@article {1041,
	title = {Collaborative Innovation with External Actors: An Empirical Study on Open Innovation Platforms in Smart Cities},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {12/2016},
	pages = {49-60},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Despite the rapid increase of public{\textendash}private{\textendash}people partnership (PPPP) programs at the global scale, the scientific knowledge of collaborative innovation in cities is scarce. All smart city initiatives emphasize collaborative innovation for better services and products to address the needs and problems of modern cities. Indeed, there is an evident need for both scientific and practical knowledge in this area. Based on an extensive empirical study of open innovation platforms in smart cities, this article seeks to address this knowledge gap by increasing the knowledge of opportunities and challenges of collaborative innovation between a city and external actors, including companies, third sector organizations, research institutions, and citizens. The opportunities relate to novel services, products, and solutions, as well as economic gains, regional development, and systemic and process improvements. The challenges relate to city governments and external actors.},
	keywords = {collaboration, collaborative innovation, innovation intermediaries, innovation platform, PPPP, public innovation, public{\textendash}private{\textendash}people partnership, smart city, urban development},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1041},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1041},
	author = {Jukka Ojasalo and Heini Kauppinen}
}
@article {1040,
	title = {Integrating Open Innovation Platforms in Public Sector Decision Making: Empirical Results from Smart City Research},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {12/2016},
	pages = {38-48},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The purpose of this article is to increase knowledge of integrating an open innovation platform into public sector decision-making processes. Many of the distinctive characteristics of public sector decision-making processes pose a challenge for innovation collaboration with external actors. Often, external actors are not aware of these distinctive characteristics, or they find it very difficult to adapt to them. Particularly SMEs and startups find it difficult to adjust their operation to public sector decision-making processes. The existing literature includes very little knowledge of how such an innovation platform, which is an intermediary between a city and external actors, relates to the city{\textquoteright}s decision-making processes. Still, this is an important issue considering the prerequisites of the success of an innovation platform. This qualitative explorative study is based on data from in-depth interviews and co-creative multi-actor workshops with participants from city governments and other organizations. It proposes a model of open innovation platform for public sector decision making in a city. The article contributes to the literature dealing with innovation intermediaries as well as public sector decision making in enhancement of innovation. It identifies and introduces three different kinds of relationships that are present and partly interwoven in open innovation platforms and intermediary organizations: governing, sparring, and collaborative. The prosed model shows a practical way of organizing the three types of relationships of an innovation platform with the city{\textquoteright}s decision making and external actors. The model also helps in combining different decision-making cultures between the public, private, and third sectors in the context of collaborative innovation. },
	keywords = {collaborative innovation, innovation intermediary, open innovation platform, public decision making, smart city},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1040},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1040},
	author = {Jukka Ojasalo and Lassi T{\"a}htinen}
}
