@article {1088,
	title = {The Defining Characteristics of Urban Living Labs},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {07/2017},
	pages = {21-33},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The organization of supported and sustainable urban interventions is challenging, with multiple actors involved, fragmented decision-making powers, and multiple values at stake. Globally, urban living labs have become a fashionable phenomenon to tackle this challenge, fostering the development and implementation of innovation, experimentation, and knowledge in urban, real-life settings while emphasizing the important role of participation and co-creation. However, although urban living labs could in this way help cities to speed up the sustainable transition, urban living lab experts agree that, in order to truly succeed in these ambitious tasks, the way urban living labs are being shaped and steered needs further research. Yet, they also confirm the existing variation and opaqueness in the definition of the concept. This article contributes to conceptual clarity by developing an operationalized definition of urban living labs, which has been used to assess 90 sustainable urban innovation projects in the city of Amsterdam. The assessment shows that the majority of the projects that are labelled as living labs do not include one or more of the defining elements of a living lab. In particular, the defining co-creation and development activities were found to be absent in many of the projects. This article makes it possible to categorize alleged living lab projects and distill the {\textquotedblleft}true{\textquotedblright} living labs from the many improperly labelled or unlabelled living labs, allowing more specific analyses and, ultimately, better targeted methodological recommendations for urban living labs.},
	keywords = {characteristics, cities, definition, living labs, TIM Review, urban living labs},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1088},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1088},
	author = {Kris Steen and Ellen van Bueren}
}
@article {1115,
	title = {Editorial: Insights (November 2017)},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {11/2017},
	pages = {3-4},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {academic publishing, business models, cities, collaboration, entrepreneurship, fourth industrial revolution, Industry 4.0, Internet of Things, IOT, living labs, open access, open data, Open innovation, social innovation, value propositions},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1115},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1115},
	author = {Chris McPhee}
}
@article {935,
	title = {Governance Solutions for Wicked Problems: Metropolitan Innovation Ecosystems as Frontrunners to Sustainable Well-Being},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {10/2015},
	pages = {31-41},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The growing specialization and interdependence of societies as well as their rapid technological and economic transformation have increased the level of uncertainty and complexity in decision making and the role of wicked problems in policy making. This article analyzes the nature and evolution of wicked problems and argues that they stem from the gap between the complexity of the policy problem and the variety of the corresponding governance arrangements. This complexity gap can be closed with new governance solutions that include participation, interaction, and cooperation among stakeholders; collective learning processes; coordination by mutual adjustment and clear systemic direction, decentralization, diversity, and experimentation; and effective measures to overcome system rigidities and development bottlenecks. For several reasons, cities and metropolitan areas provide ideal ecosystems for addressing wicked problems. They have the requisite variety of resources, capabilities and services, physical proximity that facilitates rich face-to-face communication, learning and cooperation, as well as the right scope for producing and experimenting with the necessary public goods and services. The article concludes by arguing that Finland could become a global frontrunner in solving wicked problems in policy making by adopting a strategy of sustainable well-being. This strategy would build on the world-class well-being knowledge within the Finnish welfare state and the rapidly growing international research on subjective well-being and happiness.},
	keywords = {cities, complexity, governance, sustainability, well-being, wicked problem},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/935},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/935},
	author = {Timo J. H{\"a}m{\"a}l{\"a}inen}
}
