@article {1434,
	title = {Framing Multi-Stakeholder Value Propositions: A wicked problem lens},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {04/2021},
	pages = {26-37},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {26},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Balancing various stakeholder (often contradictory) expectations creates tensions when developing value propositions for a new firm. Customers, funders, owners, and society-at-large often expect different value outcomes from a firm. They therefore have different motivations for being involved in the firm. These differences in value expectations are more strongly expressed in technology-based ventures, which often rely heavily on access to heterogeneous external resources such as capital, specialised knowledge, distribution, and service. In this paper, we use a wicked problem lens to explore specific challenges for companies to mediate seemingly contradictory propositions. We use two dimensions of wicked problems involving complexity and complicatedness, and conduct a secondary analysis of seven technology venture case studies from Australia and New Zealand. We then categorise the configuration types of these firms{\textquoteright} stakeholder value propositions in the context of their scale-up process. We contribute to the value proposition and business model development research streams by suggesting that the challenge of mediating value propositions that conflict can manifest itself in four types of configurations: easy, complicated, complex and wicked. Complicated and complex propositions are thorny, but with structures and processes in place, they can be adequately addressed. On the other hand, wicked propositions consist of many unknowns and require firms to collaborate with stakeholders to derive outcomes that align company scaling objective with stakeholder value propositions.},
	keywords = {complexity, complicatedness, scaling-up, stakeholders, value proposition, wicked problem},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1434},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1434},
	author = {Yat Ming Ooi and Kenneth Husted}
}
@article {1372,
	title = {A Conceptual Development of a Business Model Typology in Tourism: the impact of digitalization and location},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {07/2020},
	pages = {17-28},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {17},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This paper aims to conceptually develop a business model typology in tourism. It focuses on digitalization and destination location as important contextual factors when developing the typology. The paper builds on prior research on business models and tourism research by adopting configuration theory to create a typology of business models in tourism businesses. Four business model archetypes are identified: (1) bricks and mortar business models, (2) digitalized destinations, (3) create a destination, and (4) intermediary business models. The typology contributes to the literature by identifying different types of business models in the tourism sector. The typology also helps to ground the business model concept theoretically, something that has been considered as missing in previous business model research.},
	keywords = {business models, configurations, destination, digitalization, location, technology, tourism, typology},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1372},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1372},
	author = {Gabriel Linton and Christina {\"O}berg}
}
@article {1378,
	title = {Open Marketing: Conceptualizing external parties{\textquoteright} strategic marketing activities},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {08/2020},
	pages = {14-26},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {14},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Open marketing as conceptualized in this paper refers to how external parties take part in strategic, integrative marketing activities. To distinguish this more recent trend in marketing from traditional meanings of marketing, the paper provides a typology on roles and role keepers in marketing. Four types of roles and role keepers are outlined: marketing as 1) solely being performed by actors in the supplier company communicating offerings, 2) an activity shared among functions of the supplier company, 3) external parties communicating offerings, and 4) external parties contributing to strategic marketing. Using the concept of {\textquoteright}roles{\textquoteright} in marketing helps to structure activities and actors - or roles and role keepers - and provides a basis for understanding that marketing results from what is done, not merely from who performs it. The paper underlines how new ways of conducting business also have implications for a company{\textquoteright}s marketing beyond its borders.},
	keywords = {Conceptualization, Integrative marketing, Open marketing, roles, Strategic marketing.},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1377},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1377},
	author = {Christina {\"O}berg}
}
@article {1221,
	title = {Applying a Living Lab Approach Within an eHealth Accelerator},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {03/2019},
	pages = {6-19},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Through this study, we seek to understand the impact of the use of the living lab approach on product and business development in an eHealth accelerator. In the case accelerator, 20 startups developed innovative products atop the European FIWARE Future Internet technology platform. The novel design element of the case accelerator was the use of the living lab approach that was included for the purpose of engaging end users in the development and testing of new product prototypes. Our main result is that the living lab approach provided added value to participating companies and resulted in changes in their product development and marketing strategies. Overall, the case accelerator and the use of the living lab approach had a significant impact on the development, growth, and market success of the companies. Based on the results of the case accelerator, we propose the generic accelerator model presented by Pauwels and co-authors in 2016 to be extended with a new design element, the living lab approach. },
	keywords = {accelerator, case study, ehealth, Living lab, Open innovation, SME, startup},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1221},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1221},
	author = {Lotta Haukipuro and Satu V{\"a}in{\"a}m{\"o} and Leena Arhippainen and Timo Ojala}
}
@article {1232,
	title = {Increasing the Impact of Industry{\textendash}Academia Collaboration through Co-Production},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {04/2019},
	pages = {37-47},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Increased competition and globalization motivate us to join forces to enhance the impact of the research conducted. Collaboration between organizations with different views can, however, be difficult to manage and needs awareness and skills to meet different expectations. This article will consider both a mutual industrial and academic perspective into the development of action research and, in six research project cases, empirically explore how the impact can be enhanced by considering certain key factors in the research process. How the phases of problem formulation, methodology, and results are managed is critical for the success of a collaboration and, thereby, its impact. Counter-productive forces that could dilute the progress over time need to be considered given that combining practical relevance and scientific rigour comes with challenges.},
	keywords = {action research, co-production, collaboration, impact, industry{\textendash}academia collaboration, key factors, relevance, rigour},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1232},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1232},
	author = {Anna Sann{\"o} and Anna Ericson {\"O}berg and Erik Flores-Garcia and Mats Jackson}
}
@article {1162,
	title = {Additive Manufacturing and Business Models: Current Knowledge and Missing Perspectives},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {06/2018},
	pages = {15-33},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Additive manufacturing, that is 3D printing technology, may change the way companies operate their businesses. This article adopts a business model perspective to create an understanding of what we know about these changes. It summarizes current knowledge on additive manufacturing within management and business research, and it discusses future research directions in relation to business models for additive manufacturing. Using the scientific database Web of Science, 116 journal articles were identified. The literature review reveals that most research concerns manufacturing optimization. A more holistic view of the changes that additive manufacturing may bring about for firms is needed, as is more research on changed value propositions, and customer/sales-related issues. The article contributes to previous research by systematically summarizing additive manufacturing research in the business and management literature, and by highlighting areas for further investigation related to the business models of individual firms.},
	keywords = {3D printing, additive manufacturing, business model, literature review},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1162},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1162},
	author = {Christina {\"O}berg and Tawfiq Shams and Nader Asnafi}
}
@article {1049,
	title = {The Design-Driven Living Lab: A New Approach to Exploring Solutions to Complex Societal Challenges},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {01/2017},
	pages = {44-51},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In this study, we aimed to explore the potential of a design-driven living lab as an innovative approach to addressing societal challenges. This living lab incorporates design qualities such as exploration, open-ended results, and disruption. This approach was applied in three case studies within the context of dementia, each of which explored the impact of Qwiek.up {\textendash} a media system that creates an ambient experience in a room through projection and sound. A cluster analysis of the results in the three case studies showed that the system has considerable potential for people with dementia, and possibly also for other groups. In addition, the design-driven approach led to new applications in care, improved functionality, and a broader design space. Our findings show that design-driven living labs can widen the scope of innovation and improve the value proposition of an innovative solution. },
	keywords = {design, Living lab, societal challenges, technology probe},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1049},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1049},
	author = {Rens Brankaert and Elke den Ouden}
}
@article {1080,
	title = {Realistic Creativity Training for Innovation Practitioners: The Know{\textendash}Recognize{\textendash}React Model},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {06/2017},
	pages = {5-15},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Creativity is increasingly being recognized as important raw material for innovation, which highlights the importance of identifying ways to increase the creativity of practitioners. In this article, we describe our efforts to design a creativity training program specifically for innovation practitioners. Our aim was to develop a program that would be both theoretically sound (i.e., based on a rigorous scientific foundation) and relevant for practitioners (i.e., applicable to real-world contexts). Our transdisciplinary study employed co-creation as a method to ensure that three layers of focus would be taken into consideration: metacognitive knowledge, metacognitive monitoring, and metacognitive control. The result is a program called Creative Awareness Training, which is based on the new Know{\textendash}Recognize{\textendash}React model.},
	keywords = {co-creation, cognitive creativity, creative awareness, creative process, creativity, creativity training, front-end innovation, innovation process, metacognition, transdisciplinary},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1080},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1080},
	author = {Dagny Valgeirsdottir and Balder Onarheim}
}
@article {1041,
	title = {Collaborative Innovation with External Actors: An Empirical Study on Open Innovation Platforms in Smart Cities},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {12/2016},
	pages = {49-60},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Despite the rapid increase of public{\textendash}private{\textendash}people partnership (PPPP) programs at the global scale, the scientific knowledge of collaborative innovation in cities is scarce. All smart city initiatives emphasize collaborative innovation for better services and products to address the needs and problems of modern cities. Indeed, there is an evident need for both scientific and practical knowledge in this area. Based on an extensive empirical study of open innovation platforms in smart cities, this article seeks to address this knowledge gap by increasing the knowledge of opportunities and challenges of collaborative innovation between a city and external actors, including companies, third sector organizations, research institutions, and citizens. The opportunities relate to novel services, products, and solutions, as well as economic gains, regional development, and systemic and process improvements. The challenges relate to city governments and external actors.},
	keywords = {collaboration, collaborative innovation, innovation intermediaries, innovation platform, PPPP, public innovation, public{\textendash}private{\textendash}people partnership, smart city, urban development},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1041},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1041},
	author = {Jukka Ojasalo and Heini Kauppinen}
}
@article {1040,
	title = {Integrating Open Innovation Platforms in Public Sector Decision Making: Empirical Results from Smart City Research},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {12/2016},
	pages = {38-48},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The purpose of this article is to increase knowledge of integrating an open innovation platform into public sector decision-making processes. Many of the distinctive characteristics of public sector decision-making processes pose a challenge for innovation collaboration with external actors. Often, external actors are not aware of these distinctive characteristics, or they find it very difficult to adapt to them. Particularly SMEs and startups find it difficult to adjust their operation to public sector decision-making processes. The existing literature includes very little knowledge of how such an innovation platform, which is an intermediary between a city and external actors, relates to the city{\textquoteright}s decision-making processes. Still, this is an important issue considering the prerequisites of the success of an innovation platform. This qualitative explorative study is based on data from in-depth interviews and co-creative multi-actor workshops with participants from city governments and other organizations. It proposes a model of open innovation platform for public sector decision making in a city. The article contributes to the literature dealing with innovation intermediaries as well as public sector decision making in enhancement of innovation. It identifies and introduces three different kinds of relationships that are present and partly interwoven in open innovation platforms and intermediary organizations: governing, sparring, and collaborative. The prosed model shows a practical way of organizing the three types of relationships of an innovation platform with the city{\textquoteright}s decision making and external actors. The model also helps in combining different decision-making cultures between the public, private, and third sectors in the context of collaborative innovation. },
	keywords = {collaborative innovation, innovation intermediary, open innovation platform, public decision making, smart city},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1040},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1040},
	author = {Jukka Ojasalo and Lassi T{\"a}htinen}
}
@article {996,
	title = {Revealing Hidden Innovation: Patterns of External Innovation Investment in Australian Businesses},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {06/2016},
	pages = {41-48},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Recent theory and literature suggests that many businesses now innovate based on the adoption and modification of knowledge, technology, and innovations sourced externally rather than developed in-house. Yet, little is known about the value and economic impact of expenditures on outsourced innovation activities, which are often referred to as "hidden innovation" by many scholars. The issue is due largely to a lack of consistent measurement, available data, and analyses of expenditures on hidden innovation. In contrast, there is a long history of cross-country data collection on in-house research and development (R\&D) activities and costs, and much research focuses on innovations involving in-house R\&D effort. This study reviews results from a survey aimed at collecting new economy-wide data on external innovation investments in Australia. The results estimate total unmeasured or "hidden" investment in external innovation activities by Australian businesses at $3.5 to $4 billion in 2014, an amount large enough to stimulate important economic activity and warrant future research. This article discusses the implications of these results for policy, business strategy, and future research on innovation.},
	keywords = {Australia, external investment, hidden innovation, innovation investment},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/996},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/996},
	author = {Kieran O{\textquoteright}Brien}
}
@article {934,
	title = {Sustainable Innovation: A Competitive Advantage for Innovation Ecosystems},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {10/2015},
	pages = {24-30},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In this article, we elaborate the emerging concept of sustainable innovation and analyze the relevance of innovation as a means to solve wicked problems and enhancing sustainable well-being. We also examine the changing conditions for innovation creation: building global knowledge hubs and local innovation ecosystems. As a result, the drivers of innovation and opportunities to utilize the untapped innovation potential of people outside traditional innovation contexts are expanded and diversified. Ultimately, the success of sustainable innovation constitutes its impact on the well-being of people and vice versa: sustainable well-being is an important source of innovation and growth. The article adds to the conceptual development of sustainable innovation and its motivation, which lies in combining competitiveness, the well-being of people, and inclusive solutions.},
	keywords = {innovation, innovation ecosystem, sustainability, sustainable innovation, well-being},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/934},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/934},
	author = {Kaisa Oksanen and Antti Hautam{\"a}ki}
}
@article {910,
	title = {Toward a New Understanding of Creative Dynamics: From One-Size-Fits-All Models to Multiple and Dynamic Forms of Creativity},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {07/2015},
	pages = {14-24},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article proposes an alternative to a managerial "best practice" approach to creativity based on the notion of creativity as a singular concept. Our alternative draws on three fundamental ideas that are emerging in different pockets of the creativity literature in a way that can be readily conceptualized and applied in practice. The first idea is that creativity is really about "creativities", or a cluster of different and discrete qualities that can be combined to suit the context in which they operate. The second is that creativity is not static: it is about "creativitying", or the action and the practice of combining these creativities, which evolve over time. The third is that being creative in organizations is not an individual act: rather, it is the multiple activities of groups as they go about creativitying.},
	keywords = {action-embedded creativity, creative dynamics, creativities, creativity, creativitying, innovation, management},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/910},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/910},
	author = {Stephen Cummings and Chris Bilton and dt ogilvie}
}
@article {714,
	title = {Protecting Critical Infrastructure by Identifying Pathways of Exposure to Risk},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {08/2013},
	pages = {34-40},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Increasingly, our critical infrastructure is managed and controlled by computers and the information networks that connect them. Cyber-terrorists and other malicious actors understand the economic and social impact that a successful attack on these systems could have. While it is imperative that we defend against such attacks, it is equally imperative that we realize how best to react to them. This article presents the strongest-path method of analyzing all potential pathways of exposure to risk {\textendash} no matter how indirect or circuitous they may be {\textendash} in a network model of infrastructure and operations. The method makes direct use of expert knowledge about entities and dependency relationships without the need for any simulation or any other models. By using path analysis in a directed graph model of critical infrastructure, planners can model and assess the effects of a potential attack and develop resilient responses. },
	keywords = {critical infrastructure, cybersecurity, directed graph, modelling, path analysis, risk analysis, simulation, strongest-path method},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/714},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/714},
	author = {Philip O{\textquoteright}Neill}
}
@article {646,
	title = {Sustainability of Open Collaborative Communities: Analyzing Recruitment Efficiency},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {01/2013},
	pages = {20-26},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Extensive research has been conducted over the past years to improve our understanding of sustainability conditions for large-scale collaborative projects, especially from an economic and governance perspective. However, the influence of recruitment and retention of participants in these projects has received comparatively less attention from researchers. Nevertheless, these concerns are significant for practitioners, especially regarding the apparently decreasing ability of the main open online projects to attract and retain new contributors. A possible explanation for this decrease is that those projects have simply reached a mature state of development. Marwell and Oliver (1993) and Oliver, Marwell, and Teixeira (1985) note that, at the initial stage in collective projects, participants are few and efforts are costly; in the diffusion phase, the number of participants grows, as their efforts are rewarding; and in the mature phase, some inefficiency may appear as the number of contributors is greater than required for the work.

In this article, we examine this possibility. We use original data from 36 Wikipedias in different languages to compare their efficiency in recruiting participants. We chose Wikipedia because the different language projects are at different states of development, but are quite comparable on the other aspects, providing a test of the impact of development on efficiency. Results confirm that most of the largest Wikipedias seem to be characterized by a reduced return to scale. As a result, we can draw interesting conclusions that can be useful for practitioners, facilitators, and managers of collaborative projects in order to identify key factors potentially influencing the adequate development of their communities over the medium-to-long term.},
	keywords = {DEA modeling, efficiency, recruitment, Wikipedia},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/646},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/646},
	author = {Kevin Crowston and Nicolas Jullien and Felipe Ortega}
}
@article {350,
	title = {Communication Enabled Applications: What are the IP Considerations for Platform Providers?},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {05/2010},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {A platform of CEA building blocks, such as the out-of-the-box capabilities of the Coral CEA Sandbox, provides companies with the capability to quickly build new innovative products and services. Key considerations for users of the sandbox include intellectual property, licensing, and any other dependencies inherited from use of the sandbox assets. This article presents some background on this topic and examples of how to address the associated implications. 
},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/350},
	author = {Patrick O{\textquoteright}Halloran}
}
@article {388,
	title = {Strategies for Selling Services},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {10/2010},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {With the service economy on the ascension, companies are yearning for mechanisms to connect their service solutions to their customer{\textquoteright}s problems, and have the customer acknowledge that their solution is the best. In order to meet these requirements, the foundations of the model used to deploy such solutions need to be concrete. The solution must capture the fundamental nature of the target markets and embody all of the customers{\textquoteright} expectations. This article reviews literature that will inform the development of these models and identifies relevant strategies to enable growth options around service-based solutions.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/388},
	author = {Patrick O{\textquoteright}Halloran}
}
@article {295,
	title = {Developing a Portal for Open Source Creation: A Brief Study},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {10/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article discusses the historic genesis of one company{\textquoteright}s development of a portal and platform system that enables creators and their fans to work collaboratively between different mediums such as sequential art, graphica, concept, gaming, film/TV, and music. We examine challenges that arose and which are common to many startups. These include the protection of the intellectual property rights (IPR) of all parties, using open source software development to develop the portal, and the financial and personal toll that arises over the course of a startup?s journey.
 },
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/295},
	author = {Karen Opas-Lanouette}
}
