@article {1480,
	title = {Can Blockchain Improve Healthcare Management?},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2022},
	month = {05/2022},
	pages = {22010203},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {-},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The paper sets out to examine the relevance of blockchain technology for healthcare management in general, and specifically for consumer medical electronics and connected portable devices. After considering the pivotal role of electronic health records in the first part of the paper, we then analyze the holistic transformative role of blockchain for healthcare data management, illustrated by a set of emerging use cases. Following that, we address the fast-growing segment of consumer medical electronics and the Internet of Medical Things. Finally, we highlight the digital community-building role of public private partnerships for emerging healthcare strategy design.},
	keywords = {Blockchain Technology, Electronic Health Records, healthcare, Internet of Things},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1480},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1480},
	author = {Marc Pilkington}
}
@article {1450,
	title = {Call for Papers: Blockchain and Digital Transformation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {-},
	year = {2021},
	month = {07/2021},
	pages = {-},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {-},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {blockchain, decentralized autonomous organizations, digital transformation, distributed ledger technology},
	issn = {1927-0321}
}
@article {1422,
	title = {Call for Papers: Distributed Ledger Technologies for Smart Digital Economies},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {02/2021},
	pages = {1-1},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {1},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {artificial intelligence, blockchain, cybersecurity, digital economy, distributed ledger technology, smartification},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1422},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1422}
}
@article {1471,
	title = {Can Artificial Intelligence be a Critical Success Factor of Construction Projects? Practitioner perspectives},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {12/2021},
	pages = {17-32},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {17},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The construction sector has not been altogether successful in adopting automated systems. Related research on artificial intelligence has mainly been confined to the development of software models for a specific subset of construction work. This study aims to identify whether artificial intelligence is a potential critical success factor for construction project success. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using content analysis. The interviewees were selected on the basis of convenience and included highly experienced project managers from the global community with expertise in project management working on large construction projects. Our research shows that senior project managers perceive artificial intelligence as different from information technology and advanced project management software. Major drawbacks of artificial intelligence were found to be (i) lack of soft skills, (ii) lack of intelligence to interpret things in various ways like human beings, and (iii) lack of human relationship capabilities, including the ways people manage projects. The interviewees believe that artificial intelligence is still years away from becoming self-aware. This study improves the understanding of artificial intelligence as a success factor for construction projects and provides future directions for research in this field.},
	keywords = {artificial intelligence, Construction Projects, Critical Success Factors, Project Success},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1471},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1471},
	author = {Virender Kumar and Amrendra Pandey and Rahul Singh}
}
@article {1425,
	title = {The Catch-22 in Strategizing for Radical Innovation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {03/2021},
	pages = {4-16},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {4},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Corporate strategy development is a well-oiled and recurring process in most established companies. Innovation strategy, however, especially for radical innovation, is new and unknown territory. This creates challenges for companies with radical innovation ambitions. We followed the innovation strategy work of nine large organisations, finding that they all struggle with the process and how to link innovation with corporate strategy in a meaningful way, while at the same time not hampering the innovative ambitions of the organisation. We identify two main challenges of gravitation and alignment, and develop a framework aimed at asking the questions necessary for increasing awareness about inherent business challenges, and how to overcome them at the intersection between corporate and innovation strategy work.},
	keywords = {corporate strategy, innovation strategy, radical innovation, strategy challenges},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1425},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1425},
	author = {Helle Alsted S{\o}ndergaard and Mette Pr{\ae}st Knudsen and Nicolai S{\o}ndergaard Laugesen}
}
@article {1456,
	title = {Charting a Course of Action: An Insider-Outsider Approach},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {10/2021},
	pages = {48-66},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {48},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {We explore an alternative approach to action research that can be implemented throughout the lifespan of a science and technology research programme. We do this by examining the emergence and development of a participant-observer research approach where a researcher is also part of the same community of practice as those being observed in the technology and innovation management context. Our motivation stems from the need to understand innovation processes and management over a long period. Typically, consultants are employed for a given period to carry out action research. We present a case where social scientists, as opposed to action research consultants, carried out action research after a history of relationship building and becoming embedded within a longitudinal science and technology research programme. This allowed the social science researchers to build trust and rigor with those being observed before engaging an action research approach. We present our case as a narrative of experiences, events and turning points, reporting on what was observed and experienced by these social scientists. Our study extends current knowledge by mapping the research journey toward action research through three phases: navigation, iteration, and reflection phases. We argue that richer insights are generated when participant-observers engage early, and that their insights lead to action research that is more informed.},
	keywords = {action research, Ethnography, Innovation management, Insider-Outsider, narrative, Participant-Observer, Reflexivity, Sense-Making},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1456},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1456},
	author = {Paul Woodfield and Katharina Ruckstuhl and Rafaela C.C. Rabello}
}
@article {1463,
	title = {A Closer Look at Living Labs and Higher Education using a Scoping Review},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {12/2021},
	pages = {30-40},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {30},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {As society changes rapidly, there is a need to educate professionals who contribute to innovation and complex adaptations in organizations. As part of this education, companies, governmental bodies and other stakeholders have sought collaboration on complex issues in "living labs". Living labs are recognized as educational environments to prepare students in higher education for future roles. The aim of this article is to explore the nature and extent of the scientific literature about living labs in which actors in higher education actively participate. In total, 21 articles were included in this scoping review. Research into this topic appears to be relatively new. Definitions of living labs are mostly in line with the definition used by the European Network of Living Labs (ENoLL), with its large variation of lab locations. Few results about organization and governance were identified. Different lessons learned regarding processes, interaction and requirements for successful living labs were found. The design of learning is mostly described by learning activities. Learning outcomes are described in generic and specific competences and assessments in living labs are rarely described. The authors recommend more detailed studies into aspects of the successful participation of higher education to gain knowledge about enhancing learning outcomes, and the effects of educational activities within living lab environments.},
	keywords = {approaches, definitions, higher education, key elements, Living lab, scoping review},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1463},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1463},
	author = {Ren{\'e}e van den Heuvel and Susy Braun and Manon de Bruin and Ramon Dani{\"e}ls}
}
@article {1419,
	title = {Cloud-Based Approach for Tracking and Monitoring of Hay Bales in Smart Agriculture},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {02/2021},
	pages = {17-23},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {17},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The introduction of new technology to agriculture has resulted in enormous amounts of data and their handling and utilization challenge. Data is typically gathered from several sources such as field sensors, machines, industrial processes, different laboratories and officials. This has led to several complicated systems that are not always compatible. Farmers are confused, unaware, and face challenges in seeing the benefits for their business in relation to the time required. This paper introduces an automatic digital tracking and monitoring system for round feed bales on farms. In this system, bale data from sensors, switches, and a GPS-device in the baling machine are collected by hardware and sent to the cloud with the bale ID read from a RFID tag attached to each bale. A digital inventory of bales forms instantly, and baling can be followed on the map application with a mobile device. Data in the cloud is utilized for the farmer{\textquoteright}s user interface. The farmer can manage and do various operations with bales. An important outcome is the yield report, showing basic statistics, quantities, and qualities of bales in a digitalized field parcel. If the farmer wants to sell bales, this can easily be done with the tool. It makes sales by connecting the farmer to an e-commerce portal. A key question and challenge to be resolved involves who owns the data. All the benefits of digitalization can be achieved only with good cooperation and mutual agreement from farmers who want to have control of their data under all circumstances.},
	keywords = {bale inventory, bale trade, big data, precision farming, RFID, round bales, silage, Smart farming},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1419},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1419},
	author = {Ilpo P{\"o}l{\"o}nen and Antti Suokannas and Antti Juntunen}
}
@article {1470,
	title = {Coping with the Double-Edged Sword of Data Sharing in Ecosystems},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {12/2021},
	pages = {5-16},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {5},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Researchers and practitioners agree upon the huge potential of Big Data Analytics (BDA) for firms{\textquoteright} competitive advantage. Capitalizing on Big Data (BD) often requires sharing firms{\textquoteright} data with their stakeholders in an ecosystem. Sharing data, however, is a double-edged sword, because firms might also risk losing their competitive advantage by doing so. This conceptual paper uses extant literature on data analytics to introduce a comprehensive data sharing strategy framework that helps firms decide which data can be shared in an ecosystem, which should be kept secret, or if additional rules and regulations are required for sharing the data. The framework combines two distinct categorizations of data, and it relates the data categories to firms{\textquoteright} strategic competitive advantage by employing the Resource-Based View (RBV). Firstly, the framework is grounded in the stages of the data analytics process and secondly, it distinguishes between operative, strategic and monetizable data, a new categorization introduced by this paper. Depending on the categories of data a company intends to share, the framework recommends five distinct data sharing strategies that help mitigating the risk of losing their competitive advantage.},
	keywords = {Big Data Analytics Capabilities, competitive advantage, data sharing, ecosystem, Resource-Based View},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1470},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1470},
	author = {Petra Kugler and Thomas Plank}
}
@article {1445,
	title = {A Cross-Pollination of Ideas about Distributed Ledger Technological Innovation through a Multidisciplinary and Multisectoral lens: Insights from the Blockchain Technology Symposium {\textquoteright}21},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {06/2021},
	pages = {58-66},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {58},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Blockchain Technology Symposium 2021 (BTS{\textquoteright}21) is a forum where academic researchers, industry professionals, and decision makers came together to present recent advancements, discuss adoption barriers, tackle common challenges, and explore future roadmaps surrounding blockchain and its related technologies such as consensus algorithms, smart contracts, cryptocurrencies, and distributed ledger technologies generally. As a follow-up to BTS{\textquoteright}18 and BTS{\textquoteright}20, which were hosted by Ryerson University and The Fields Institute, and by popular demand, BTS 2021 gathered a diverse audience from academia, industry, and policy makers to engage in a dialogue around crucial topics in the adoption of blockchain technology, with the aim of cross-fertilizing ideas from these communities to address the challenges and seize the opportunities brought forward by this promising technology. BTS{\textquoteright}21 featured multidisciplinary and multi-sectoral talks and presentations on four major themes: (1) decentralized finance (DeFi), (2) decentralized identity, (3) decentralized health and (4) decentralized supply chain management. This article provides reflections on some of the key insights found in the BTS\&rsquo;21 presentations.},
	keywords = {blockchain, decentralization, decentralized finance, decentralized health, decentralized identity, decentralized supply chains, distributed ledgers, innovation, technology adoption, technology management},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1445},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1445},
	author = {Victoria L. Lemieux and Atefeh Mashatan and Rei Safavi-Naini and Jeremy Clark}
}
@article {1349,
	title = {Call for Papers: Aligning multiple stakeholder value propositions: the challenge of new companies  committed to scale early and rapidly},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {04/2020},
	pages = {80-82},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {80},
	address = {Ottawa},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1349},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1349},
	author = {Tony Bailetti and Christian Keen and Stoyan Tanev}
}
@article {1383,
	title = {Call for Papers: Digital Innovations in the Bioeconomy},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {09/2020},
	pages = {1},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {1},
	address = {Ottawa},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	author = {Iivari Kunttu}
}
@article {1354,
	title = {Citizen Perceptions of Government{\textquoteright}s Resistance to Shared Parking},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {05/2020},
	pages = {28-40},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {28},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Sharing economy services is one of the fastest growing segments in today\&rsquo;s economy, especially in urban centres. However, some cities have taken a negative stance and sought to prohibit sharing economy services, which has raised tensions between citizens and the local government. This paper adopts a case study approach to investigate what the main topics are in citizen perceptions of their government{\textquoteright}s resistance to shared parking in Ottawa, the capital city of Canada, where shared parking is considered illegal. In so doing, the study applies topic modelling on readers{\textquoteright} comments following news about local residents being threatened with legal action by the city for providing shared parking services to government employees suffering from insufficient office parking resources. Based on six identified topics, the study establishes a conceptual framework that contributes to the literature on sharing economies by illustrating how citizens perceive their government{\textquoteright}s resistance toward sharing economies. The paper considers whether sharing economy services could be an innovation that would benefit societies, and how understanding citizen perceptions through online comments can help a government to solve policy issues and create win-win resolutions.},
	keywords = {government, innovation resistance, parking, Sharing economy services, topic modelling},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1354},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1354},
	author = {Mika Westerlund}
}
@article {1339,
	title = {Company Offers to Meet the Needs of Business-to-Business Customers: Customer Strategy and Orientation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {03/2020},
	pages = {79-87},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {79},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {<Companies develop and refine their market offer by creating new products for current and potential customers. Customer-focused research and development (R\&D) is expected to shorten the time to market, improve cash flow, and reduce risks. It considers both customer strategy as well as customer orientation. In practice, this means that customer strategy directs current and potential customers to a company{\textquoteright}s offering, while customer orientation allocates R\&D activities to meet customers{\textquoteright} needs. This paper contributes to customer-driven R\&D research by investigating whether a company{\textquoteright}s offer meets customer needs that can be supported by customer strategy and orientation. Specific focus is given to companies operating in business-to-business (B2B) markets. The paper is based on an analysis of quantitative survey data from 292 respondents representing key account management and sales management professionals in Finnish firms across several industries. The findings indicate that offer meeting customers{\textquoteright} needs are supported by customer strategy and orientation. The paper provides guidelines on how companies can align their research and development activities to address both existing customers as well as current and potential needs and requirements.},
	keywords = {B2B, customer orientation, customer strategy, Market offer, research and development, value proposition},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1339},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1339},
	author = {Mikko M{\"a}ntyneva}
}
@article {1372,
	title = {A Conceptual Development of a Business Model Typology in Tourism: the impact of digitalization and location},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {07/2020},
	pages = {17-28},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {17},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This paper aims to conceptually develop a business model typology in tourism. It focuses on digitalization and destination location as important contextual factors when developing the typology. The paper builds on prior research on business models and tourism research by adopting configuration theory to create a typology of business models in tourism businesses. Four business model archetypes are identified: (1) bricks and mortar business models, (2) digitalized destinations, (3) create a destination, and (4) intermediary business models. The typology contributes to the literature by identifying different types of business models in the tourism sector. The typology also helps to ground the business model concept theoretically, something that has been considered as missing in previous business model research.},
	keywords = {business models, configurations, destination, digitalization, location, technology, tourism, typology},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1372},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1372},
	author = {Gabriel Linton and Christina {\"O}berg}
}
@article {1348,
	title = {Correlation between Entrepreneurial Orientation and Implementation of AI in Human Resources Management},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {04/2020},
	pages = {72-79},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {72},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This paper develops the concept of adopting artificial intelligence (AI) in human resources management (HRM) through a research questionnaire and reports the results of a study designed to investigate the perception of adopting and introducing AI in HRM processes. In addition, it investigates the correlation between entrepreneurship orientation (EO) and AI in HRM processes. A survey was conducted with a sample of 310 firm members in the HR Section Romande, as well as a literature review on the adoption of new technologies. The results indicate a perceived positive value of introducing AI in HRM and a correlation between the level of a company{\textquoteright}s EO and the introduction of AI in HRM. This means that the more a company is entrepreneurially oriented, the more it tends to implement or include already implemented AI projects and tools in HRM processes. The perceived value of AI in HRM was evaluated by comparing answers to research questions involving the introduction of AI in HRM tools, and expectations of widely implementing AI in the next five years. The main barrier of adopting AI in HRM appeared to be a lack of skills and training. In addition, potential features of implementing AI in HRM were identified as potential steps toward introducing AI as a new technology. Questions regarding the evaluation of EO were based on a research Colvin Slevin (1989). It is important for SMEs to invest in information technology to set the basis for further development. Owing to intensified competitive pressures and the necessity of entering global markets, SMEs are incrementally employing Information Technology (IT) to create substantial benefits. Most prior research has focused more on IT adoption in large organizations, yet when regarding the limited resources of SMEs, the IT adoption process is considerably different. (Ghobakhloo, Sabouri, Hong and Zulkifli, 2011).},
	keywords = {artificial intelligence, entrepreneurial orientation, Human Resource Management},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1348},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1348},
	author = {Rico Baldegger and Maurizio Caon and Kreshnik Sadiku}
}
@article {1402,
	title = {Criminal Enforcement of Trade Secret Theft:  Strategic Considerations for Canadian SMEs},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {11/2020},
	pages = {40-46},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {40},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Many innovative small and medium enterprises (SMEs) face unique challenges in protecting their intellectual property (IP). Potential theft of trade secrets is a key feature of these challenges, which arises often in the context of disputes related to employee mobility. Despite the risks these challenges pose, SMEs often confront significant resource barriers in protecting themselves from trade secret theft. The passage of a recent criminal law by the Canadian federal government, section 391 of the Criminal Code, creates a powerful new tool for innovative SMEs to report, investigate, and prosecute theft of trade secrets. It also comes with specific considerations and risks that innovative SMEs should examine and contemplate. This article explores strategies for SMEs in Canada to use section 391 to protect their trade secrets, navigate the legal environment during theft of a trade secret, and remediate such theft.},
	keywords = {confidential information, criminal law, economic espionage, enforcement, small and medium-sized enterprises, trade secrets},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1402},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1402},
	author = {Matt Malone}
}
@article {1234,
	title = {Choosing an Outlet for Action Research: Publication Patterns in Innovation Journals},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {04/2019},
	pages = {66-77},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {With the aim to help innovation researchers choose outlets for articles based on participatory and action research methods, this article describes and discusses publication patterns of action research. A bibliographic study of 33 innovation journals ranked 4, 3, 2, and 1 in the 2018 Academic Journal Guide is complemented by a case study of this journal, the Technology Innovation Management Review, as an example of an established open access journal in the field with a wider scope and target group. From these two studies, we learn that the overall trend is towards more publications of action research articles in a diversity of outlets. Indirectly, the study supports the general view that articles striving towards adding practical relevance to research are becoming more frequent. There is no support for the notion that more renowned and higher-ranked journals would be more hesitant to accept articles with action research methods. The study also notes that there are interesting outlets beside those highly ranked and indexed in more conventional ways. The conclusion reached is that we lack a clear answer to the question of what are the best outlets for those of us who are interested in both innovation and action research. Instead, the study invites us to reflect upon what kind of impact we want to have and then act accordingly. },
	keywords = {action research, bibliography, case study, innovation, journals, participative, participatory action research},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1234},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1234},
	author = {Magnus Hoppe}
}
@article {1261,
	title = {Conceptualizing a New Domain Using Topic Modeling and Concept Mapping: A Case Study of Managed Security Services for Small Businesses},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {08/2019},
	pages = {55-64},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The objective of this paper is to show how topic modeling and concept mapping can be used to conduct a literature review in a new  domain. The paper makes two contributions. First, it uses topic modeling to map out the literature in the new domain. Topic modeling provides an alternative to manual clustering of articles and allows the identification of non-obvious connections between ideas expressed in a collection of articles. Second, it identifies the underlying concepts in the new domain and their relationships by creating a concept map from the extracted topics . As a case study, the paper reviews the recent literature in the intersection of managed security services and small businesses. In particular, it identifies elements of the managed security services concept as it applies to small businesses. The audience of the paper includes anyone who is exploring a new  domain by reviewing the literature, and in particular, students, researchers, and members of industrial R\&D projects.},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1261},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1261},
	author = {Michael Weiss and Steven Muegge}
}
@article {1291,
	title = {Connected Health Innovation:  Data Access Challenges in the Interface of AI Companies and Hospitals},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {12/2019},
	pages = {43-55},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {43},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The purpose of this paper is to explore the challenges and potential solutions regarding data access for innovation in the realm of connected health. Theoretically, our study combines insights from data management and innovation network orchestration studies, taking thereby a new approach into issues that have emerged in these research streams. Empirically, we study these issues in the context of a development endeavor involving an AI-driven surgery journey solution in collaboration with hospitals and companies. Our study indicates that the challenges and solutions in data access can be categorised according to the level where they emerge: individual, organisational, and institutional. Depending on the level, the challenges require solutions to be searched from different categories. While solutions are generally still scarce, organizational level solutions seem The purpose of this paper is to explore the challenges and potential solutions regarding data access for innovation in the realm of connected health. Theoretically, our study combines insights from data management and innovation network orchestration studies, taking thereby a new approach into issues that have emerged in these research streams. Empirically, we study these issues in the context of a development endeavor involving an AI-driven surgery journey solution in collaboration with hospitals and companies. Our study indicates that the challenges and solutions in data access can be categorised according to the level where they emerge: individual, organisational, and institutional. Depending on the level, the challenges require solutions to be searched from different categories. While solutions are generally still scarce, organizational level solutions seem to hold wide-ranging potential in addressing many challenges. By discussing these dynamics, this paper provides new knowledge for academics and practitioners on the challenges and solutions for data access and management in networked contexts. The greatest challenges among healthcare providers and health technology companies lay on uncertainties and interpretations concerning regulation, data strategy, and guidelines. Creating guidelines for data use and access in a hospital can be a first step to creating connected health innovations in collaboration with AI companies. For their part, these companies need to put effort into gaining in-depth knowledge and understanding of the processes and standards in healthcare context. Our paper is one of the first to combine data management and innovation network orchestration literatures, and to provide empirical evidence on data access related issues in this setting.to hold wide-ranging potential in addressing many challenges. By discussing these dynamics, this paper provides new knowledge for academics and practitioners on the challenges and solutions for data access and management in networked contexts. The greatest challenges among healthcare providers and health technology companies lay on uncertainties and interpretations concerning regulation, data strategy, and guidelines. Creating guidelines for data use and access in a hospital can be a first step to creating connected health innovations in collaboration with AI companies. For their part, these companies need to put effort into gaining in-depth knowledge and understanding of the processes and standards in healthcare context. Our paper is one of the first to combine data management and innovation network orchestration literatures, and to provide empirical evidence on data access related issues in this setting.},
	keywords = {artificial intelligence, connected health, Data access, data management, governance, information mobility, innovation, orchestration, patient- centered},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1291},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1291},
	author = {Laura Kemppainen and Minna Pikkarainen and Pia Hurmelinna-Laukkanen and Jarmo Reponen}
}
@article {1195,
	title = {Collaboration Strategies in Innovation Ecosystems: An Empirical Study of the German Microelectronics and Photonics Industries},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {11/2018},
	pages = {4-12},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Effective collaboration between companies and research organizations is key to successful innovation systems. Against the background of digitalization, a shift from traditional innovation systems towards innovation ecosystems can be observed. In this article, we investigate how companies operating in innovation ecosystems address the challenge of collaboration in dynamic innovation ecosystems. We focus on microelectronics and photonics in Germany as examples of knowledge- and research-intensive industries and analyze the strategies of companies to collaborate with research organizations. We explore whether and to what extent companies develop different and new strategies for collaborating with research institutions within innovation ecosystems, on the basis of which we identify two ideal types of strategies. Whereas ideal type A is aiming towards obtaining specific knowledge in order to further develop a particular technology or product (i.e., towards incremental innovation), ideal type B seeks to harness the new and full potential of innovation ecosystems (i.e., aiming at rather radical innovation). Finally, our findings contribute to a better understanding of innovation ecosystems and give managerial implications for collaborating in such systems. },
	keywords = {business ecosystem, collaboration, development and innovation, innovation ecosystem, innovation ecosystem strategies, knowledge ecosystem, microelectronics, photonics, research},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1195},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1195},
	author = {Fabian Schroth and Johann Jakob H{\"a}u{\ss}ermann}
}
@article {1139,
	title = {Convergent Innovation in Food through Big Data and Artificial Intelligence for Societal-Scale Inclusive Growth},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {02/2018},
	pages = {49-65},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Inclusive innovation has not yet reached societal scale due to a well-entrenched divide between wealth creation and social equity. Taking food as the initial test bed, we have proposed the convergent innovation model to address such challenges still facing 21st century society by bridging sectors and disciplines around an integrated goal on both sides of the social-economic divide for innovations that target wealth creation with an upfront consideration of its externalities. The convergent innovation model is empowered by two key enablers that integrate an advanced digital infrastructure with leading scientific knowledge on the drivers of human behaviour in varying contexts. This article discusses the structure, methods, and development of an artificial intelligence platform to support convergent innovation. Insights are gathered on consumer sentiment and behavioural drivers through the analysis of user-generated content on social media platforms. Empirical results show that user discussions related to marketing, consequences, and occasions are positive. Further regression modelling finds that economic consequences are a strong predictor of consumer global sentiment, but are also sensitive to both the actual price and economic awareness. This finding has important implications for inclusive growth and further emphasizes the need for affordable and accessible foods, as well as for consumer education. Challenges and opportunities inspired by the research results are discussed to inform the design, marketing, and delivery of convergent innovation products and services, while also contributing to dimensions of inclusion and economic performance for equitable health and wealth.},
	keywords = {artificial intelligence, convergent innovation, food, social media, user-generated content},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1139},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1139},
	author = {Laurette Dub{\'e} and Pan Du and Cameron McRae and Neha Sharma and Srinivasan Jayaraman and Jian-Yun Nie}
}
@article {1046,
	title = {Categorization of Innovation Tools in Living Labs},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {01/2017},
	pages = {15-25},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article examines the link between innovation processes and the use of innovation tools in living labs. So doing, it develops a conceptual framework based on the literature to analyze 40 living labs in different countries. The study contributes to the discussion on living labs by introducing a new typology of living labs based on their innovation process characteristics and usage of tools: linearizer, iterator, mass customizer, and tailor. Moreover, it proposes three ways to organize innovation activities in living labs. The article concludes by providing a set of implications to theory and practice, and suggesting directions for future research on living labs.},
	keywords = {innovation tool, Living lab, method, Open innovation, user innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1046},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1046},
	author = {Seppo Leminen and Mika Westerlund}
}
@article {1126,
	title = {Collaborative Capability in Coworking Spaces: Convenience Sharing or Community Building?},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {12/2017},
	pages = {32-42},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This study explores the development of collaborative capability in coworking spaces. It is based on the perception of collaboration among 31 coworking founders, community managers, and coworkers of those spaces. In-depth interviews around the meaning of collaboration and its challenges were conducted in 14 coworking spaces located in six Asian countries. A set of factors was identified and a model was proposed based on a set of four dimensions: enabling knowledge sharing, enhancing a creative field, enhancing an individual action for the collective, and supporting a collective action to an effective execution. The {\textquotedblleft}Convenience Sharing{\textquotedblright} and {\textquotedblleft}Community Building{\textquotedblright} coworking types based on Capdevila (2014) suggest different conditions under which collaborative capability develops. Convenience Sharing coworking spaces tend to foster collaborative capability through knowledge sharing and effective execution, whereas Community Building coworking spaces tend to foster collaborative capability by enhancing a creative field and individual action for the collective. Overall, this study contributes to a theoretical model for coworking spaces to help coworking founders and community managers make strategic decisions. The findings suggest that collaborative capability in coworking spaces depends on the interlacing of a set of factors along four dimensions that relate in varying degrees of intensity to a two-fold coworking space typology.},
	keywords = {collaboration, collaborative knowledge work, collaborative workspaces, coworking, innovativeness},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1126},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1126},
	author = {Marcelo F. Castilho and Carlos O. Quandt}
}
@article {1068,
	title = {Combining Exploratory Analysis and Automated Analysis for Anomaly Detection in Real-Time Data Streams},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {04/2017},
	pages = {25-31},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Security analysts can become overwhelmed with monitoring real-time security information that is important to help them defend their network. They also tend to focus on a limited portion of the alerts, and therefore risk missing important events and links between them. At the heart of the problem is the system that analysts use to detect, explore, and respond to cyber-attacks. Developers of security analysis systems face the challenge of developing a system that can present different sources of information at multiple levels of abstraction, while also creating a system that is intuitive to use. In this article, we examine the complementary nature of exploratory analysis and automated analysis by testing the development of a system that monitors real-time Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) traffic for anomalies that might indicate security threats. BGP is an essential component for supporting the infrastructure of the Internet; however, it is also highly vulnerable and can be hijacked by attackers to propagate spam or launch denial-of-service attacks. Some of the attack scenarios on the BGP infrastructure can be quite elaborate, and it is difficult, if not impossible, to fully automate the detection of such attacks. This article makes two contributions: i) it describes a prototype platform for computing indicators and threat alerts in real time and for visualizing the context of an alert, and ii) it discusses the interaction of exploratory analysis (visualization) and automated analysis. This article is relevant to students, security researchers, and developers who are interested in the development or use of real-time security monitoring systems. They will gain insights into the complementary aspects of automated analysis and exploratory analysis through the development of a real-time streaming system.},
	keywords = {anomaly detection, cybersecurity, exploratory analysis, real-time data streams, visualization},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1068},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1068},
	author = {Ahmed Shah and Ibrahim Abualhaol and Mahmoud Gad and Michael Weiss}
}
@article {1090,
	title = {Comparing the Entrepreneurial Ecosystems for Technology Startups in Bangalore and Hyderabad, India},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {07/2017},
	pages = {47-62},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Technology startups are gaining increasing attention from policy makers the world over because they are seen as a means of encouraging innovations, spurring the development of new products and services, and generating employment. Technology startups tend to thrive when inserted in a conducive entrepreneurial ecosystem. Therefore, ecosystem promotion is being given increasing policy support. However, the emergence and structure of entrepreneurial ecosystems for technology startups have hardly been traced and examined in detail. In India, Bangalore occupies a unique position in the startup world, and Hyderabad is fast emerging as one of the promising startup hubs in the country. Given this background, we set out to explore and examine the structure, evolution, and growth of ecosystems for technology startups in the context of Bangalore and Hyderabad. Both the ecosystems emerged due to the initial foundation laid in the form of government{\textendash}industry{\textendash}academia triple helix and their interactions leading to the emergence of a modern industrial cluster followed by an information technology and biotechnology cluster, which then led to R\&D cluster serving both the cities. These three clusters together, gradually and steadily, facilitated an entrepreneurial ecosystem for technology startups to emerge. The ecosystem operates within the triple helix model and has a nucleus with two outer layers: i) an inner layer of primary (indispensable) factors and ii) an outer layer of supplementary (secondary) factors. Through the analysis of the experiences of Bangalore and Hyderabad and their ecosystem evolution, its structure, and components, we derive key lessons for others within and beyond India. },
	keywords = {Bangalore, ecosystems, entrepreneurship, Hyderabad, India, startups, technology},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1090},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1090},
	author = {M H Bala Subrahmanya}
}
@article {1105,
	title = {Convergent Innovation in Emerging Healthcare Technology Ecosystems: Addressing Complexity and Integration},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {09/2017},
	pages = {44-54},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Precision Medicine and Digital Health are emerging areas in healthcare, and they are underpinned by convergent or cross-industry innovation. However, convergence results in greater uncertainty and complexity in terms of technologies, value networks, and organization. There has been limited empirical research on emerging and convergent ecosystems, especially in addressing the issue of integration. This research identifies how organizations innovate in emerging and convergent ecosystems, specifically, how they address the challenge of integration. We base our research on empirical analyses using a series of longitudinal case studies employing a combination of case interviews, field observations, and documents. Our findings identify a need to embrace the complexity by adopting a variety of approaches that balance {\textquotedblleft}credibility-seeking{\textquotedblright} and {\textquotedblleft}advantage-seeking{\textquotedblright} behaviours, to navigate, negotiate, and nurture both the innovation and ecosystem, in addition to a combination of {\textquotedblleft}analysis{\textquotedblright} and {\textquotedblleft}synthesis{\textquotedblright} actions to manage aspects of integration. We contribute to the convergent innovation agenda and provide practical approaches for innovators in this domain. },
	keywords = {complexity, convergent innovation, ecosystems, healthcare, integration},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1105},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1105},
	author = {Mark A. Phillips and Tom{\'a}s S. Harrington and Jagjit Singh Srai}
}
@article {1103,
	title = {The Core Interaction of Platforms: How Startups Connect Users and Producers},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {09/2017},
	pages = {17-29},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The platform economy is disrupting innovation while presenting both opportunities and challenges for startups. Platforms support value creation between multiple participant groups, and this operationalization of an ecosystem{\textquoteright}s value co-creation represents the {\textquotedblleft}core interaction{\textquotedblright} of a platform. This article focuses on that core interaction and studies how startups connect producers and users in value-creating core interaction through digital platforms. The study is based on an analysis of 29 cases of platform startups interviewed at a leading European startup event. The studied startups were envisioning even millions of users and hundreds or thousands of producers co-creating value on their platforms. In such platform businesses, our results highlight the importance of attracting a large user pool, providing novel services to those users, offering a new market for producers, supporting the core interaction in various ways, and utilizing elements of the platform canvas {\textendash} an adaptation of the business model canvas, which we have accommodated for platform-based business models {\textendash} to accomplish these goals.},
	keywords = {core interaction, digital platforms, multisided markets, platform business, platform canvas, slush event, startups, value creation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1103},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1103},
	author = {Heidi M. E. Korhonen and Kaisa Still and Marko Sepp{\"a}nen and Miika Kumpulainen and Arho Suominen and Katri Valkokari}
}
@article {1069,
	title = {A Cybersecurity Risk Assessment Framework that Integrates Value-Sensitive Design},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {04/2017},
	pages = {32-43},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Medical devices today are more effective and connected than ever before, saving more patient lives and making healthcare practitioner{\textquoteright}s jobs more efficient. But with this interconnectedness comes inherent concerns over increased cybersecurity vulnerabilities. Medical device cybersecurity has become an increasing concern for all relevant stakeholders including: patients, regulators, manufacturers, and healthcare practitioners. Although cybersecurity in medical devices has been covered in the literature, there is a gap in how to address cybersecurity concerns and assess risks in a way that brings value to all relevant stakeholders. In order to maximize the value created from cybersecurity risk mitigations, we review literature on the state of cybersecurity in the medical device industry, on cybersecurity risk management frameworks in the context of medical devices, and on how cybersecurity can be used as a value proposition. We then synthesize the key contributions of the literature into a framework that integrates cybersecurity value considerations for all relevant stakeholders into the risk mitigation process. This framework is subsequently applied to the hypothetical case of an insulin pump. Using this example case, we illustrate how medical device manufacturers can use the framework as a standardized method that can be applicable to medical devices at large. Our ultimate goal is to make cybersecurity risk mitigation an exploitable asset for manufacturers rather than a regulatory obligation. },
	keywords = {cybersecurity, framework, medical devices, risk assessment, value propositions, value-sensitive design},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1069},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1069},
	author = {Aida Alvarenga and George Tanev}
}
@article {1009,
	title = {Co-Creating User Stories: A Tool for Making Sense of Business Opportunities},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {08/2016},
	pages = {33-39},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article discusses co-creation as a means of sensemaking among business-to-business actors, and presents a case study from the information and communications sector, in which the aim is to understand current and future media consumption and behaviour. We propose to expand the notion of co-creation in such a way that it also recognizes interaction and sensemaking between different stakeholders within an industry or sector, compared to the current view, in which the focus is on the consumers{\textquoteright} role in co-creation activities. Stakeholder co-creation entails jointly creating meaning of a chosen complex phenomenon by using practical tools, such as narratives in the form of user stories. Sensemaking is a narrative process and can thus be used in combination with practical facilitation tools in order to co-create user stories or other stories, and in other contexts.},
	keywords = {business-to-business, co-creation, sensemaking, user stories},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1009},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1009},
	author = {Anna-Greta Nystr{\"o}m and Miia Mustonen and Seppo Yrj{\"o}l{\"a}}
}
@article {1041,
	title = {Collaborative Innovation with External Actors: An Empirical Study on Open Innovation Platforms in Smart Cities},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {12/2016},
	pages = {49-60},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Despite the rapid increase of public{\textendash}private{\textendash}people partnership (PPPP) programs at the global scale, the scientific knowledge of collaborative innovation in cities is scarce. All smart city initiatives emphasize collaborative innovation for better services and products to address the needs and problems of modern cities. Indeed, there is an evident need for both scientific and practical knowledge in this area. Based on an extensive empirical study of open innovation platforms in smart cities, this article seeks to address this knowledge gap by increasing the knowledge of opportunities and challenges of collaborative innovation between a city and external actors, including companies, third sector organizations, research institutions, and citizens. The opportunities relate to novel services, products, and solutions, as well as economic gains, regional development, and systemic and process improvements. The challenges relate to city governments and external actors.},
	keywords = {collaboration, collaborative innovation, innovation intermediaries, innovation platform, PPPP, public innovation, public{\textendash}private{\textendash}people partnership, smart city, urban development},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1041},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1041},
	author = {Jukka Ojasalo and Heini Kauppinen}
}
@article {1026,
	title = {The Concept of the Entrepreneurial University Applied to Universities of Technology in Austria: Already Reality or a Vision of the Future?},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {10/2016},
	pages = {37-44},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The concept of the "entrepreneurial university" is now recognized as a major driver for self-development and innovation and as an appropriate response to succeeding in highly turbulent and unpredictable markets. This article outlines and evaluates the current implementation of this concept at the universities of technology (TU) in Austria. First, to evaluate the status quo, a review of existing programs and initiatives was undertaken at the three universities comprising the "TU Austria": TU Graz, TU Wien (Vienna), and MU Leoben. Second, a questionnaire was designed on the basis of the HEInnovate framework and sent to representatives of the three universities and resulted in responses from TU Graz and TU Wien. The results underscore that the model of the entrepreneurial university represents the next step of development in higher education. Moreover, it demonstrates that there is still room for improvement at the TU Austria, especially in terms of fostering an entrepreneurial spirit among students.},
	keywords = {entrepreneurial spirit, entrepreneurial university, entrepreneurship, HEInnovate framework, triple helix, TU Austria, TU Graz, TU Wien},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1026},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1026},
	author = {Martin Sperrer and Christiana M{\"u}ller and Julia Soos}
}
@article {977,
	title = {Corporate and Grassroot Frugal Innovation: A Comparison of Top-Down and Bottom-Up Strategies},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {04/2016},
	pages = {5-17},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Frugal innovations aim at the development of basic solutions that are affordable for price-sensitive customer groups. This article looks at the similarities and differences between two major approaches, corporate and grassroot frugal innovation, and identifies initial ideas on how the two streams can learn from each other. The three pillars of sustainability (economic, environmental, and social) provide one of the guidelines for the comparison. The research is based on an analysis of case studies from various industries, six of which are presented in this article. },
	keywords = {case studies, corporate frugal innovation, frugal innovation, grassroots frugal innovation, startups, sustainability},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/977},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/977},
	author = {Liza Wohlfart and Mark B{\"u}nger and Claus Lang-Koetz and Frank Wagner}
}
@article {1007,
	title = {Corporate Entrepreneurship: A Review and Future Research Agenda},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {08/2016},
	pages = {5-18},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The overarching theme of corporate entrepreneurship literature is to understand why some firms are able to generate higher levels of corporate entrepreneurship than others. While the extant literature has greatly advanced our understanding of entrepreneurial activities by established firms, less effort has been made to systematically review the literature to help us identify missing links and knowledge in prior studies. To address this gap, this article critically reviews previous important studies on corporate entrepreneurship and then develops a framework integrating previous research. Finally, the article suggests five potentially worthwhile avenues for future research.},
	keywords = {corporate entrepreneurship, established firms, innovation, strategic renewal, venturing},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1007},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1007},
	author = {Kamal Sakhdari}
}
@article {985,
	title = {Creating Brand India: Strategies, Issues, and Challenges},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {05/2016},
	pages = {5-9},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Just like a product, person, or institution, a country also has an impression in the minds of people. A brand distinguishes the product of one seller from those of the others. With the Indian Prime Minister{\textquoteright}s recent call to "Make in India", brand building is receiving more attention and momentum in the country. India is the largest democratic country with the highest GDP, and it is becoming a favourable destination for the global investment giants. But, despite various strengths and successes in image building, the country faces challenges in creating a sustainable, conducive environment for making India a production hub of the world. Bureaucracy, corruption, delay in clearance of business proposals, ethical standards and work culture, tax reforms, political interventions, socio-economic barriers, regionalism, etc. are some of the challenges that must be coped with. This article examines these various issues and challenges that must be overcome in creating Brand India.},
	keywords = {Brand India, challenges, economic growth, entrepreneurship, government initiatives, innovation, Make in India},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/985},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/985},
	author = {Alok Chakrawal and Pratibha Goyal}
}
@article {973,
	title = {Crowdfunding: Finding the Optimal Platform for Funders and Entrepreneurs},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {03/2016},
	pages = {31-40},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {As a steadily expanding source of venture capital, crowdfunding has become an alternative to traditional funding sources, such as banks and financial investors. The phenomenon of crowdfunding is represented by a growing number of Internet sites, here called crowdfunding platforms, devoted to the service. In this article, we investigate crowdfunding and their payout models, which are standard components on crowdfunding platforms. We consider the perspectives of both entrepreneurs and funders to determine the most attractive combination of models found on crowdfunding platforms. Our findings indicate that the most popular crowdfunding platforms, at the time of this study, reflect the preferences of entrepreneurs. The funders{\textquoteright} favoured crowdfunding model, which we call the equity model, is not currently found, in combination with the often-grouped, non-financial crowdfunding models of pre-order, sponsoring, or reward, on any of the top platforms. Thus, the research identifies a new market for crowdfunding platforms.},
	keywords = {crowdfunding, crowdfunding models, crowdfunding platforms, financing, payout models},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/973},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/973},
	author = {David Gedda and Billy Nilsson and Zebastian S{\r a}th{\'e}n and Klaus Solberg S{\o}ilen}
}
@article {963,
	title = {Crowdsourcing Literature Reviews in New Domains},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {02/2016},
	pages = {5-14},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Conducting a literature review in new domains presents unique challenges. The literature in a new domain is typically broad, fragmented, and growing quickly. Because little is known about the new domain, the literature review cannot be guided by established classifications of knowledge, unlike in an existing domain. Rather, it will be driven by evidence that challenges and extends existing knowledge. In a way, exploring a new domain means looking for anomalies in the evidence that cannot be explained by what is already known. This article summarizes lessons from conducting two literature reviews in new domains in the area of cybersecurity. It then presents a design for using leader-driven crowdsourcing to collect evidence and synthesize it into insights in a new domain. The article will be relevant to those who are exploring a new domain, in particular students, researchers, and members of R\&D projects in industry.},
	keywords = {co-creation, crowdsourcing, crowdsourcing platform, cybersecurity, literature review, narrative, new domains, systematic},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/963},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/963},
	author = {Michael Weiss}
}
@article {1039,
	title = {The Cuckoo{\textquoteright}s Nest Approach for Co-Creating Business Ecosystems in Smart Cities},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {12/2016},
	pages = {26-37},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The development of business ecosystems in smart cities is currently hampered by the absence of established approaches for facilitating long-term value and sustainability. In our view, the underlying reason is the lack of collective action involving various organizations in the design process. Collective action for the good of the whole ecosystem does not take place in existing participatory practices because of the dominating role of a single customer or designer organization (in urban development projects typically the owner-developer or lead architect), who uses their bargaining and decision-making power over others. This leads to sub-optimal behaviour where the system is optimized for the goals of one strong organization instead of collectively developed system-level goals of the business ecosystem as a whole. The Cuckoo{\textquoteright}s Nest approach addresses this problem by inviting various expert organizations to design the system and assigning each organization design rights for the ecosystem and its system-level goal. The Cuckoo{\textquoteright}s Nest approach enhances collective action among the organizations by making individuals from various organizations consider the interests, goals, objectives, and value-adding elements of other organizations {\textendash} not just those of their own organizations. With the Cuckoo{\textquoteright}s Nest approach, the business ecosystem comes first, and single organizations{\textquoteright} goals or specific design features come second. This article discusses the outcomes of two workshops where the Cuckoo{\textquoteright}s Nest approach was used for the purpose of developing business ecosystems in connection with smart city development projects within the Helsinki Metropolitan Area. We outline the steps involved in the Cuckoo{\textquoteright}s Nest approach and how they were applied in these two smart city projects, and we describe how it is being refined for further use in other locations and contexts.},
	keywords = {business ecosystem, business network, campus development, co-creation, co-design, collective action, Cuckoo{\textquoteright}s Nest Approach, participatory planning, smart cities, sustainability},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1039},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1039},
	author = {Karlos Artto and Riikka Kyr{\"o} and Tuomas Ahola and Antti Peltokorpi and Kristiina Sandqvist}
}
@article {889,
	title = {Challenges in Maritime Cyber-Resilience},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {04/2015},
	pages = {35-39},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The maritime industry has been shown to be under increasing levels of cyber-attack, with future attacks having the potential to severely disrupt critical infrastructure. The industry lacks a standardized approach to cybersecurity, a national approach will be counterproductive, and a global mandatory standard, while needed, will take a long time to implement. In the shorter term, this article recommends that the industry coalesce around a set of voluntary guidelines in order to reduce the risk profile and increase resilience. To provide context for these recommendations, this article examines the specific characteristics of the maritime industry in relation to cybersecurity. Examples of existing vulnerabilities and reported cyber-attacks demonstrate that the threat is current and real. },
	keywords = {container, cyber-resilience, cyber-risk, CyberKeel, cybersecurity, maritime, terminal, vessel},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/889},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/889},
	author = {Lars Jensen}
}
@article {933,
	title = {Cities as Collaborative Innovation Platforms},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {10/2015},
	pages = {16-23},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In this article, we focus on the role of a city as an orchestrator for innovation. We argue that cities should establish active dialogue with their citizens,  and private and public sectors actors to co-create, develop, test, and offer service innovations that utilize diverse sets of platforms such as living labs. Our research contributes to the discussions of open and user innovations from the perspective of cities as communities that involve and integrate citizens and companies to collaborative innovation activities. While acknowledging that cities are platforms for simultaneous and divergent innovation initiatives, we identify four principal types of collaborative innovation. Cities serve as platforms for: i) improving everyday life; ii) conducting consumer and citizen experiments; iii) experimenting and implementing new technologies and services; and iv) creating new innovations and economies. Finally, we offer guidelines for fostering collaborative innovation activities between the public and private sectors.},
	keywords = {collaborative innovation, creative citizen, industry, Living lab, Open innovation, smart city},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/933},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/933},
	author = {Taina Tukiainen and Seppo Leminen and Mika Westerlund}
}
@article {877,
	title = {The City as Living Laboratory: Empowering Citizens with the Citadel Toolkit},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {03/2015},
	pages = {6-17},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Lately, the concept of smart cities has been changing from a top-down and mostly technological-driven approach, towards a bottom-up process that facilitates participation and collaboration among city stakeholders. In this latter respect, the city is an ecosystem in which smart applications, open government data, and new modes of participation are fostering innovation. However, detailed analyses on how to manage bottom-up smart city initiatives, as well as descriptions of underlying challenges and barriers, are still scarce. Therefore, this article investigates four collaborative smart city initiatives in Europe to learn how cities can optimize citizen involvement in the context of public sector innovation. The analytical framework focuses on the different stakeholder roles in the ecosystem and the civic capacities to participate in the innovation process. The findings illustrate how more inclusive citizen involvement can be realized by providing different tools that align with the specific capacities and skills of the citizens. Furthermore, through specified workshop formats and peer learning, citizens lacking technical skills were also enabled to participate in the evolution of their cities, and to generate solutions from which both the city and everyday urban life can possibly benefit. },
	keywords = {citizen involvement, Living lab, open government data, smart city, toolkit},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/877},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/877},
	author = {Carina Veeckman and Shenja van der Graaf}
}
@article {952,
	title = {Contextuality and Co-Creation Matter: A Qualitative Case Study Comparison of Living Lab Concepts in Urban Research},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {12/2015},
	pages = {48-55},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Innovation development is key to transforming a product-based economy into an innovative service economy by integrating users as co-creators in real-life environments. User co-creation and user involvement are key elements in living labs. Urban living labs add not only the urban component to the conceptual design, but also societal, political, and technological questions. Fields of analysis in urban research relate to socio-spatial environment, living together, and urban policies. The leading question of this article is: to what extent can urban living labs be used as an instrument to support these fields of investigation? Comparing three different approaches for urban living labs, ranging from socially-centred to more technology-centred, we offer a more nuanced understanding of urban living lab design in diverging research contexts. All three case studies manage to go beyond testing and improving new products, which is normally the aim of existing living labs, by embedding innovation in appropriate social, structural, and institutional frameworks, and targeting civil society involvement. The community benefits from this case study comparison because it contextualizes living labs as research methodology to be applied in future urban research projects. },
	keywords = {co-creation, innovation ecosystem, participation, social innovation, urban living labs},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/952},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/952},
	author = {Yvonne Franz and Karin Tausz and Sarah-Kristin Thiel}
}
@article {914,
	title = {The Creativity Canvas: A Business Model for Knowledge and Idea Management},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {07/2015},
	pages = {50-58},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Innovation depends on ideas generated through creativity and the knowledge and research that make it possible to put ideas to work. However, these two activities are very dependent on the people who perform them. As demonstrated by a pilot project realized at Hydro-Qu{\'e}bec{\textquoteright}s research institute (IREQ), any approach that does not take this understanding into account is doomed to failure. This article proposes that what must be developed is a knowledge and idea management system designed as a coherent ecosystem that takes all controlling factors into account and is based on stakeholder interest and preferences. This ecosystem is the result of a meticulous design of each of the elements that must generally be taken into account in a business model. A business model approach includes not only developing a value proposition for knowledge and idea management that suits the target clientele but also a good understanding of the resources and activities required to deliver this value proposition and especially the ways to finance them. Key to the development of such an ecosystem is the creation of fully functional innovation communities, which are responsible for building up and nurturing their ideas and knowledge assets and getting value out of them.},
	keywords = {business model, business model canvas, communities, creativity, ecosystem, ideas, knowledge, R\&D, research institute, technological innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/914},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/914},
	author = {Raouf Naggar}
}
@article {886,
	title = {Cyber-Resilience: A Strategic Approach for Supply Chain Management},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {04/2015},
	pages = {13-18},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Risk management and resilience strategies in supply chains have an important role in ensuring business continuity and reliability in a cost-efficient manner. Preventing or recovering from disruptions requires access and analysis of large amounts of data. Yet, given the multiple stakeholders, operations, and environmental contexts in which a global supply chain operates, managing risks and resilience becomes a challenging task. For this reason, information and communication technologies (ICT) are being developed to support managers with tailored tools and services to monitor disruptions, enhance instantaneous communication, and facilitate the quick recovery of supply chains. Hence, the objective of this article is to shed light on managerial strategies to improve the resilience of supply chains and thereby to point out how these could be automated by means of innovative ICT systems. In particular, this article concludes by warning about existing challenges to implementing such systems. If these challenges are not correctly addressed by managers, there is a major risk of further jeopardizing supply chains.},
	keywords = {cross-border trade, cyber-resilience, ICT, IT, risk management, supply chain management},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/886},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/886},
	author = {Luca Urciuoli}
}
@article {888,
	title = {Cybersecurity and Cyber-Resilient Supply Chains},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {04/2015},
	pages = {28-34},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {There has been a rapid growth in the use of communications and information technology, whether embedded in products, used to deliver services, or employed to enable integration and automation of increasingly global supply chains. Increased use of information technology introduces a number of cybersecurity risks affecting cyber-resilience of the supply chain, both in terms of the product or service delivered to a customer and supply chain operation. The situation is complicated by factors such as the global sourcing of technology components or software, ownership of the systems in a supply chain, different legal jurisdictions involved, and the extensive use of third parties to deliver critical functionality. This article examines the cyber-resilience issues related to the supply of products, services, and the supply chain infrastructure considering the nature of threats and vulnerabilities and the attributes of cybersecurity. In doing so, it applies a model for cybersecurity that is adapted from the Parkerian hexad to explore the security and trustworthiness facets of supply chain operations that may impact cyber-resilience.},
	keywords = {cyber-resilience, cybersecurity, risk management, supply chain, threat management},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/888},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/888},
	author = {Hugh Boyes}
}
@article {861,
	title = {Cybersecurity Skills Training: An Attacker-Centric Gamified Approach},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {01/2015},
	pages = {5-14},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Although cybersecurity awareness training for employees is important, it does not provide the necessary skills training required to better protect businesses against cyber-attacks. Businesses need to invest in building cybersecurity skills across all levels of the workforce and leadership. This investment can reduce the financial burden on businesses from cyber-attacks and help maintain consumer confidence in their brands. In this article, we discuss the use of gamification methods that enable all employees and organizational leaders to play the roles of various types of attackers in an effort to reduce the number of successful attacks due to human vulnerability exploits. 

We combine two separate streams {\textendash} gamification and entrepreneurial perspectives {\textendash} for the purpose of building cybersecurity skills while emphasizing a third stream {\textendash} attacker types (i.e., their resources, knowledge/skills, and motivation) {\textendash} to create training scenarios. We also define the roles of attackers using various theoretical entrepreneurial perspectives. This article will be of interest to leaders who need to build cybersecurity skills into their workforce cost-effectively; researchers who wish to advance the principles and practices of gamification solutions; and suppliers of solutions to companies that wish to build cybersecurity skills in the workforce and leadership.
},
	keywords = {cyber attackers, cybersecurity, entrepreneur, gamification, training},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/861},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/861},
	author = {Mackenzie Adams and Maged Makramalla}
}
@article {829,
	title = {Challenging the Stage-Gate Model in Crowdsourcing: The Case of Fiat Mio in Brazil},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {09/2014},
	pages = {28-35},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {A large crowdsourcing project managed by Fiat Brazil involved more than 17,000 participants from 160 different nationalities over 15 months. Fiat promoted a dialogue with an enthusiastic community by linking car experts, professionals, and lay people, through which more than 11,000 ideas were selected and developed to create a concept car using a collaborative process. Through an in-depth case study of this crowdsourcing project, we propose a new approach {\textendash} the accordion model {\textendash} which uses project management to help maximize the beneficial inputs of the crowd. Whereas the stage-gate process relies on a {\textquotedblleft}funnel{\textquotedblright} of articulated sequences expressing a progressive reduction from an initial stock of potential ideas and concepts, in this article, we suggest that crowdsourced projects are more akin to a process that articulates a succession of broadening and funnelling periods that represent information requests and deliveries. We use the metaphorical terminology of {\textquotedblleft}the sacred and the profane{\textquotedblright} to illustrate the interaction of sophisticated and ordinary ideas between the {\textquotedblleft}sacred{\textquotedblright} experts from Fiat and the {\textquotedblleft}profane{\textquotedblright} lay people associated with the project. Lessons learned from the Fiat Mio case suggest how both organizations and Internet users may benefit from successful crowdsourcing projects.},
	keywords = {automobile industry, Brazil, crowdsourcing, Fiat, marketing, Open innovation, project management},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/829},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/829},
	author = {Fabio Prado Saldanha and Patrick Cohendet and Marlei Pozzebon}
}
@article {799,
	title = {A Citation-Based Patent Evaluation Framework to Reveal Hidden Value and Enable Strategic Business Decisions},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {06/2014},
	pages = {4-13},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Patent evaluation methodologies enable firms to make informed strategic business decisions by associating and revealing hidden information surrounding a patent. However, the value of a patent depends on a firm{\textquoteright}s capabilities and strategic direction; therefore, a patent evaluation requires the information to be properly related and aligned with a particular business consideration. This article reviews the literature on citation-based patent evaluation methodologies and develops a framework to help managers and entrepreneurs identify strategic groups of business considerations. The framework shows how categories of information can be interrelated to different strategic groups of business considerations, thereby providing a competitive advantage to the evaluating firm. The article includes recommendations for managers and entrepreneurs to help them make citation-based patent evaluation an ongoing business practice to enable strategic decision making.},
	keywords = {citation-based patent evaluation, intellectual property, literature review, patent, patent citations, patent evaluation, patent value, prior art citation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/799},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/799},
	author = {Derek Smith}
}
@article {764,
	title = {Collaborative Idea Management: A Driver of Continuous Innovation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {02/2014},
	pages = {11-16},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Despite the critical importance of innovation to most companies{\textquoteright} ongoing success, many organizations fail to develop sustainable innovation management processes. The article explores the application of collaborative idea management to drive continuous innovation in large organizations based on our experience at Waabii, an innovation software and consulting service provider. First, we identify the key roadblocks faced by organizations in managing their innovation processes. Next, we describe the innovation model created at Waabii to help implement a sustainable innovation process, and we present a case study of an innovation management software solution, Exago Idea Market, which was implemented to create a collaborative and sustainable innovation environment in a large global telecommunications company. Finally, we offer recommendations for implementing this model of collaborative idea management. This article is particularly relevant to managers in larger organizations and practitioners of organizational change seeking to identify inhibitors of growth and business innovation and how to combat the roadblocks and create a sustainable innovation environment.},
	keywords = {collaboration, collaborative idea management, crowdsourcing, culture, innovation, leadership, Open innovation, strategy},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/764},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/764},
	author = {Jesper Bank and Adnan Raza}
}
@article {810,
	title = {Commercialization and Public Good: Conflict, Complement, or Critical Component?},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {07/2014},
	pages = {27-35},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The controversy regarding the role of science in society {\textendash} and how science can best achieve its role {\textendash} may well date as far back as the beginnings of science itself. The specific arguments and the possible mechanisms for science to impact society, however, have changed over time. This article picks up the conversation with regards to the specific role of publicly funded science, presuming, similar to Brecht in this article{\textquoteright}s opening quotation, that publicly funded science has the goal of making positive contributions to society. 

To achieve this goal, today{\textquoteright}s scientists and research managers face a myriad options of publication venues, protection mechanism, and collaborations with external partners including licensing and other options for commercialization. Oftentimes, the goal of achieving positive contributions to society is perceived as being in fundamental conflict with the restrictions many commercialization arrangements place on the use of knowledge. This article argues that, although commercialization may at times conflict with the goal of achieving positive contributions to society, it can also be complementary to pursuits towards societal contributions, or even a critical component in achieving the desired positive contributions to society. More specifically, it suggests that the use of the term {\textquotedblleft}science for the public good{\textquotedblright} as description of the goal to achieve positive societal contributions might create confusion with the economic term {\textquotedblleft}public good{\textquotedblright}. Thus, it seeks to reframe the discussion of how science can contribute to society in an era of increased openness and interaction. },
	keywords = {commercialization, intellectual property, public good, publicly funded science, science in society, societal benefits, technology transfer, university research},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/810},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/810},
	author = {R. Sandra Schillo}
}
@article {826,
	title = {Conceptualizing Innovation in Born-Global Firms},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {09/2014},
	pages = {5-10},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article summarizes the insights from a systematic study of the research literature focusing on the innovation aspects of born-global firms {\textendash} ventures that were launched to exploit a global niche from the earliest days of their operations. The authors provide a snapshot of opinions on the different aspects of innovation in the way they were conceptualized in the academic literature. The insights are based on a selection of 32 peer-reviewed journal articles addressing the different challenges associated with early internationalization and innovation in such ventures. The article emphasizes that the early internationalization of new ventures should be considered as an innovation process in itself and that innovation and internationalization have a positive effect on each other. In addition, it points out the role of knowledge acquisition and networking capabilities as key innovation enablers and refers to the emergence of the lean startup perspective on the innovation processes in born-global firms. The suggested insights will be relevant to researchers and practitioners interested in the relationship between early internationalization and innovation in international new ventures and lean global startups.},
	keywords = {born global, business model, early internationalization, Innovation management, lean startup approach},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/826},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/826},
	author = {Erik Zijdemans and Stoyan Tanev}
}
@article {847,
	title = {Crimeware Marketplaces and Their Facilitating Technologies},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {11/2014},
	pages = {28-33},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The cybercrime community has evolved from one in which criminals develop their own tools into one in which crimeware {\textendash} tools and services to carry out or facilitate illegal online activity {\textendash} can be readily bought, sold, traded, hired, or licensed in online marketplaces. Crimeware marketplaces are expected to grow significantly in the near term, and they will offer an increasing number of services and tools that target mobile computing devices. This article examines the actors, value chains, and modes of operation in underground crimeware marketplaces, and it identifies three facilitating technologies that are likely to significantly expand the reach of cybercriminals. Anonymous e-currency (e.g., Bitcoin) enables anonymous financial transactions; anonymity networks (e.g., Tor) enable anonymous Internet access; and mobile computing provides access to a very large number of potential target devices. },
	keywords = {anonymity, Bitcoin, crimeware marketplaces, cybercrime, dark web, underground economy},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/847},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/847},
	author = {Mahmoud Gad}
}
@article {846,
	title = {Cyber-Attack Attributes},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {11/2014},
	pages = {22-27},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Cyber-attacks threaten our ability to use the Internet safely, productively, and creatively worldwide and are at the core of many security concerns. The concept of cyber-attacks, however, remains underdeveloped in the academic literature. To advance theory, design and operate databases to support scholarly research, perform empirical observations, and compare different types of cyber-attacks, it is necessary to first clarify the attributes of the {\textquotedblleft}concept of cyber-attack{\textquotedblright}. In this article, attributes of cyber-attacks are identified by examining definitions of cyber-attacks from the literature and information on ten high-profile attacks. Although the article will be of interest to a broad community, it will be of particular interest to senior executives, government contractors, and researchers interested in contributing to the development of an interdisciplinary and global theory of cybersecurity. },
	keywords = {attack characteristics, attributes, cyber-attack, cybersecurity},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/846},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/846},
	author = {Mehdi Kadivar}
}
@article {837,
	title = {Cybersecurity Capability Maturity Models for Providers of Critical Infrastructure},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {10/2014},
	pages = {33-39},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Critical infrastructure such as power generation and distribution systems, telecommunications networks, pipelines and pipeline control networks, transportation control networks, financial networks, and government information and communications technology (ICT) have increasingly become the target of cyber-attacks. The impact and cost of these threats, as well as regulatory pressure to mitigate them, have created an impetus to secure these critical infrastructures. Managers have many controls and models at their disposal to help them secure infrastructure technology, including cybersecurity capability maturity models to enable measurement and communication of cybersecurity readiness to top management teams, regulators, and customers, thereby facilitating regulatory compliance, corporate responsibility, and improved brand quality. However, information and awareness is lacking about which models are most appropriate for a given situation and how they should be deployed.

This article examines relevant cybersecurity capability maturity models to identify the standards and controls available to providers of critical infrastructure in an effort to improve their level of security preparedness. These capability models are described and categorized by their relevance to different infrastructure domains, and then recommendations are provided on employing capability maturity models to measure and communicate readiness. This article will be relevant to regulators, critical infrastructure providers, and researchers. },
	keywords = {adoption, bersecurity, capability maturity models, compliance, critical infrastructure, framework, municipalities, protection, regulation, standards},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/837},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/837},
	author = {Walter Miron and Kevin Muita}
}
@article {845,
	title = {Cybersecurity Startups: The Importance of Early and Rapid Globalization},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {11/2014},
	pages = {14-21},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Corporations and government agencies worldwide seek to ensure that their networks are safe from cyber-attacks, and startups are being launched to take advantage of this expanded market for cybersecurity products, services, and solutions. The cybersecurity market is inherently global; therefore, cybersecurity startups must globalize to survive. With this article, we fill a gap in the literature by identifying the factors that make a technology startup valuable to specific stakeholders (e.g., investors, customers, employees) and by providing a tool and illustrating a process to describe, design, challenge, and invent the actions that should be performed to globalize a cybersecurity startup early and rapidly for the purpose of increasing its value. The development of the tool builds on recent advances in the resource-based literature, the review of the literature on born-global firms and business model discovery processes, and the experience gained operating the Lead to Win ecosystem. This article will be of interest to entrepreneurs and their venture teams, investors, business development agencies, advisors, and mentors of cybersecurity startups as well as researchers who develop tools and approaches that are relevant to technology entrepreneurs. },
	keywords = {born global, cybersecurity, globalization, startups},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/845},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/845},
	author = {Tony Bailetti and Erik Zijdemans}
}
@article {644,
	title = {Code Forking, Governance, and Sustainability in Open Source Software},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {01/2013},
	pages = {7-12},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The right to fork open source code is at the core of open source licensing. All open source licenses grant the right to fork their code, that is to start a new development effort using an existing code as its base. Thus, code forking represents the single greatest tool available for guaranteeing sustainability in open source software. In addition to bolstering program sustainability, code forking directly affects the governance of open source initiatives. Forking, and even the mere possibility of forking code, affects the governance and sustainability of open source initiatives on three distinct levels: software, community, and ecosystem. On the software level, the right to fork makes planned obsolescence, versioning, vendor lock-in, end-of-support issues, and similar initiatives all but impossible to implement. On the community level, forking impacts both sustainability and governance through the power it grants the community to safeguard against unfavourable actions by corporations or project leaders. On the business-ecosystem level forking can serve as a catalyst for innovation while simultaneously promoting better quality software through natural selection. Thus, forking helps keep open source initiatives relevant and presents opportunities for the development and commercialization of current and abandoned programs.},
	keywords = {code forking; open source software; sustainability; innovation; planned obsolescence},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/644},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/644},
	author = {Linus Nyman and Juho Lindman}
}
@article {740,
	title = {Coordination and Participation in Living Lab Networks},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {11/2013},
	pages = {5-14},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Previous research on living labs has emphasized the importance of users and a real-life environment. However, the existing scholarly discourse lacks understanding of innovation mechanisms in diverse living lab networks, especially from the perspectives of coordination and participation. This study addresses the research gaps by constructing a framework for analyzing coordination (i.e., top-down versus bottom-up) and participation (i.e., inhalation-dominated versus exhalation-dominated) approaches in living lab networks. The classification is based on a literature review and an analysis of 26 living labs in four countries. Given that inhalation and exhalation dominance have not been discussed previously in the innovation literature, the study provides novel ways for both scholars and managers wishing to exploit or explore innovations in living labs. The framework reveals the opportunities for practitioners of innovation with respect to coordination and participation in living lab networks.},
	keywords = {bottom-up, coordination, enabler-driven, exhalation-dominated, inhalation-dominated, innovation approach, Living lab, living lab network, Open innovation, open innovation network, participation, provider-driver, top-down, User-driven, utilizer-driven},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/740},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/740},
	author = {Seppo Leminen}
}
@article {733,
	title = {Corporate Lifecycles: Modelling the Dynamics of Innovation and Its Support Infrastructure},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {10/2013},
	pages = {22-29},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Corporate leadership and corporate culture have to be aligned to market realities to ensure the long-term success of a firm.  As companies form, grow, and mature, the management of the enterprises also have to evolve through the business lifecycle. What is successful in the introduction stage may not be successful for a mature company. Firms are required to change their focus from product development, to market development, to process development, and finally to market and financial leadership. To be successful means that not only the types of employees hired have to evolve to support the culture required, but the leadership styles and management focus also have to change and adapt to the new realities that firms encounter in their market. The dynamic model presented in this article shows the broad strategic imperatives that must be met by firms, and it is presented through a graphical illustration of how successful firms manage their evolution and how firms can fail through mis-allocation of corporate efforts to non-mission critical initiatives.},
	keywords = {innovation, Innovation management, leadership, market lifecycle, model, organizational culture, staffing},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/733},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/733},
	author = {Tamas Koplyay and Lisa Chillingworth and Brian Mitchell}
}
@article {700,
	title = {Cybersecurity Futures: How Can We Regulate Emergent Risks?},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {07/2013},
	pages = {6-11},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article reviews nine socio-technical trends that are likely to shape the cybersecurity environment over the next decade. These nine trends have reached various levels of maturity, and some {\textendash} such as quantum computing {\textendash} are still theoretically contentious. These trends are: cloud computing; big data; the Internet of Things; the mobile Internet; brain{\textendash}computer interfaces; near field communication payment systems; mobile robots; quantum computing; and the militarization of the Internet.

What these nine trends have in common is that they will be instrumental in generating new opportunities for offending, which will result from an exponential increase in the quantity of data, number of connection points to the Internet, and velocity of data flows that irrigate the digital ecosystem. As a result, more opportunities for malicious exploitation will be available to attackers, {\textquotedblleft}security by design{\textquotedblright} will be harder to achieve in such a fluid and dynamic environment, and the performance of control mechanisms is likely to erode significantly. 

Technical solutions to address these challenges are already being developed by computer scientists. This article focuses on a different and complementary approach, finding inspiration in the work of regulatory scholars who have framed promising theories such as regulatory pluralism and responsive regulation to explore options for the necessary institutional adaptation to these future changes. },
	keywords = {cybersecurity, cybersecurity policies, digital ecosystem, emerging risks, forecasting, regulation, technological trends},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/700},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/700},
	author = {Benoit Dupont}
}
@article {553,
	title = {Categorizing the Growth Strategies of Small Firms},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {05/2012},
	pages = {5-9},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This study investigates the link between a small firm{\textquoteright}s investment in R\&D and its growth strategy. A firm{\textquoteright}s growth strategy refers to the means by which the organization plans to achieve its objective to grow in volume and turnover. We categorize firm growth strategies into eight distinctive clusters: opportunity explorers, radical innovators, business developers, business expanders, profit makers, business rebuilders, stagnators, and downsizers. We argue that understanding a firm{\textquoteright}s growth orientation provides a way to assess the returns of its R\&D investments, because an organization{\textquoteright}s intangible growth strategies and tangible inputs are connected.  },
	keywords = {growth orientation, growth strategies, R\&D investment, technology entrepreneurship},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/553},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/553},
	author = {Seppo Leminen and Mika Westerlund}
}
@article {524,
	title = {Chinese Entrepreneurs Go Global},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {02/2012},
	pages = {28-31},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {China may be on the tipping point of explosive global growth. In response to changes in the global economy and an economic slowdown domestically, hundreds of thousands of Chinese SMEs are being encouraged to {\textquotedblleft}go global{\textquotedblright} by their central and local governments. To a Chinese company, going global requires the expansion of its existing business in other countries or the development of new ventures with partners operating in other countries. Explosive growth in China may be possible, but it will depend on an appropriate strategy for going global. 

For a country that has firmly established itself as an international manufacturing hub, going global requires a shift in its entrepreneurial capacity, which is the focus of this article. We first assess the current situation in China to understand its current entrepreneurial focus and capacity, as well as the impetus for change. Next, we contrast the Kirznerian and Schumpeterian views of entrepreneurship to illustrate that {\textendash} to go global {\textendash} Chinese entrepreneurs must shift from an emphasis on exploiting pricing inefficiencies (i.e., Kirznerian entrepreneurship) to an emphasis on innovation (i.e., Schumpeterian entrepreneurship). Finally, we examine unique characteristics of the business environment and culture in China, which are likely to impact the ability of Chinese entrepreneurs to go global. 
},
	keywords = {China, entrepreneurship, familism, go global, guanxi, Kirzner, Schumpeter},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/524},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/524},
	author = {Daniel Zhou}
}
@article {563,
	title = {Collective Value Creation and Empowerment in an Online Brand Community: A Netnographic Study on LEGO Builders},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {06/2012},
	pages = {12-17},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Online communities are becoming {\textquotedblleft}places{\textquotedblright} of belonging, information, and emotional support that people cannot do without. These social groups have a real existence for their participants, and thus have consequential effects on many aspects of behaviour. This article examines collective value creation and empowerment in an online brand community. It presents the main features of an online brand community, the process of value co-creation, and motivators for participating in online brand communities. These key factors jointly characterize collective value creation and empowerment. This netnographic study focuses on an online brand community called BrickBuilders, which is a meeting place for LEGO builders in Finland. BrickBuilders{\textquoteright} members feel a sense of belonging, they share similar motivations, and they create value together.},
	keywords = {netnography, online community, service brand, social media, value co-creation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/563},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/563},
	author = {Hanna Kurikko and Pekka Tuominen}
}
@article {595,
	title = {Creating Tomorrow{\textquoteright}s Global Entrepreneurs: A Case Study of the Stu Clark Centre for Entrepreneurship},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {08/2012},
	pages = {16-22},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article presents a case study of the University of Manitoba{\textquoteright}s Stu Clark Centre for Entrepreneurship. The Centre provides experiential entrepreneurial training for youth as well as undergraduate and MBA students. The article describes the various programs the Centre is involved with both locally and internationally. These include preparing students for investment competitions, entrepreneurship day camps for at-risk youth, undergraduate entrepreneurship student exchange, and national and international training of entrepreneurship teachers. },
	keywords = {entrepreneurship education and training; business plan development; student exchange},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/595},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/595},
	author = {Malcolm C. Smith and Mavis McRae}
}
@article {594,
	title = {Creativity: Linking Theory and Practice for Entrepreneurs},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {08/2012},
	pages = {10-15},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In this article, creativity research is brought into focus for those involved in the practice of entrepreneurship. The author provides a background on creativity research, how it is defined, and systems models that attempt to explain it. The author distinguishes between creative and innovative activities, and provides advice to entrepreneurs to help realize the creative potential of their organizations. The author reinforces the view that entrepreneurs create new value by investing in ideas, and specific recommendations are made for creating supportive structures, building teams of creative individuals, and successfully championing ideas to acquire the resources they need to produce innovations. },
	keywords = {commercialization, creativity, entrepreneurship, innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/594},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/594},
	author = {Tom Duxbury}
}
@article {534,
	title = {A Customer Value Creation Framework for Businesses That Generate Revenue with Open Source Software},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {03/2012},
	pages = {18-22},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Technology entrepreneurs must create value for customers in order to generate revenue. This article examines the dimensions of customer value creation and provides a framework to help entrepreneurs, managers, and leaders of open source projects create value, with an emphasis on businesses that generate revenue from open source assets. The proposed framework focuses on a firm{\textquoteright}s pre-emptive value offering (also known as a customer value proposition). This is a firm{\textquoteright}s offering of the value it seeks to create for a customer, in order to meet his or her requirements.},
	keywords = {customer value, customer value creation, open source business, technology entrepreneurship, value proposition},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/534},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/534},
	author = {Aparna Shanker}
}
@article {433,
	title = {Carleton Entrepreneurs: The First Keystone Off-The-Shelf Application},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2011},
	month = {04/2011},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In this article, we describe the first application of the Keystone Off-The-Shelf (KOTS) platform. KOTS integrates software applications available under open source licenses with proprietary applications and services offered by small local technology companies, most of which are Carleton University spin-offs.

KOTS is the engine behind the website for the Carleton Entrepreneurs program. The goals of this unique program are to: i) strengthen the entrepreneurial spirit at Carleton University; ii) help graduate and senior undergraduate students transform their ideas into compelling opportunities and successful ventures; and iii) share the best opportunities with potential investors, alumni, and friends of Carleton University. KOTS will enable the Carleton Entrepreneurs collective to achieve significant system-level outcomes that are not attainable without the platform. This collective is comprised of students, mentors, internal and external reviewers, top managers of technology university spin-off companies, academics, and friends of Carleton.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/433},
	author = {Tony Bailetti and Ludovico Prattico}
}
@article {418,
	title = {Competition in the Mashup Ecosystem},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2011},
	month = {02/2011},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Mashups combine data from multiple sources to create innovative web applications. Data providers gain compelling advantages in offering an open application programming interface (API), but face a competitive environment where growth occurs by virtue of developers{\textquoteright} independent choices and where competitors are also complementors.

This article explores the nature of competition within the mashup ecosystem by focusing on competitive actions taken by API providers and their link to mashup network structure. The resulting insights help entrants and incumbents refine their competitive strategies within this complex and unique environment.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/418},
	author = {Amanda Shiga}
}
@article {436,
	title = {Control and Diversity in Company-led Open Source Projects},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2011},
	month = {04/2011},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {A majority of open source development today is carried out by companies. Building on open source allows companies to focus their development effort on the points of difference over their competitors. This article discusses the recent trend towards collectives of companies that develop shared assets in the form of open source projects, and creates a model for company-led open source projects around two dimensions: the level of control over the project and the diversity of applications derived from the project. The article then explores how the model can be interpreted from a product line engineering perspective.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/436},
	author = {Michael Weiss}
}
@article {412,
	title = {Control in Open Source Software Development},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2011},
	month = {01/2011},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In this article, we examine typical fears associated with a perceived loss of control in an open source software development project. We describe various development models, including hybrid models that provide companies with control over key aspects of product development. Finally, a description of control within open source projects illustrates that self-regulating control mechanisms that exist in this model. A better understanding of control as a factor will help companies achieve their for-profit objectives using open source software.   
},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/412},
	author = {Robert Poole}
}
@article {408,
	title = {Cost Optimization Through Open Source Software},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2011},
	month = {01/2011},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The cost of information technology (IT) as a percentage of overall operating and capital expenditures is growing as companies modernize their operations and as IT becomes an increasingly indispensable part of company resources. The price tag associated with IT infrastructure is a heavy one, and, in today{\textquoteright}s economy, companies need to look for ways to reduce overhead while maintaining quality operations and staying current with technology. With its advancements in availability, usability, functionality, choice, and power, free/libre open source software (F/LOSS) provides a cost-effective means for the modern enterprise to streamline its operations. iXsystems wanted to quantify the benefits associated with the use of open source software at their company headquarters. This article is the outgrowth of our internal analysis of using open source software instead of commercial software in all aspects of company operations.  
 },
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/408},
	author = {Mark VonFange and Dru Lavigne}
}
@article {453,
	title = {Creating an Environment That Encourages Women Entrepreneurs},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2011},
	month = {07/2011},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {If women do not participate fully in entrepreneurial activities, we lose half the potential of our society and economic development will be limited. Women who do take on entrepreneurial roles succeed admirably. Thus, their participation is all the more important. This article cites a speech by Sheryl Sandberg, Facebook{\textquoteright}s COO, in which she offers several reasons for women{\textquoteright}s lack of participation and leadership. These factors are discussed and several solutions are proposed which could contribute to making the environment of a community more supportive and conducive to the successful participation of women in leadership roles. 
 },
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/453},
	author = {Roseann O{\textquoteright}Reilly Runte}
}
@article {340,
	title = {Cloud Computing: What is it, and How Will it Affect Organizations?},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {04/2010},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {We believe that, in the not too distant future, most people will be making use of cloud computing. How they use the clouds will vary, but everyone will be using the cloud. It is expected that cloud computing will follow a similar path as the Internet into the corporate environment:

- there will be concern about security associated with data 

- there will be concern about being dependent on services that are controlled by third parties 

- many organizations will be challenged by existing corporate processes 

- some organizations will be leaders in the charge while other will lag 

For entrepreneurial businesses, this means that cloud computing can represent business opportunities to: i) reduce costs by leveraging cloud environments to provide infrastructure and services; ii) bring an expanded portfolio of products to a global marketplace through reduced costs to access large complex infrastructure; and iii) start small and expand services quickly and economically.

This article presents extracts from literature that has been published on cloud computing and provides a brief outline of a common cloud computing taxonomy used to define the cloud. After reading this article, you should have a better understanding of the basics behind cloud computing, the reasons for the large potential savings, the key challenges organizations face when implementing cloud computing, as well as the paradigm shift that cloud computing represents to organizations. 
 },
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/340},
	author = {Fred Waldner}
}
@article {350,
	title = {Communication Enabled Applications: What are the IP Considerations for Platform Providers?},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {05/2010},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {A platform of CEA building blocks, such as the out-of-the-box capabilities of the Coral CEA Sandbox, provides companies with the capability to quickly build new innovative products and services. Key considerations for users of the sandbox include intellectual property, licensing, and any other dependencies inherited from use of the sandbox assets. This article presents some background on this topic and examples of how to address the associated implications. 
},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/350},
	author = {Patrick O{\textquoteright}Halloran}
}
@article {352,
	title = {Communication Enabled CRM},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {05/2010},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Customer relationship management  software is used to manage and enhance a company{\textquoteright}s interactions with its customers. Typically, CRM software integrates well with other communication software, such as email, but includes little or no integration with telephone or video conferencing systems. For companies that interact frequently with their customers or internal teams by telephone or video, this greatly limits the usefulness of their CRM system. Ideally, a CRM system offers flexibility to allow communication with customers in a variety of ways and provides consistent reporting and logging of these interactions regardless of which form of communication was used. This allows for greater insight from interactions with customers and helps better understand how to meet customer needs.

This article describes our recent experiences as we set out to integrate communications services provided by Coral CEA into an open-source CRM system. CoralCEA is a platform that provides developers open application programming interfaces to easily integrate powerful communication features into web applications. In our case, we were interested in enabling telephone, telephone conferencing, and video conferencing services within a CRM application.

However, the article is not just relevant to CRM users, since it illustrates how powerful communication services can be easily added to almost any existing web application. After reading this article, you will have a better understanding of the basics of CRM, how better communication improves the experience for both the company and the customer, and you will hopefully be encouraged to consider integrating powerful communication services into your own web applications.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/352},
	author = {Elias Majic}
}
@article {347,
	title = {Communications Enabled Applications: Building Value, not Monetising APIs},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {05/2010},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Over the past decade there have been numerous attempts at opening telecom infrastructures to developers. As each attempt evolves to the next, there is an equal desire to monetise the exposure of telecom capabilities using traditional and well understood mechanisms: charge for necessary equipment upgrades and license the application programming interfaces on a per-invocation or "block of simultaneous invocations" basis. However, the various vendors and development companies involved in creating applications with embedded communications capabilities have had to re-examine their business and technology models in an increasingly competitive applications market where the rate of applications failing to gain market traction far outweighs the rate of success.

This article looks at the history of telecommunications APIs and the predominant business models that have accompanied those interfaces. By analysing the history of telecom APIs and recognising the gradual shift from a strongly vendor controlled environment to a highly accessible component of IT networks, we can recognise the shift in revenue generation from a typical monetisation model to a value based model. Additionally, we can examine how incumbents and new entrants are dealing with the more unpredictable business models and emerging methods for de-risking value based revenue opportunities. 
 },
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/347},
	author = {Craik Pyke}
}
@article {317,
	title = {Community 101},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {01/2010},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Recently, a quote stirred some controversy among my peers. The part about "results are not the point" was hard for some people to understand and come to grips with.  Aren{\textquoteright}t results always the point?  Well, as with most things, "It depends".  The people and community that evolve around an open source software project will ultimately determine its success.  Even if the core team launches the project with spectacular productivity and results, this phase of evolution will be fleeting if the necessary processes and community to make the project a long lasting success are not put into place.

This article presents some of the actions open source community leaders can take to ensure not only results, but a system that encourages productivity and longevity.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/317},
	author = {Brent McConnell}
}
@article {333,
	title = {CRC Mobile Broadcasting F/LOSS Projects},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {03/2010},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The Communications Research Centre Canada, the federal government{\textquoteright}s primary laboratory for advanced telecommunications research and development, has been at the forefront of new developments in mobile digital broadcasting technologies since their inception in the late 1980s. During this time, digital replacement technologies have been standardized in an effort to rationalize spectrum use and enhance broadcasting applications with datacasting services and associated program information. Eureka DAB was the first all-digital mobile broadcasting technology to be conceived, developed and deployed. It became a widely adopted standard for digital radio in many countries around the world in the mid-1990s. DAB was officially launched in Canada in 2000.

This paper presents CRC{\textquoteright}s attempt to increase collaboration and innovation in the field of mobile broadcasting by developing and offering complete end-to-end Free, Libre and Open Source Software (F/LOSS) toolsets for the transmission and reception of DAB and FM/RDS applications and services.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/333},
	author = {Fran{\c c}ois Lefebvre}
}
@article {304,
	title = {Co-creation: a New Way of Doing Business in an Age of Uncertainty},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {11/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Co-creation can be defined as the continual feedback loop and collaboration with all stakeholders in a value chain throughout any given process of designing, developing and implementing meaningful products, services, organizational and strategic changes. It replaces the hierarchical approach to management and the linear approach to innovation, affording all stakeholders the possibility to influence and bring forth meaningful and relevant solutions in a collaborative environment. Co-creation results in the development of goods, services and experiences that are uniquely designed to meet people{\textquoteright}s particular needs, values, meaning and context. It leads to a profitable advantage for both companies and the people who will be using these goods and services as well as for the people working within the organizations. The purpose of this article is to share some experience -driven insights on how co-creation could help businesses to live in an age of uncertainty.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/304},
	author = {Anna Kirah}
}
@article {267,
	title = {Collaborating Across Disciplines},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {07/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Anecdotal evidence suggests that truly innovative ideas and successful adaptation to market conditions comes from collaboration with people across traditionally demarcated fields of study. In science, economics, and business, it is new ideas that are imported from other realms that are most successful in affecting change.

The Treehouse Group is a Toronto-based collective of thinkers from a wide variety of backgrounds that seek to subvert the traditional notion of what constitutes a conference or a networking opportunity by using a wide variety of brainstorming techniques and cross-disciplinary activities to engage participants.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/267},
	author = {Joseph Wilson}
}
@article {219,
	title = {Collaborative Software Development in the Enterprise},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {01/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Open source has been many things to many people. In most cases, open source software  has focused on the tools and the infrastructure software used to build and deploy applications. Relative to infrastructure, little use or investment has occurred in the development of industry specific or vertical oriented open source solutions. This is not only a missed opportunity for organizations, but it is also possibly the next wave of open source collaborations.

An important lesson of OSS is a development process that requires collaboration between individuals and organizations that isn{\textquoteright}t necessarily driven by a traditional hierarchy of command and control. Information technology departments are driven to be more efficient while simultaneously creating innovative new solutions to meet their business needs. More and more, companies are turning to external sources for ideas that drive innovation. A series of books by Henry Chesbrough has coined the term "innovation networks" to discuss research and development departments that treat their research and development systems as an open system. They describe how to include partners, customers and even competitors as part of an extended research and development team.

However, that series does not answer the question "can OSS can be used to establish innovation networks for IT departments?". Further, what steps are required to establish a successful software innovation network and what are the resulting benefits for organizations? For the most part, this article will draw upon the experiences of Eclipse open source projects. These projects often include competing independent software vendors that collaborate on building a common platform for developer tools integration.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/219},
	author = {Ian Skerrett}
}
@article {260,
	title = {Community-Built Software: What I Learned from Calagator},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {06/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Many open source projects start with a single developer trying to scratch an itch by making a new tool for their own use. But what if the need to be addressed is bigger, and affects more people? How can the creation of open source software involve a whole community?

At the start of 2008 I decided to build a solution to an ongoing problem in my hometown of Portland, Oregon. Portland{\textquoteright}s growing technology scene was having trouble tracking all of the user groups, meetups, and events that people were planning. I started a central calendar using Google Calendar, but found it hard to maintain. People planning the events needed the ability to make their own updates without me having to add them individually as users. A single, central information source that would be completely open to the community at large was needed. The solution became an open-source calendar aggregator called Calagator. The process of creating that solution became a very rewarding community-building effort.

By trying different things along the way, we learned how to organize an open source project to encourage community development, and code sprint practices for group work sessions, and worked with a number of tools that make collaboration easier.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/260},
	author = {Audrey Eschright}
}
@article {301,
	title = {Components of Co-creation},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {11/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Value co-creation is an emerging innovation, marketing and business paradigm describing how customers and users are seen as active participants in the design of personalized products, services and experiences. Often this participation is organised via the Internet to enable the opportunity for customers to integrate their knowledge, experience and skills into existing, modified or entirely new market offerings reflecting their personal preferences, needs and contexts. There is a growing body of literature dedicated to the discussion of value co-creation frameworks, mechanisms and processes. However, these typically focus on the study, discussion and analysis of a small number of cases using deep, ethnographic description of their practices aiming at conceptualization and categorization of the different types of interactions between end users, the firm and the value network. Although useful, such an approach misses the advantages of an empirically driven quantitative approach that benefits from larger size samples and is more appropriate for theory building through the development and testing of hypotheses. It is important, therefore, to seek the development of a research methodology that combines the benefits of both qualitative and quantitative research approaches for studying the nature of value co-creation.

The article provides a first attempt to identify the main research steps of such a methodology. It provides some preliminary results on the key components of value co-creation between firms and end customers based on the application of web search and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) techniques. The analysis of these preliminary results is then used as an opportunity to identify a number of research questions to be addressed in future research. The emerging research questions follow the inner logic of the value co-creation phenomenon as well as the nature of the results reported in this article. The specific nature of the results was found to be suitable for the application of small-N techniques such as the Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) technique which combines the advantages of both qualitative and quantitative techniques. One of the main contributions of this article is to suggest and explore the possibility for using the QCA technique in future research on value co-creation.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/301},
	author = {Stephen Allen and Tony Bailetti and Stoyan Tanev}
}
@article {161,
	title = {The Canadian DMCA: A Betrayal},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {06/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Having had a few more hours to think about Industry Minister Jim Prentice{\textquoteright}s Canadian DMCA, I am left with one dominant feeling--betrayal. I have already highlighted the key provisions and coverage (and note that it will take some time to fully assess the implications of this bill) but it is immediately apparent that the concerns of thousands of Canadians--now over 45,000 on the Fair Copyright for Canada Facebook group alone--have been realized. If enacted, the Canadian DMCA would strongly encourage the use of technological locks and lawsuits. While Prentice has given a handful of new rights to Canadian consumers, each is subject to many limitations and undermined by the digital locks provisions that may effectively render the new rights meaningless.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/161},
	author = {Michael Geist}
}
@article {182,
	title = {Child-Centric Laptop to Help Address Social Needs},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {09/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The One Laptop Per Child Foundation, founded by MIT professor Nicholas Negroponte and a team of educators, developers and technologists, was launched in 2005 to design, manufacture and distribute laptop computers that are affordable enough to provide every child in the world with access to new channels of learning. Known as the XO, the little green-and-white US$188 laptop has since gone on to introduce computer literacy and self-empowered learning to children in countries and environments previously considered inaccessible. It{\textquoteright}s also an example of social innovation, where companies like Nortel are leveraging novel approaches-including open source software development-to drive change that will benefit society.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/182},
	author = {John Roese}
}
@article {195,
	title = {Community Building: NetBSD in Hindsight},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {10/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The NetBSD Project is one of the oldest modern open source software projects. It provides an operating system that runs on over 50 hardware architectures (also called ports), including the IBM PC, Motorola PowerPC, and Sun UltraSPARC machines. Founded in May of 1993, the project has supported the operating system{\textquoteright}s active development and managed contributions from thousands of individuals.

Prior to the New York City BSD Users Group Conference held in October, 2008, NetBSD developers from across the globe held a face to face meeting for planning and problem solving. Four developers from Sweden, Canada, the US, and Slovakia took a few minutes to think about how the NetBSD community has evolved over the past fifteen years. This article summarizes those perspectives and provides insight into how an open source community maintains development momentum while managing contributions from a large number of volunteers with varying skill levels from across the globe.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/195},
	author = {David Maxwell and Lubomir Sedlacik}
}
@article {192,
	title = {Contrasting Proprietary and Free/Open Source Game Development},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {10/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Free/Libre Open Source Software (F/LOSS) development practices are gaining momentum in the computer game industry. This traditionally proprietary industry is becoming more interested in the F/LOSS paradigm for developing complex software projects. Software practitioners, both managers and developers, need to understand the potential in order to benefit properly from incorporating F/LOSS practices into their proprietary production cycle.

Comparisons between proprietary and F/LOSS software development 
processes are usually characterized in terms of the relationship between property rights, revenue distribution and power within a network of actors. By contrast, coordination and control practices, mediating artifacts and development tools, and the interactions between the different actors involved in the development are often neglected. Proprietary and F/LOSS development differ in terms of the knowledge exchanges between the relevant actors and the different strategies employed to overcome information asymmetries. Recognizing this difference is an essential step for evaluating how proprietary, closed-source software houses can benefit by integrating various F/LOSS practices into their development agenda.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/192},
	author = {Alessandro Rossi and Marco Zamarian}
}
@article {156,
	title = {Coverity Report},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {06/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {On May 20, 2008, static analysis tool vendor Coverity released a report entitled "Open Source Report 2008". The report includes information gathered over the first two years of the Coverity Scan project which was developed as part of a contract from the US Department of Homeland Security. Coverity provides its analysis tools to open source projects in order to identify quality and security flaws in the codebases. Once identified, the developers of the open source projects are given the information in order to facilitate hardening of the software.

The report includes information about the progress made by various projects using the Scan service. Additionally, the Scan databases constitute one of the largest and most diverse collections of source code to be built and analyzed while tracking changes to those code bases over a two-year period. This data provides a substantial set of samples for considering some questions about the nature of software. The report investigates relationships between codebase size, defect counts, defect density, function lengths, and code complexity metrics. This article highlights some of the results from the report.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/156},
	author = {David Maxwell}
}
@article {214,
	title = {Creating Disruptive Value For Not-For-Profit Organizations Using Open Source},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {12/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Much of the currently available off-the-shelf software offers too many features and does not meet the unique usability needs of non-technical or disabled users using old hardware. When leveraging open source components to rapidly build products for not-for-profit organizations, the speed of development doesn{\textquoteright}t reduce the need to make the product accessible by the users.

This article shares the experiences of a unique community/university partnership to bring accessible technology to the non-profit community in the National Capital Region.
 },
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/214},
	author = {Fred Dixon and Jill Woodley}
}
@article {189,
	title = {The CUE Factor: Community-University Engagement for Social Innovation},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {09/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada informs us that our universities produce one-third of the roughly $10 billion in research and development generated in Canada. Our post-secondary institutions house some of Canada{\textquoteright}s most talented inventors and analysts as well as some of the best laboratories and think-tanks. The full value of this innovation is achieved when a university is able to successfully engage with the local geographic community in which it is based, including specific communities of interest that reside in the locality.

Such meaningful and continuous community-university engagement (CUE) at the local level is a crucial pre-condition before a university can successfully execute partnerships with open source communities, which by their nature are dispersed across the globe, to create social value. By effectively engaging both the local and open source communities, Canadian universities can play a pivotal role in social innovation that addresses challenges in our own country as well as overseas. Accordingly, universities across Canada should increase their CUE factors by deepening and broadening their teaching, research and volunteering activities with the external constituencies that have the greatest need for sustainable solutions to the challenges they face every day. If social innovations are to make a real difference, Canadian universities must step forward in a major way. This article sets out a dynamic model for CUE and provides examples of creative local initiatives.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/189},
	author = {Edward Jackson}
}
@article {86,
	title = {Company Interactions with Open Platforms},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2007},
	month = {08/2007},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The telecommunications industry is moving away from building communications and data service networks using proprietary platforms of specialized hardware, closed interfaces, and proprietary technologies. Increasingly, the industry is assembling new networks on open platforms comprised of both commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) software and open source components. Carrier Grade Linux (CGL) stands at the center of the move to open architectures.

This article addresses three questions. 1) What motivates companies to incorporate CGL specifications into their products? 2) How do companies adopting CGL create and appropriate value? 3) What roles do these companies play in the ecosystem anchored around the CGL Working Group initiative? These questions are of interest to top management teams facing pivotal decisions of whether or not to incorporate open platforms into their products, and how to compete in a world where those same platforms are available to competitors.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/86},
	author = {Tammy Yuan}
}
@article {67,
	title = {Comparing the BSD and GPL Licenses},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2007},
	month = {10/2007},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {There are many reasons, not all necessarily altruistic, for the popularity of Open Source Software (OSS). This article provides an overview of software and licensing, and suggests usage examples for two well-known open source licenses: the GPL and BSD license. This article does not discuss recent GPLv3 developments and reflects my own experiences, not necessarily those of my employer. 
},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/67},
	author = {Bruce Montague}
}
@article {57,
	title = {Competitive Actions of Open Source Firms},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2007},
	month = {11/2007},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Early in 2006, Microsoft CEO Steve Balmer made a public statement that Microsoft had no trouble competing with  open source rivals on features. Balmer was downplaying  the fact that Open Source Software (OSS) has changed the nature of competition in the software industry from one of feature-based competition to a much more complex model for competition. 

Traditional firms like Microsoft are not simply competing against a loose group of programmers who produce OSS; they are competing against other firms who have chosen to use OSS as part of their product or service offering. This article is an examination of competition in this new environment where firm-to-firm competition includes those firms making use of OSS. 

The evolution of the marketplace becomes evident when competition is viewed as a series of small, but discrete actions that are carried out by a firm. Each of these actions is intended to improve the firm{\textquoteright}s standing in the marketplace. Such actions can be classified as one of six different types of competitive action: (i) pricing, (ii) marketing, (iii) new products, (iv) capacity, (v) service, and (vi) signaling.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/57},
	author = {Glen McInnis}
}
@article {93,
	title = {Competitive Open Source},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2007},
	month = {07/2007},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Peter Carbone describes insights gained from a joint industry-university research project.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/93},
	author = {Peter Carbone}
}
@article {59,
	title = {Conference Report: Open Education 2007},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2007},
	month = {11/2007},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Open Education Resources (OER) are educational material and resources that the general public can freely use for teaching, learning, and research. Like Open Source Software (OSS), OER contain content that is freely reused and redistributed without the traditional restrictions imposed by copyright. OER also includes the tools used to develop, improve, and distribute this content to communities. 

The Open Education 2007: Localizing and Learning  conference was held at Utah State University in September. The conference focused on the ability of people to learn as simply publishing OER content online does not guarantee that it can be effectively used for learning. This theme was investigated from two perspectives. The first was from the developer perspective with the sharing of efforts to localize the educational content and make it more relevant to the people using it. The second was from the user perspective where organizations utilizing or deploying OER spoke of their experiences, challenges, and successes. 

This report provides an overview of the sustainability, localization, technological, legal and interoperability issues raised at the conference. It concludes with the authors{\textquoteright} views regarding the future direction of OERs, based on their research being conducted at Carleton University{\textquoteright}s Technology Innovation Management program.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/59},
	author = {Andrew Pullin and Kamal Hassin and Monica Mora}
}
