },
	keywords = {3D printing, additive manufacturing, disruptive innovation, logistics, supply chain},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/942},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/942},
	author = {Sebastian Mohr and Omera Khan}
}
@article {884,
	title = {Editorial: Cyber-Resilience in Supply Chains (April 2015)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {04/2015},
	pages = {3-5},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {cyber-attacks, cyber-resilience, cyber-risk, cybersecurity, resilience, supply chains},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/884},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/884},
	author = {Chris McPhee and Omera Khan}
}
@article {932,
	title = {Making Smart Regions Smarter: Smart Specialization and the Role of Universities in Regional Innovation Ecosystems},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {10/2015},
	pages = {7-15},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {What makes a "smart region" smarter? We argue that it is the active orchestration of the regional ecosystem around concepts such as knowledge co-creation and exploitation, opportunity exploration, and capacity building. Simply adding to the proliferation of software developers in the area, stimulating the activities of business clusters around information technology, and providing digitally enabled services for citizens is not enough to make a region smarter. Smartness is enhanced by a well-orchestrated regional innovation ecosystem with a strong "smart specialization strategy" that leverages the new societal roles played by universities. In this article, we describe the European Commission{\textquoteright}s program for research and innovation strategies for smart specialization (RIS3) and show how the Helsinki Region in Finland is using smart specialization, ecosystem orchestration, and the active role of universities to enhance regional innovation and the "smartness" of the region. These activities are discussed in the context of policy documents and strategy papers from regional, national, and European authorities, which illustrates some differences between papers and practice. This is work in progress, and based on early results, we draw initial conclusions about how putting policy into practice can make smart regions smarter.},
	keywords = {innovation, innovation ecosystems, quadruple helix, role of universities, smart cities, smart regions, smart specialisation, smart specialization, societal innovation, triple helix},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/932},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/932},
	author = {Markku Markkula and Hank Kune}
}
@article {937,
	title = {Orchestrators of Innovation-Driven Regional Development: Experiences from the INNOFOKUS Project and Change2020 Programme},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {10/2015},
	pages = {52-62},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The article takes a practical view of regional innovation ecosystems and presents ways to advance more efficient uses of public funding instruments by regional developers. Documenting the views of Finnish regional developers into two workbooks and a toolbox, the results of the INNOFOKUS project and its Change2020 development programme identified that promoting a high-impact project culture and smart specialization in Finland requires a continuous learning and participation process. Key individuals who can make this happen are innovation orchestrators who facilitate activities and compose the big picture. This article aims to bring forth an overview of the building blocks of an enriching and energizing environment and high-impact projects, and it presents an overview of how to enable the work of innovation orchestrators, who play a critical role in facilitating innovation ecosystems.},
	keywords = {agile project development, experimentation-driven development, high-impact projects, orchestrator, regional development, regional innovation ecosystem, smart specialisation, smart specialization},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/937},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/937},
	author = {Mervi Rajahonka and Toni Pienonen and Riikka Kuusisto and Jari Handelberg}
}
@article {927,
	title = {The Organization of Living Labs: Coordinating Activities for Regional Innovation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {09/2015},
	pages = {23-28},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article contributes to the ongoing knowledge from the first decade of operating living labs with a study on the coordination of novel innovation activities in living labs. The article provides an organizational model for living labs to order the activities that eventually will allow the conceptualization of living labs as innovation systems, thus giving user involvement a more central role in innovation process theories. This article shows how innovation networks systematically align their activities to reliably achieve their objectives. Next to this interpretivist theoretical contribution, the article contributes relevant practical insights to technology innovation management practitioners based on in-depth living lab cases that exhibit interesting, relevant, and new activities.},
	keywords = {activities, co-creation, ideation, innovation systems, living labs, processes, venturing},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/927},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/927},
	author = {Bernhard R. Katzy and Claudia B{\"u}cker}
}
@article {897,
	title = {Q\&A. Does a Software Development Firm Need an Open Source Policy?},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {05/2015},
	pages = {45-46},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {open source license compliance, open source management, security vulnerabilities},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/897},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/897},
	author = {Hassib Khanafer}
}
@article {885,
	title = {Supply Chain Cyber-Resilience: Creating an Agenda for Future Research},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {04/2015},
	pages = {6-12},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Supply chains have become more vulnerable in recent years, and high-profile cyber-attacks that have crippled the supply chains of well-known companies reveal that the point of entry for hackers is often through the weakest link in the chain. Exacerbated by growing complexity and the need to be visible, these supply chains share vital streams of information every minute of the day, thereby becoming an easy and highly lucrative target for talented criminals, causing financial losses as well as damaging brand reputation and value. Companies must therefore invest in supply chain capabilities to withstand cyber-attacks (i.e., cyber-resilience) in order to guard against potential threats. They must also embrace the reality that this often-unknown dimension of risk is the "new normal". Although interest on this topic has grown in the business world, less has been reported by the academic community. One reason for this could be due to the convergence of two different disciplines, information technology and supply chains, where supply chain cyber-risk and cyber-resilience appear to have a natural fit. The topic of cyber-resilience in supply chains is still in early stages of development, and this is one of the first journals to focus a special issue on it. Currently, the closest academic literature is within the realms of supply chain risk and resilience, where numerous models and frameworks exist. In this article, this literature is explored to identify whether these models can incorporate the dimension of cyber-risk and cyber-resilience. In doing so, we create a research agenda for supply chain cyber-resilience and provide recommendations for both academia and practice. },
	keywords = {cyber-risk, cybersecurity, resilience, supply chain management, theoretical foundation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/885},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/885},
	author = {Omera Khan and Daniel A. Sep{\'u}lveda Estay}
}
@article {945,
	title = {TIM Lecture Series {\textendash} Creating Life-Saving Media as a Social Entrepreneur},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {11/2015},
	pages = {40-42},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {animation, culture shift, film, global health, humanitarian, media, public health, social entrepreneurship, social innovation, societal issues},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/945},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/945},
	author = {Firdaus Kharas}
}
@article {925,
	title = {Using Entrepreneurial Marketing to Foster Reseller Adoption of Smart Micro-Grid Technology},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {09/2015},
	pages = {5-16},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article investigates how entrepreneurial marketing can encourage resellers to adopt smart micro-grid technology. An online survey based on the literature on user adoption and entrepreneurial marketing was used to gather data from 99 power systems resellers. The data were analyzed using the partial least squares method to validate a model of the relationships between reseller{\textquoteright}s antecedents and intention to adopt smart micro-grid technology, and the role of vendor{\textquoteright}s entrepreneurial marketing in the adoption. The results suggest that user adoption models can only partially be applied to the reseller context, and future research should develop models that can further explain reseller{\textquoteright}s decision making with regards to becoming involved in an emerging technology. As to the implications for practice, vendors need to demonstrate proactive entrepreneurial marketing, particularly entrepreneurial orientation, to increase the performance expectancy perceived by their resellers by increasing awareness and understanding of smart micro-grid technology to cultivate its diffusion.},
	keywords = {entrepreneurial marketing, power systems, resellers, smart micro-grid, technology adoption},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/925},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/925},
	author = {Hamidreza Kavandi and Mika Westerlund}
}
@article {895,
	title = {Viability Radar: A Practical Tool for Assessing the Viability of Transformative Service Innovations in a Healthcare Context},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {05/2015},
	pages = {17-30},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article develops and showcases the viability radar, which is designed to assess the innovation potential of transformative service ideas. Based on service research and innovation literature, we highlight the importance of novel simplifying technology, supporting value networks, cost-effective business models, and regulatory environments that enable the renewal of prevailing market practices. We operationalize the radar with a set of questions and assess the innovation potential of three pilot cases of new transformative healthcare services. },
	keywords = {business model, ecosystem, healthcare, innovation, institutionalization, technology, transformative service, viability, viability assessment, viability radar},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/895},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/895},
	author = {Marikka Heikkil{\"a} and Jouni Saarni and Valtteri Kaartemo and Aki Koponen}
}
@article {846,
	title = {Cyber-Attack Attributes},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {11/2014},
	pages = {22-27},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Cyber-attacks threaten our ability to use the Internet safely, productively, and creatively worldwide and are at the core of many security concerns. The concept of cyber-attacks, however, remains underdeveloped in the academic literature. To advance theory, design and operate databases to support scholarly research, perform empirical observations, and compare different types of cyber-attacks, it is necessary to first clarify the attributes of the {\textquotedblleft}concept of cyber-attack{\textquotedblright}. In this article, attributes of cyber-attacks are identified by examining definitions of cyber-attacks from the literature and information on ten high-profile attacks. Although the article will be of interest to a broad community, it will be of particular interest to senior executives, government contractors, and researchers interested in contributing to the development of an interdisciplinary and global theory of cybersecurity. },
	keywords = {attack characteristics, attributes, cyber-attack, cybersecurity},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/846},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/846},
	author = {Mehdi Kadivar}
}
@article {758,
	title = {Overcoming Barriers to Collaboration in an Open Source Ecosystem},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {01/2014},
	pages = {18-27},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Leveraging open source practices provides value to businesses when entrepreneurs and managers understand how to collaborate effectively in an open source ecosystem. However, the complex mix of different actors and varying barriers to effective collaboration in the ecosystem pose a substantial challenge. How can a business create and capture value if it depends on effective collaboration among these different groups? In this article, we review the published research on open source collaboration and reveal insights that will be beneficial to entrepreneurs and managers. We organize the published research into four streams based upon the following actor groups: i) governance actors, ii) competitors, iii) complementors, and iv) the core community. Then, through induction and synthesis, we identify barriers to collaboration, first by ecosystem and then by actor group. Finally, we offer six recommendations for identifying and overcoming barriers to collaboration in an open source ecosystem.},
	keywords = {business ecosystem, collaboration, collaboration barriers, communities, competitors, complementors, core community, governance, open source},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/758},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/758},
	author = {Derek Smith and Asrar Alshaikh and Rawan Bojan and Anish Kak and Mohammad Mehdi Gharaei Manesh}
}
@article {792,
	title = {The Promoting Force of Technology for Service Innovation in High-Tech Industries},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {05/2014},
	pages = {40-49},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article focuses on the interaction between the development of technology and service innovation. It goes {\textquotedblleft}back to the basics{\textquotedblright} by analyzing the first theoretical contributions to the service innovation literature from the late 1980s. These contributions were heavily technologically oriented: they aimed at bringing the results of technological innovation to the realm of services. More specifically, we focus on the model of {\textquotedblleft}reverse innovation cycle{\textquotedblright} on one hand, and on the first innovation-specific categorization of services on the other. The latter introduced the division into supplier-dominated, production-intensive/scale-intensive, and science-based services. Our purpose is to examine in which ways these theoretical approaches could promote our understanding about the new phenomena of technology-service interaction in innovation. In the second part of the article, we apply these approaches in five case studies that originate from different service industries and that differ in size and technologies. The findings of the analysis demonstrate that the applicability of the approaches to the case studies depends on several factors including the kind of technology involved in the innovation activities, the stage of development of this technology, and the type of service. },
	keywords = {case studies, dynamic model of process and product innovation, reverse innovation cycle, service innovation, technology, technology adoption, technology development, typologies},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/792},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/792},
	author = {Silvia Gliem and Janny Klabuhn and Nadine Litwin}
}
@article {785,
	title = {TIM Lecture Series {\textendash} The Business of Cybersecurity},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {04/2014},
	pages = {53-57},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {analytics, banking, cybersecurity, hacking, incident response, information security, intelligence, targets, threats},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/785},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/785},
	author = {David Grau and Charles Kennedy}
}
@article {774,
	title = {TIM Lecture Series {\textendash} Web Infections and Protections: Theory and Practice},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {03/2014},
	pages = {35-},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {attack vectors, countermeasures, cybersecurity, infections, Internet, privacy, security, targets, threat vectors, threats},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/774},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/774},
	author = {Arnold Kwong}
}
@article {791,
	title = {Widening the Perspective on Industrial Innovation: A Service-Dominant-Logic Approach},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {05/2014},
	pages = {31-39},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The servitization of industry has progressed from services as add-ons to services as solutions. Today, industrial innovation needs an even broader perspective that moves towards service-dominant logic. This logic emphasizes value co-creation in actor-to-actor networks and requires new organizational structures and practices in industry. The article presents the case of a Nordic manufacturer of arc welding equipment that has gone through an extensive development program to become more customer and service oriented. An innovative offering created during the program is analyzed as an example in order to gain deeper insight about the concrete application of service-dominant logic in business. In addition to the outcome perspective, the article discusses the implications of the service-dominant logic for innovation practices. The article illustrates the behaviour of cutting-edge servitizing manufacturers and argues that similar behaviour can be expected to become a necessity in all industrial companies with large structural changes.},
	keywords = {co-development, industrial service, practice, systemic innovation, value co-creation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/791},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/791},
	author = {Heidi M. E. Korhonen}
}
@article {733,
	title = {Corporate Lifecycles: Modelling the Dynamics of Innovation and Its Support Infrastructure},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {10/2013},
	pages = {22-29},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Corporate leadership and corporate culture have to be aligned to market realities to ensure the long-term success of a firm.  As companies form, grow, and mature, the management of the enterprises also have to evolve through the business lifecycle. What is successful in the introduction stage may not be successful for a mature company. Firms are required to change their focus from product development, to market development, to process development, and finally to market and financial leadership. To be successful means that not only the types of employees hired have to evolve to support the culture required, but the leadership styles and management focus also have to change and adapt to the new realities that firms encounter in their market. The dynamic model presented in this article shows the broad strategic imperatives that must be met by firms, and it is presented through a graphical illustration of how successful firms manage their evolution and how firms can fail through mis-allocation of corporate efforts to non-mission critical initiatives.},
	keywords = {innovation, Innovation management, leadership, market lifecycle, model, organizational culture, staffing},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/733},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/733},
	author = {Tamas Koplyay and Lisa Chillingworth and Brian Mitchell}
}
@article {692,
	title = {From Ideas to Opportunities: Exploring the Construction of Technology-Based Entrepreneurial Opportunities},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {06/2013},
	pages = {13-20},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The transformation of business ideas into market opportunities is at the core of entrepreneurship. Nevertheless, the complexity of such a transformative process is seen to change depending on the variables influencing the opportunity-entrepreneur nexus. Although technology-entrepreneurship is regarded as a force of change and dynamism in socio-economic growth, it also depends upon an intricate process of opportunity development. The interest in understanding better how technology-based entrepreneurs simultaneously cope with technological uncertainty while trying to gain stakeholder support and access to resources, highlights a relevant research gap. The research described in this article uses the constructivist view to deepen our understanding of the technology-based entrepreneur{\textquoteright}s conceptualization of the opportunity as a process of social construction. Our results show how initial consensus-building efforts and iteration with knowledgeable peers are an essential part of the emergence of the opportunity, changing both entrepreneur{\textquoteright}s and stakeholders{\textquoteright} perceptions of the early business idea. Consequently, our results provide evidence in support of policy programs and measures that favour social-construction support mechanisms to foster technology-based entrepreneurship.},
	keywords = {constructivist view, entrepreneurship policy, technology entrepreneurship},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/692},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/692},
	author = {Ferran Giones and Zhao Zhou and Francesc Miralles and Bernhard Katzy}
}
@article {706,
	title = {Q\&A. Should Startups Care about Application Security?},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {07/2013},
	pages = {50-52},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {application security, architecture, checklists, code reviews, cybersecurity, design, detection, prevention, software security, startups, training},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/706},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/706},
	author = {Sherif Koussa}
}
@article {751,
	title = {Risk Management in Crowdsourcing-Based Business Ecosystems},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {12/2013},
	pages = {32-38},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The benefits of crowdsourcing are enabled by open environments where multiple external stakeholders contribute to a firm{\textquoteright}s outcomes. However, crowdsourcing typically has been examined as a general process and not from the specific perspective of a mechanism for driving value creation and capture within a business ecosystem. In this conceptual article, we highlight this research gap by examining crowdsourcing from a business ecosystem perspective and by identifying the inherent business risks in crowdsourcing-based business ecosystems. We apply the concept of ecosystem health to the crowdsourcing context, in terms of how firms create and capture value, and we examine the methods by which these firms can maximize health by mitigating risk in crowdsourcing-based business ecosystems.},
	keywords = {business ecosystem health, business ecosystems, crowdsourcing, risk management},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/751},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/751},
	author = {Suchita Nirosh Kannangara and Peter Uguccioni}
}
@article {563,
	title = {Collective Value Creation and Empowerment in an Online Brand Community: A Netnographic Study on LEGO Builders},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {06/2012},
	pages = {12-17},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Online communities are becoming {\textquotedblleft}places{\textquotedblright} of belonging, information, and emotional support that people cannot do without. These social groups have a real existence for their participants, and thus have consequential effects on many aspects of behaviour. This article examines collective value creation and empowerment in an online brand community. It presents the main features of an online brand community, the process of value co-creation, and motivators for participating in online brand communities. These key factors jointly characterize collective value creation and empowerment. This netnographic study focuses on an online brand community called BrickBuilders, which is a meeting place for LEGO builders in Finland. BrickBuilders{\textquoteright} members feel a sense of belonging, they share similar motivations, and they create value together.},
	keywords = {netnography, online community, service brand, social media, value co-creation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/563},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/563},
	author = {Hanna Kurikko and Pekka Tuominen}
}
@article {604,
	title = {Designing Viable Business Models for Living Labs},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {09/2012},
	pages = {19-24},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Over 300 regions have integrated the concept of living labs into their economic development strategy since 2006, when the former Finnish Prime Minister Esko Aho launched the living lab innovation policy initiative during his term of European presidency. Despite motivating initial results, however, success cases of turning research into usable new products and services remain few and uncertainty remains on what living labs actually do and contribute. This practitioner-oriented article presents a business excellence model that shows processes of idea creation and team mobilization, new product development, user involvement, and entrepreneurship through which living labs deliver high-potential investment opportunities. Customers of living labs are identified as investors such as venture capitalists or industrial firms because living labs can generate revenue from them to create their own sustainable business model. The article concludes that living labs provide extensive support {\textquotedblleft}lab{\textquotedblright} infrastructure and that it remains a formidable challenge to finance it, which calls for a more intensive debate.},
	keywords = {business excellence model, business models, co-creation, living labs},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/604},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/604},
	author = {Bernhard Katzy}
}
@article {564,
	title = {Ecosystem Under Construction: An Action Research Study on Entrepreneurship in a Business Ecosystem},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {06/2012},
	pages = {18-24},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In recent years, we have seen increasing interest in new service concepts that take advantage of the capabilities of business ecosystems instead of single companies. In this article, we describe how a business ecosystem begins to develop around a service business idea proposed by an entrepreneur. We aim to recognize the different domains of players that are or should be involved in the ecosystem while it is under construction. The article concludes with an ecosystem model consisting of six sub-ecosystems having different change drivers and clockspeeds.},
	keywords = {business ecosystems, business model, business networks, health exercise, wellbeing},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/564},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/564},
	author = {Marikka Heikkil{\"a} and Leni Kuivaniemi}
}
@article {615,
	title = {To Internationalize Rapidly from Inception: Crowdsource},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {10/2012},
	pages = {17-21},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Technology entrepreneurs continuously search for tools to accelerate the internationalization of their startups. For the purpose of internationalizing rapidly from inception, we propose that technology startups use crowdsourcing to internalize the tacit knowledge embodied in members of a crowd distributed across various geographies.  For example, a technology startup can outsource to a large crowd the definition of a customer problem that occurs across various geographies, the development of the best solution to the problem, and the identification of attractive business expansion opportunities. 

In this article, we analyze how three small firms use crowdsourcing, discuss the benefits of crowdsourcing, and offer six recommendations to technology entrepreneurs interested in using crowdsourcing to rapidly internationalize their startups from inception.},
	keywords = {born global, crowdsourcing, entrepreneurship, globalization, internationalization, startups},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/615},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/615},
	author = {Elnaz Heidari and Mohsen Akhavannia and Nirosh Kannangara}
}
@article {496,
	title = {Innovation Policy Development and the Emergence of New Innovation Paradigms},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2011},
	month = {11/2011},
	pages = {14-19},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The objective of the present article is to discuss innovation policy issues related to three emerging innovation paradigms: user-driven innovation, open innovation, and value co-creation. It provides a summary of insights based on innovation policy practices and challenges in Denmark. The choice of Danish innovation policy practices is not accidental. In 2008 Denmark implemented 40 different national innovation programs by allocating about 400 million euros. Since the three emerging paradigms have become globally relevant, the discussion of Danish policy development challenges and practices is expected to be insightful for innovation experts from other developed countries that are currently dealing with the adoption of these paradigms. },
	keywords = {innovation, Open innovation, policy, user-driven innovation, value co-creation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/496},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/496},
	author = {Stoyan Tanev and Mette Pr{\ae}st Knudsen and Tanja Bisgaard and Merethe Stjerne Thomsen}
}
@article {449,
	title = {New Solutions to the Funding Dilemma of Technology Startups},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2011},
	month = {06/2011},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article explores the current funding challenges facing technology startups and describes new models based on smaller investments and collective action. First, the advantages and disadvantages of traditional startup funding models are presented, with an emphasis on venture capital and angel investment. Next, an overview of existing seed funds, or seed accelerators, shows how entrepreneurs can leverage this approach to access subsequent rounds of funding and create successful ventures. Then, an overview of crowd funding is provided, including examples of companies that have adopted this approach to funding startups and their founders. Finally, the article presents the basis of a new approach that uses crowd funding as means of attracting investors to collectives. In these business ecosystems, startups are exposed to less risk and investors can benefit from attractive returns by investing in these promising startups.  
 },
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/449},
	author = {Ali Kousari}
}
@article {411,
	title = {Private-Collective Innovation: Let There Be Knowledge},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2011},
	month = {01/2011},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Many innovators (companies or individuals) opt for a private innovation model. This model uses resources to create a product whose intellectual property (IP) is protected by the firm. At the opposite end of the scale is the collective innovation model, in which innovators collaborate and expend resources to produce a public good. Many free/libre open source software (F/LOSS) projects rely on collective innovation. Some innovators are now combining the two models into a private-collective innovation model, in which an innovator may chose to collaborate with other innovators and spend private resources while still keeping some IP private. For example, a company may release its product{\textquoteright}s source code to the public in the hope of attracting a community of contributing developers. Such a company commits its own resources to a project, but may still hold on to the intellectual property.

The success of private-collective innovation is dependent on many factors including: project interest and value, company reputation, and project status. There are benefits and risks to private-collective innovation which must be carefully weighed before making a decision to employ this model. Private-collective innovation involves the sharing of knowledge and, in some cases, the sharing of IP that may or may not be patented. 
 },
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/411},
	author = {Ali Kousari and Chris Henselmans}
}
@article {426,
	title = {Renewal Through Co-Creation in Business Networks},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2011},
	month = {03/2011},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article presents four models of business renewal within networks based on a theoretical framework developed from earlier literature. According to the typical dimensions of business development, our framework distinguishes between the exploitation of present knowledge for efficiency and the exploration of new knowledge for new business development. Furthermore, the two network development and governance types (i.e., hub-spoke and multiplex) form the other dimension of the framework. The framework was empirically tested with five case companies and their business networks. The framework of network models may help managers to structure the business network and its renewal based on the strategic targets of a firm. Furthermore, the theoretical contribution of the paper deepens the understanding of how co-creation and interaction between the participants differ according to business focus and complexity of networks.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/426},
	author = {Raimo Hy{\"o}tyl{\"a}inen and Katri Valkokari and Petri Kalliokoski}
}
@article {435,
	title = {The Social Management of Risk},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2011},
	month = {04/2011},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In this article, we discuss a conceptual framework on the social management of risk and highlight the role of the community sector in that process. We introduce the topic of risk, illustrate how it is distinct from the concept of uncertainty, and show how different social actors assess risk differently. Next, we introduce the "social management of risk" approach, which takes a broad view of the potential actors involved in pursuing societal objectives in relation to risk. Finally, we discuss the role of the community sector is the social management of risk. While this framework is presented in the context of social policy, it can be generalized to any situations where social actors respond to and manage risks in a multi-player environment.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/435},
	author = {David P{\'e}loquin and Jean Kunz and Nicola Gaye}
}
@article {338,
	title = {Editorial: Cloud Services (April 2010)},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {04/2010},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Editorial},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Cloud computing may be the  biggest game changer within the enterprise since the adoption of the Internet in the 1990s and the personal computer in the 1980s. The economic climate, coupled with the rate at which technology is changing, is forcing companies to reduce information technology (IT) expenditures, increase productivity, and build more collaborative solutions as opposed to building everything internally. Cloud computing allows companies to outsource functions that are not core to their business or have become a commodity. Much of the technology driving cloud computing services is open source software. The LAMP stack has become widely adopted as the standard engine running much of the cloud services. With the exception of Microsoft{\textquoteright}s Azure cloud platform, most cloud service providers have embraced open source software, allowing them to drive costs down while providing reliable services for their customers.

Pay-as-you-go is the new economic model for IT as we enter a new decade. Gone will be the days of making large purchases of commercial software with huge maintenance costs. In this new world, enterprises will consume only the services they need, only when they need them, and will pay for the resources required to scale up and down as necessary. This paradigm shift should force IT executives to focus more on building business functionality and less on managing and maintaining infrastructure and commodity applications. Open source software will play a huge role in making the shift to cloud computing economically feasible. At the same time, commercial software companies are racing to the cloud and are struggling to replace their expensive software licensing models with a pay-as-you-go model in order to make them an attractive alternative to open source software in the cloud. It should be interesting to see how this plays out over the next few years. The articles that follow provide insights into what cloud computing is and how it is changing the IT landscape.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/338},
	author = {Dru Lavigne and Mike Kavis}
}
@article {361,
	title = {Editorial: Go To Market (July 2010)},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {07/2010},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Editorial},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Historically, the concept of going to market is fraught with misinterpretation, doubt, and anxiety. In Canada, the term "go to market" typically means the task of readying a product for market. In this context, it is interchangeable with "commercialization," which is another concept suffering in Canada from a definition that generally does not go beyond a software maker{\textquoteright}s front door. In other parts of the world, and specifically in the U.S., the term "go to market" is clearly interpreted as meaning all the activities required to successfully launch a product into the marketplace and realize both market share and profit.

Going to market is about bringing the right benefit to the right market at the right price through the right channels. Ideally, the entire go-to-market process begins with the identification of a problem or sought-after benefit that a market segment has deemed a priority. More realistically, though, it begins with identifying the segment that best suits the software offering and then determines the business model, positioning and message, pricing, channels, and engagement techniques that will work best in building share in that segment. This issue attempts to take some of the doubt and anxiety from what seems to be the daunting task of pushing a product out of the door and into the harsh realities of a demanding market. It provides clear-eyed discussions of some of the main components, tips and advice from the "battle-scarred," and useful tools that can be readily used.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/361},
	author = {Dru Lavigne and Corien Kershey}
}
@article {329,
	title = {Editorial: Mobile (March 2010)},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {03/2010},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Editorial},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Open source software and hardware has become an accepted way of developing new and interesting applications in many information and communication technology domains: operating systems, databases, Web infrastructure, and applications. It{\textquoteright}s not surprising that with the increasing popularity of mobile handheld devices, users and researchers have explored the power of open approaches to providing innovative new applications and services in this domain. However, unlike personal computers and the Internet, mobile handsets were tightly controlled by mobile network operators (MNOs) who developed a vertical ecosystem by integrating the communication infrastructure, the handheld device hardware, and often the applications installed on those devices. The software and protocols running the mobile communications infrastructure and devices are often standardized by membership-only bodies, where large MNOs and manufacturers have a predominant influence. These players invest significant financial resources into shaping the industry along their vision to gain a competitive advantage. A current example is the ongoing battle about the dominant radio access technology for 4G cellular systems: LTE vs. Wimax. 

These trends have changed recently. Companies such as Google, Nokia, or Openmoko and Industry Alliances such as the Open Handset Alliance are providing the core building blocks, both in hardware as well as software, of increasingly open mobile devices. This issue of the OSBR reviews the relevant trends in the open mobile platform space from a number of perspectives. As the articles in these issue show, there is a lot of exciting ongoing work that brings the power of open source development to the mobile space. This trend is not just confined to the mobile devices as there are also efforts in the development of open mobile infrastructure elements and whole systems.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/329},
	author = {Dru Lavigne and Thomas Kunz and Fran{\c c}ois Lefebvre}
}
@article {331,
	title = {Establishing and Engaging an Active Open Source Ecosystem with the BeagleBoard},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {03/2010},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {There should be little doubt that any given area of technology will eventually be occupied by open solutions. Rather, it is a question of "who" and "when." In mobile and embedded platforms, there is not a single dominant proprietary solution to displace, unlike desktop software. Instead, open software produces interface and compatibility experiences on par with proprietary software.

At points where no proprietary solution is clearly differentiated from open solutions and the barriers to participation are kept low, open innovation thrives at the forefront of the technology. This article introduces BeagleBoard, a project that creates powerful, open, and embedded devices based on the BeagleBoard hardware, a low-cost, fan-less single-board computer. By lowering the barriers to participation and making commitments to support and sustain the architecture to preserve the innovation from that participation, BeagleBoard.org has built an active and growing community of hobbyists and professionals advancing the state of the art in low-power embedded computing, here and now.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/331},
	author = {Jason Kridner}
}
@article {334,
	title = {Experiences From the OSSIE Open Source Software Defined Radio Project},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {03/2010},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article briefly describes OSSIE, a university-based open source Software Defined Radio project based on the U.S. Department of Defense{\textquoteright}s Software Communications Architecture. The OSSIE software has proven useful for rapid prototyping by industry as well as for published research and education of hundreds of graduate and undergraduate students and short course participants. In addition to examples of OSSIE{\textquoteright}s successes, the project{\textquoteright}s challenges and approaches to mitigating and overcoming them are described. 
},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/334},
	author = {Carl B. Dietrich and Jeffrey H. Reed and Stephen H. Edwards and Frank E. Kragh}
}
@article {362,
	title = {Go-to-Market Targeting: Know the Market and Whether It Cares},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {07/2010},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article explores the importance of good segmenting and targeting to early-stage companies. Most software companies fail within the first three years, and one of the prime reasons is a lack of a focused approach to a single, carefully-chosen target market. Most software companies take the approach of attacking multiple segments simultaneously to see which will work out best, but run out of time and money before they reach an answer. A concentrated strategy that focuses resources on a single segment that the company can win and dominate quickly significantly reduces go-to-market risk. Choosing a segment in the right direction is more important than choosing the right segment.

This article provides a series of six steps to help companies work through a segmenting and targeting exercise that will give them the best chance of success. The article provides real-world tools to help deal with an essential issue.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/362},
	author = {Corien Kershey}
}
@article {336,
	title = {The State of Free Software in Mobile Devices},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {03/2010},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {I started using GNU/Linux and Free Software in 1992. In those days, while everything I needed for a working computer was generally available in software freedom, there were many components and applications that simply did not exist. For highly technical users who did not need many peripherals, the Free Software community had reached a state of complete software freedom. Yet, in 1992, everyone agreed there was still so much work to be done. Even today, we still strive for a desktop and server operating system, with all relevant applications, that grants complete software freedom.

Looked at broadly, mobile telephone systems are not all that different from those 1992-era GNU/Linux systems. The basics are currently available as Free, Libre, and Open Source Software (F/LOSS). If you need only the bare minimum of functionality, you can, by picking the right phone hardware, run an almost completely F/LOSS operating system and application set. Yet, we have so far to go. This article discusses the current penetration of F/LOSS in mobile devices and offers a path forward for free software advocates. 
},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/336},
	author = {Bradley M. Kuhn}
}
@article {284,
	title = {Business Intelligence: A Primer},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {09/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article provides a primer on business intelligence (BI) and serves as an introduction to the concepts used throughout the rest of the articles in this issue of the OSBR. We define BI, discuss the components of a BI solution, explain the types of BI tools and provide a brief overview of the evolution of BI. 
 },
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/284},
	author = {John Kemp and Benjamin Dietz}
}
@article {304,
	title = {Co-creation: a New Way of Doing Business in an Age of Uncertainty},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {11/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Co-creation can be defined as the continual feedback loop and collaboration with all stakeholders in a value chain throughout any given process of designing, developing and implementing meaningful products, services, organizational and strategic changes. It replaces the hierarchical approach to management and the linear approach to innovation, affording all stakeholders the possibility to influence and bring forth meaningful and relevant solutions in a collaborative environment. Co-creation results in the development of goods, services and experiences that are uniquely designed to meet people{\textquoteright}s particular needs, values, meaning and context. It leads to a profitable advantage for both companies and the people who will be using these goods and services as well as for the people working within the organizations. The purpose of this article is to share some experience -driven insights on how co-creation could help businesses to live in an age of uncertainty.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/304},
	author = {Anna Kirah}
}
@article {255,
	title = {Editorial: Women in Open Source (June 2009)},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {06/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Editorial},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Whether you look at industry studies, online articles, or perhaps even around your own company, you{\textquoteright}ll see that women make up a small percent of the people working in free/libre and open source software (F/LOSS). Over the years there{\textquoteright}s been a growing interest in why so few women participate in this rapidly growing community and, more importantly, what can be done to help encourage more participation. Fortunately, members of the community - both male and female - are actively ramping up their efforts to attract more women to the F/LOSS community.

Resources such as LinuxChix.org, the Geek Feminism Wiki, as well as publications, blogs, and articles written by and about women, draw attention to this growing, influential group of F/LOSS participants. Events, such as the Women in Open Source track at the Southern California Linux Expo, help women network and connect with other members of the F/LOSS community, while also increasing their visibility.

In this issue of the Open Source Business Resource, innovative, energetic women discuss their specific projects, what other women in the field are doing, and their efforts to promote F/LOSS to people within their communities and internationally.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/255},
	author = {Dru Lavigne and Rikki Kite}
}
@article {303,
	title = {The Micro- and Macro-levels of Co-creation: How Transformations Change People{\textquoteright}s Preferences},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {11/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Radical technologies can lead to extreme transformations of their users and even societies. Innovation researchers, archeologists, economic- and technological historians, and other scholars have studied past radical innovations to rationalize how these innovations emerged. This knowledge is indispensible for business and governmental decision makers. However, most research studies lack the human dimensions, such as "what did these innovative people think?" and "what were their personal motivations?". In many instances, we don{\textquoteright}t even know who the inventors were. In this article, we argue that a better understanding of personal transformations may lead to an increase of co-creation effectiveness and efficiency.

First, this article will explore the nature of the personal transformations taking place among ordinary people as consumers and users of cultural institutions. Such institutions have been created to enable people to learn and grow individually and to create a sense of community and cohesion. Second, we discuss the co-creation aspects of personal transformation processes. This will be seen in two contexts: that of the individual who is transformed, and in terms of the different value contributions to a community of users.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/303},
	author = {Tore Kristensen}
}
@article {286,
	title = {Open Source: Shifting Buying and Evaluation Patterns of BI Users},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {09/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The emergence of open source software (OSS) has changed the buying patterns and approaches for the evaluation and selection of business intelligence (BI) tools.  This article discusses how the buying patterns have changed and what it means for businesses looking at open source BI software. 
 },
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/286},
	author = {John Kemp}
}
@article {231,
	title = {Q\&A. How can an individual or small business give back to an open source community?},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {02/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Q and A},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {How can individual or small business give back to an open source community?},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/231},
	author = {Mike Kavis}
}
@article {238,
	title = {A RESTful Implementation of Geospatial Web Services},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {02/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In "What is Web 2.0?" Tim O{\textquoteright}Reilly identifies the characteristics that distinguish Web 2.0 from the first generation of Web applications. One key aspect is participation. Instead of users simply consuming information, Web 2.0 technology enables all of us to participate in building content. The power of Web 2.0, in Tim O?Reilly?s words, is that it provides a platform for "harnessing collective intelligence". Perhaps the best known example of this is Wikipedia, which is distinguished from other online encyclopedias by the fact that its content is provided by users rather than a small group of experts. This model has been so successful, even the Encyclopedia Britannica has adopted a Web 2.0 approach.

A critical challenge to participation is interoperability--integrating the islands of technology that characterize most information technology organizations. There have been earlier attempts to create a standard framework for distributed computing such as CORBA and DCOM, but the complexity of these environments has limited their adoption. A more recent and simpler approach is Representational State Transfer (REST). In this article we begin with an examination of the critical challenges facing organizations responsible for maintaining our utility, telecommunications and transportation infrastructure, outline how open standards are helping to address these challenges, and then discuss how geospatial data and services can be exposed over the web. We introduce REST, outline a RESTful implementation of geospatial web services that provides simple and open access to geospatial data over the web using standard web protocols, and describe a prototype web site developed using RESTful web services by the City of Nanaimo.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/238},
	author = {Haris Kurtagic and Geoff Zeiss}
}
@article {309,
	title = {Value Co-creation as Part of an Integrative Vision of Innovation Management},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {12/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Value co-creation is an emerging concept in business, marketing and innovation management. Its growing interest points to the emergence of a new semantic wave in innovation research that requires the adoption of new terminology, frameworks and fields of research exploration. There is a number of existing research streams that provide a solid starting point in the discussion of different perspectives on co-creation. One key research aspect that needs to be further addressed is the potential benefits from the adoption of value co-creation practices and strategies.

This article shares insights from an attempt to position the value co-creation paradigm within an integrative vision for innovation management research and practices. This positioning is a challenging task as the meaning of the terms "value co-creation" and "integrative" innovation management need to be more fully clarified. We attempt to identify an appropriate plane of conceptual integrity that could be used to describe the innovation management field within the context of its relation to value co-creation.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/309},
	author = {Stoyan Tanev and Mette Knudsen and Wolfgang Gerstlberger}
}
@article {300,
	title = {Viable Business Models for Corporate Co-creation Communities},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {11/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The participation of people in online communities is rapidly increasing and the shared data, information and knowledge in these communities is becoming greater and more diverse. The social community Facebook.com has over 300 million active members and over 40 billion photos uploaded to the site each month. Wikipedia.org has more than 75,000 active contributors, who are working on 10 million articles in more than 260 languages.

The opportunities of these large sources of information gathered in communities are being discovered by companies. Harley Davidson has established a large community where motorbikes and accessories are presented and discussed by members. Moreover, members interact about user- and maintenance tips. Participation in this community has been found to increase the commitment and affection for the Harley Davidson brand. The toy manufacturer LEGO has over 2.5 million participants in their community, 40\% are adults, and 3,000 new designs are uploaded to this community weekly. The best designs are produced and sold in stores.

The use of co-creation communities seems promising. However, the main business model elements that strengthen successful co-creation communities have not been defined yet. The elements of these communities that create value, that require resources, and that incur costs have not been explored in detail. The objective of this article is to provide insights into three main business model elements of co-creation communities: the value proposition, the value network, and the revenue model. These elements will be specified for distinctive new product development phases. The insights are obtained from our in-depth study of seven co-creation communities. We will conclude with some recommendations for creating successful co-creation communities. 
 },
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/300},
	author = {Kim op den Kamp}
}
@article {155,
	title = {Open Source Vulnerability Database Project},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {06/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article introduces the Open Source Vulnerability Database (OSVDB) project which manages a global collection of computer security vulnerabilities, available for free use by the information security community. This collection contains information on known security weaknesses in operating systems, software products, protocols, hardware devices, and other infrastructure elements of information technology. The OSVDB project is intended to be the centralized global open source vulnerability collection on the Internet.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/155},
	author = {Jake Kouns}
}
@article {149,
	title = {TIM Lecture Series: Privacy and Security in a Connected World},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {05/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {On May 7, 2008, Douglas G. King, Assistant Professor of Systems and Computer Engineering at Carleton University, delivered a presentation entitled "Privacy and Security in a Connected World".

The TIM Lecture Series provides a forum to promote the transfer of knowledge from university research to technology company executives and entrepreneurs as well as research and development personnel. This conference report presents the key messages and insights from the three sections discussed during Professor Kunz{\textquoteright}s presentation.
 },
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/149},
	author = {Douglas King}
}
@article {148,
	title = {TIM Lecture Series: Wireless Sensor Networks: What and Why?},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {05/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {On April 30, 2008, Thomas Kunz, Director of the Talent Innovation Management (TIM) program at Carleton University delivered a presentation entitled "Wireless Sensor Networks: What and Why?". 

The TIM Lecture Series provides a forum to promote the transfer of knowledge from university research to technology company executives and entrepreneurs as well as research and development personnel. This conference report presents the key messages and insights from the three sections discussed during Professor Kunz{\textquoteright}s presentation.
 },
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/148},
	author = {Thomas Kunz}
}
@article {169,
	title = {TIM Series: Practicing Safe Software: Good Software Record},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {07/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {On June 18, 2008, Mahshad Koohgoli, CEO of Protecode, delivered a presentation entitled "Practicing Safe Software: Good Software Record". This section provides the key messages from the lecture. Mashad{\textquoteright}s lecture discussed the drivers behind establishing software IP (intellectual property) pedigree as well as the preventive and corrective methods of detecting and managing external IP in a project.
},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/169},
	author = {Mahshad Koohgoli}
}
@article {137,
	title = {Uses of Creative Commons Licenses},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {04/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {A recent study examined the uses of Creative Commons (CC) licenses and their potential to resolve the conflict surrounding copyright law in the digital communications era. This article summarizes the major findings of that study, originally published in the Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/137},
	author = {Minjeong Kim}
}
@article {103,
	title = {Ensuring Software IP Cleanliness},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2007},
	month = {12/2007},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {At many points in the life of a software enterprise, determination of intellectual property (IP) cleanliness becomes critical. The value of an enterprise that develops and sells software may depend on how clean the software is from the IP perspective. This article examines various methods of ensuring software IP cleanliness and discusses some of the benefits and shortcomings of current solutions.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/103},
	author = {Richard Mayer and Mahshad Koohgoli}
}
@article {78,
	title = {Open Source as Community},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2007},
	month = {09/2007},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {What does it really mean to participate in an open source software community? If a company{\textquoteright}s open source strategy is limited to acting as end user of open source software, is there a business need to understand the nature of open source communities? Should it be the goal of all businesses to become an active participant in open source communities, or become recognized as a significant contributor?

Business users of open source software can broadly be divided into those who use open source software as end-users, and those who incorporate underlying open source technology into their products and services. This article will first address both these groups with the important facets of understanding and evaluating community in the selection of open source software, and then elaborate on the role of active participation in open source communities to enhance the value that can be obtained from the use of open source. It is based upon lessons I{\textquoteright}ve learned from becoming progressively involved in a particular open source software community, Tikiwiki, and comparisons with other open source communities which I{\textquoteright}ve made to identify commonalities and differences.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/78},
	author = {Nelson Ko}
}
@article {104,
	title = {A Rallying Moment for Canadian Open Source Software},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2007},
	month = {12/2007},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In the Canadian copyright reform arena, the events of early December, 2007 changed everything.

In late November, it was widely anticipated that new copyright legislation would be introduced in the model of the controversial American Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA). The bill was rumored to include harsh anti-circumvention laws, which grant software distributors the right to seek legal remedies for circumvention of technological locks on content. In response, veteran Canadian copyright advocates issued an appeal to Canadians to take an interest in the bill and to call for fair and balanced copyright. 

Canadian citizens answered that call in unexpected numbers, both online and offline. A Facebook group, called Fair Copyright for Canadians, grew to over 25,000 members within two weeks, and provided grassroots advocacy tools to citizens. A new website, called CopyrightforCanadians.ca, established itself as a centre for news on the bill and consumer advocacy. Using these tools, Canadians wrote letters, met with politicians, and demanded balance.  With their words and their actions, not only did Canadians delay the introduction of the bill until next year, but they put copyright in the spotlight and showed legislators that fair and balanced copyright can capture the public imagination.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/104},
	author = {Andy Kaplan-Myrth}
}
