@article {1378,
	title = {Open Marketing: Conceptualizing external parties{\textquoteright} strategic marketing activities},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {08/2020},
	pages = {14-26},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {14},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Open marketing as conceptualized in this paper refers to how external parties take part in strategic, integrative marketing activities. To distinguish this more recent trend in marketing from traditional meanings of marketing, the paper provides a typology on roles and role keepers in marketing. Four types of roles and role keepers are outlined: marketing as 1) solely being performed by actors in the supplier company communicating offerings, 2) an activity shared among functions of the supplier company, 3) external parties communicating offerings, and 4) external parties contributing to strategic marketing. Using the concept of {\textquoteright}roles{\textquoteright} in marketing helps to structure activities and actors - or roles and role keepers - and provides a basis for understanding that marketing results from what is done, not merely from who performs it. The paper underlines how new ways of conducting business also have implications for a company{\textquoteright}s marketing beyond its borders.},
	keywords = {Conceptualization, Integrative marketing, Open marketing, roles, Strategic marketing.},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1377},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1377},
	author = {Christina {\"O}berg}
}
@article {1335,
	title = {Organizing the Development of Digital Product-Service Platforms},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {03/2020},
	pages = {37-48},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {37},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Servitization is today a common theme among manufacturing companies, with the goal of better addressing the needs of their customers. Digitalization is one key enabler of servitization. One aspect of this concept can be provided through digital product-service platforms, which may facilitate the enrichment of a market offer, as well as keeping costs under control. Platforms are in general a well-established concept for manufacturing companies, as enablers of rich product offerings based on a few components. Less is known, however, about how the ambition to create digital product-service platforms interplays with the business model innovation needed as a result of the servitization efforts, along with processes and organization. This paper identifies a number of challenges that manufacturing companies may face when undertaking platform development for services, based on an empirical study made in the Swedish company Husqvarna Group.},
	keywords = {business model innovation, corporate entrepreneurship, digital platforms, servitization},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1335},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1335},
	author = {Johan Simonsson and Mats Magnusson and Anders Johanson}
}
@article {1266,
	title = {Open Data and Open Source Enabling Smart City Development: A Case Study in H{\"a}me Region},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {09/2019},
	pages = {26-35},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {26},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Open data offers possibilities to accelerate both innovations and co-creation activities in cities and regions. Likewise, open source software development is an efficient way to create new services. Open data can be used to promote better information sharing and offers various opportunities for third-party developers. Co-creation improves the commitment of different stakeholders and ensures that the created solutions are based on real needs. For these reasons, it is only logical that these two themes are linked together in smart city activities. This paper presents a practical open data and co-creation development made in the region of H{\"a}me, Finland. This paper contributes to smart cities research by describing the development of two smart city services: the Tavastia Events API and "H{\"a}meenlinna in pocket" smartphone application. It describes strategies that facilitate beneficial participation and collaboration in smart city open data initiatives. Based on Linked Events, an open source solution developed for the city of Helsinki, modification and implementation were made to create a centralized and open service, to collect and publish event-related data via an application programming interface (API) in the H{\"a}me region. A smartphone application was then developed, making use of the developed Events API and other data sources, to provide citizens with the most common digital services, and a platform for digital participation in H{\"a}me.},
	keywords = {Smart city,},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1266},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1266},
	author = {Jari Jussila and Joni Kukkam{\"a}ki and Mikko M{\"a}ntyneva and Juuso Heinisuo}
}
@article {1267,
	title = {Open Strategy in a Smart City},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {09/2019},
	pages = {36-44},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {36},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {To attract new companies and a talented workforce in a way that increases income streams, cities are searching for strategic capabilities by using a variety of strategic practices. The present study participates in the theoretical debate between micro- and macro-strategizing by focusing on the interplay between the city organization and its institutional environment. As such, the study elucidates the open strategy process used in the strategy work of a medium-sized city in Finland. To make the strategy work open and encourage citizens\&rsquo; participation, the city decided to utilize crowdsourcing as a tool that was part of a broader strategy process to develop a city strategy in a participative manner. The present study analyzes the responses of almost 2000 citizens who addressed the role of an open strategy in developing a smart city. The study contributes by depicting how the open strategy was utilized in practice and what types of outcomes it produced.},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1267},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1267},
	author = {Suvi Einola and Marko Kohtam{\"a}ki and Harri Hietikko}
}
@article {1151,
	title = {Overcoming Barriers to Frugal Innovation: Emerging Opportunities for Finnish SMEs in Brazilian Markets},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {04/2018},
	pages = {38-48},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Frugal innovation has become a popular concept, in academia but also in industry at large. Although there has been a great deal of discussion about the relevance of frugal innovation to the developed world, the notion{\textquoteright}s full acceptance within small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) still seems far in the distance. The opportunities and barriers seen with practical implementation of frugal innovation during the development processes have received little attention. This article considers these opportunities and barriers in the context of Finnish SMEs, providing insight specifically into the approaches these companies take in Brazilian markets. Qualitative data were drawn from a case study forming part of an extensive action research-based development project called SCALA, aimed at creating suitable and scalable mobile learning services for global markets. The concepts of frugal innovation and proceeding from user needs {\textendash} essential parts of the development processes {\textendash} are examined by observing three Finnish SMEs and their top managers, with particular focus on their interaction with Brazilian partners. Development sessions and meetings shed light on how the companies perceived and responded to testing their products/services with six individual schools in Brazil. Although frugal innovation is seen as essential for guaranteeing long-term competitiveness of Finnish SMEs {\textendash} and access to rapidly growing, unsaturated emerging markets such as Brazil can be a step in the right direction {\textendash} our study highlights numerous barriers and ways to overcome them in the real-world implementation of frugality in SMEs{\textquoteright} development processes. },
	keywords = {barriers, Brazilian markets, Finnish SMEs, frugal innovation, opportunities},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1151},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1151},
	author = {Mirva Hyypi{\"a} and Rakhshanda Khan}
}
@article {1060,
	title = {Opening the Black Box of Ambidexterity: Three Product Development Stories},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {03/2017},
	pages = {4-11},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Organizational ambidexterity, which can be roughly defined as the ability for organizations to combine old and new ways of doing things to meet organizational objectives, has drawn considerable attention in the management literature in recent years. Authors distinguish clearly between structural ambidexterity, which implies that ambidextrous organizations are firms in which groups of people concentrate on traditional business or ways of doing things while others explore new avenues, and contextual ambidexterity, which characterizes companies where any individual can be ambidextrous. Our research is positioned in the contextual ambidexterity perspective. In this article, we apply the typology of four ambidextrous behaviours developed by Birkinshaw and Gibson (2004) to increase our understanding of the process whereby organizational actors are able to build on existing capabilities or business processes while developing new ones. Our results indicate that at least three of the ambidextrous behaviours proposed by Birkinshaw and Gibson (2004) (initiator, broker, and multitasker) are helpful to understand how new product development team members rely on proven approaches while simultaneously introducing new ones to successfully overcome daily challenges. Practitioners should be encouraged to become familiar with the concept of ambidexterity, to recognize when and how the successful combination of old and new ways of doing happens, and to promote these occurrences.},
	keywords = {adaptability, alignment, ambidextrous behaviour, contextual ambidexterity, exploitation, exploration, new product development},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1060},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1060},
	author = {John Fiset and Isabelle Dostaler}
}
@article {1061,
	title = {Orchestrating Innovation Ecosystems: A Qualitative Analysis of Ecosystem Positioning Strategies},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {03/2017},
	pages = {12-24},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article explores how firms can orchestrate innovation ecosystems to enhance collaboration for innovation among different actors. Most previous research on ecosystems has focused on firm-level strategies to operate in an ecosystem rather than the composition or orchestration of an ecosystem as a whole. However, finding the balance between the self-interests of involved actors is critical in order to create collaborative settings that induce different parties to jointly develop and put their best efforts into a joint endeavour. Thus, we undertook a qualitative study with 35 case companies from the metal and engineering industries, each of whom was interested in developing their position in ecosystems and improving their relational business practices. The findings suggest that there is an essential ecosystem competence that is needed by all actors in an ecosystem, regardless of their position, and that is the ability to manage dynamic strategic interactions related to innovation. This competence enables them to ensure the future vitality of the ecosystem and their own business. These results highlight the need for managers to profile their own company{\textquoteright}s role in an ecosystem in relation to the type of ecosystems, while simultaneously evaluating the ecosystem{\textquoteright}s ability and potential to survive.},
	keywords = {actors, collaboration, ecosystems, innovation, orchestration, positioning, roles, strategy},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1061},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1061},
	author = {Katri Valkokari and Marko Sepp{\"a}nen and Maria M{\"a}ntyl{\"a} and Simo Jylh{\"a}-Ollila}
}
@article {1104,
	title = {Orchestration Roles to Facilitate Networked Innovation in a Healthcare Ecosystem},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {09/2017},
	pages = {30-43},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This study examines orchestration roles in a networked innovation context characterized by significant transformation. In particular, an exploratory case study approach is taken to study the roles of innovation network orchestrators and their actions to facilitate networked activities in different phases of the innovation process. The context of the case study, a healthcare ecosystem that aims to co-create technological innovations to support the pediatric surgery journey, provides valuable insights about orchestration and adds knowledge on specific limitations set by the orchestrator-specific and context-related issues in a professional context. The findings of this study highlight the need for careful coordination that allows shared understanding of the goals of the orchestration process and achievable innovation implementations. It is shown that parallel, evolving, and even changing orchestrator roles are needed in complex networked innovation settings. },
	keywords = {case study, exploratory approach, healthcare ecosystem, high-level experts, innovation orchestration, roles},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1104},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1104},
	author = {Minna Pikkarainen and Mari Ervasti and Pia Hurmelinna-Laukkanen and Satu N{\"a}tti}
}
@article {1054,
	title = {Overcoming Barriers to Experimentation in Business-to-Business Living Labs},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {02/2017},
	pages = {20-26},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Business-to-business (B2B) living lab projects have been mentioned in different areas of academic research, but the innovation management literature requires deeper analysis of their potential opportunities and challenges. Real-life experimentation is a key requirement for living labs as it enables deeper insights in the potential success of innovations. However, the literature has not provided insights on how living lab projects can implement real-life experimentation in B2B innovation projects and does not describe appropriate conditions for experimentation in these settings. In this study, we identified three main barriers preventing real-life experimentation in B2B living lab projects: the technological complexity, the need for integration, and the difficulty in identifying testers. The barriers are discussed in detailed and potential solutions are provided to help overcome these barriers and stimulate the adoption of real-life experimentation in B2B innovation projects.},
	keywords = {B2B, experimentation, living labs, testing, user research},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1054},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1054},
	author = {Ruben D{\textquoteright}Hauwers and Aron-Levi Herregodts and Annabel Georges and Lynn Coorevits and Dimitri Schuurman and Olivier Rits and Pieter Ballon}
}
@article {987,
	title = {Open Innovation in Indian Organizations: Types of Collaboration},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {05/2016},
	pages = {15-23},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In order to succeed, it is important for any organization to leverage the power of the known and unknown networks around it. The organization must collaborate with others, and to do so requires it to open up its boundaries  inside-out, outside-in, or both. However, the type of collaboration required to work with other parties and the respective output is different across different organizations on account of need, R\&D intensity, capability, and risk-taking ability, as well as the nature of the business and industry. The major problem that comes in the way of open innovation in Indian organizations is their risk taking ability; the more an organization collaborates, the more risk it is taking by sharing internal information with the other parties. Through a sample of 31 manufacturing-based firms in India belonging to 12 different industries, the article explores the types of collaborations that they have with various related or unrelated organizations as they engage in open innovation. The article compares the collaborations each industry has entered into to identify the industries that are more open to take risks by collaborating with other parties in multiple ways. },
	keywords = {collaboration, forms, India, manufacturing, Open innovation, risk, types},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/987},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/987},
	author = {Shiv S. Tripathi}
}
@article {997,
	title = {Outcomes from Applying Design-Led Innovation in an Australian Manufacturing Firm},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {06/2016},
	pages = {49-58},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Design-led innovation has recently emerged as an approach that assists companies to develop new capabilities to respond to changing markets. Previous research has shown that the application of design-led innovation to manufacturing businesses contributed to innovation across their business model, often repositioning the business and its offerings in the market. This article presents findings from a study where the researcher was embedded in an Australian firm, working four days per week for 11 months and using action research to apply design-led innovation. Deep insights from stakeholders were translated with the company staff into new value propositions for the company. This research demonstrates the largely untapped potential of an experienced designer as an innovation catalyst to help firms develop customer-inspired innovation as they use design-led innovation to overcome barriers and recognize opportunities within a changing market context. This study contributes new knowledge regarding benefits of design-led innovation in dynamic environments.},
	keywords = {customer insights, design-led innovation, innovation catalyst, manufacturing},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/997},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/997},
	author = {Peter Townson and Judy Matthews and Cara Wrigley}
}
@article {879,
	title = {Optimizing Innovation with the Lean and Digitize Innovation Process},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {03/2015},
	pages = {29-38},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Actionable knowledge to improve innovation and bring value to the customers and organizations is essential in today{\textquoteright}s economy. In the past, there have attempts to apply Lean Thinking and Six Sigma to the innovation processes, with mixed results. The aim of this article is discuss how to improve innovation processes using the Lean and Digitize Innovation process, which integrates digitization into the Lean Six Sigma method. Through the redesign of innovation processes and their automation, the process aims to add value to customers, improve effectiveness, eliminate waste, minimize operating costs, and reduce time-to-market. This new method is characterized by seven stages, or "the 7 Ds" (define, discover, design, develop, digitize, deploy, and diffusion), with 29 steps. This article describes the Lean and Digitize Innovation process and presents cases where the approach has been successful in helping innovation processes from start to end: from the definition of the value for the customers up to the implementation of a prototype and engineering of the delivery processes. },
	keywords = {agile innovation, Innovation management, lean and digitize, lean innovation, lean six sigma, re-engineering},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/879},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/879},
	author = {Bernardo Nicoletti}
}
@article {937,
	title = {Orchestrators of Innovation-Driven Regional Development: Experiences from the INNOFOKUS Project and Change2020 Programme},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {10/2015},
	pages = {52-62},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The article takes a practical view of regional innovation ecosystems and presents ways to advance more efficient uses of public funding instruments by regional developers. Documenting the views of Finnish regional developers into two workbooks and a toolbox, the results of the INNOFOKUS project and its Change2020 development programme identified that promoting a high-impact project culture and smart specialization in Finland requires a continuous learning and participation process. Key individuals who can make this happen are innovation orchestrators who facilitate activities and compose the big picture. This article aims to bring forth an overview of the building blocks of an enriching and energizing environment and high-impact projects, and it presents an overview of how to enable the work of innovation orchestrators, who play a critical role in facilitating innovation ecosystems.},
	keywords = {agile project development, experimentation-driven development, high-impact projects, orchestrator, regional development, regional innovation ecosystem, smart specialisation, smart specialization},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/937},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/937},
	author = {Mervi Rajahonka and Toni Pienonen and Riikka Kuusisto and Jari Handelberg}
}
@article {927,
	title = {The Organization of Living Labs: Coordinating Activities for Regional Innovation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {09/2015},
	pages = {23-28},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article contributes to the ongoing knowledge from the first decade of operating living labs with a study on the coordination of novel innovation activities in living labs. The article provides an organizational model for living labs to order the activities that eventually will allow the conceptualization of living labs as innovation systems, thus giving user involvement a more central role in innovation process theories. This article shows how innovation networks systematically align their activities to reliably achieve their objectives. Next to this interpretivist theoretical contribution, the article contributes relevant practical insights to technology innovation management practitioners based on in-depth living lab cases that exhibit interesting, relevant, and new activities.},
	keywords = {activities, co-creation, ideation, innovation systems, living labs, processes, venturing},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/927},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/927},
	author = {Bernhard R. Katzy and Claudia B{\"u}cker}
}
@article {834,
	title = {The Online World of the Future: Safe, Productive, and Creative},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {10/2014},
	pages = {5-12},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {A safer online world is required to attain higher levels of productivity and creativity. We offer a view of a future state of the online world that places safety, productivity, and creativity above all else. The online world envisaged for 2030 is safe (i.e., users communicate with accuracy and enduring confidence), productive (i.e., users make timely decisions that have an ongoing global effect), and creative (i.e., users can connect seemingly unrelated information online). The proposed view differs from other views of the future online world that are anchored around technology solutions, confrontation, deception, and personal or commercial gain. The following seven conditions characterize the proposed view of the online world: i) global-scale autonomous learning systems; ii) humans co-working with machines; iii) human factors that are authentic and transferrable; iv) global scale whole-brain communities; v) foundational knowledge that is authentic and transferrable; vi) timely productive communication; and vii) continuous technological adaptation. These conditions are expected to enable new social-behavioural, socio-technical, and organizational interaction models. },
	keywords = {bisociation, cybersecurity, excludability, future vision, Industrial Internet, Internet, Internet of Everything, Internet of Things, online, productivity, rivalry, safety, security},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/834},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/834},
	author = {Tony Bailetti and Renaud Levesque and D{\textquoteright}Arcy Walsh}
}
@article {758,
	title = {Overcoming Barriers to Collaboration in an Open Source Ecosystem},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {01/2014},
	pages = {18-27},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Leveraging open source practices provides value to businesses when entrepreneurs and managers understand how to collaborate effectively in an open source ecosystem. However, the complex mix of different actors and varying barriers to effective collaboration in the ecosystem pose a substantial challenge. How can a business create and capture value if it depends on effective collaboration among these different groups? In this article, we review the published research on open source collaboration and reveal insights that will be beneficial to entrepreneurs and managers. We organize the published research into four streams based upon the following actor groups: i) governance actors, ii) competitors, iii) complementors, and iv) the core community. Then, through induction and synthesis, we identify barriers to collaboration, first by ecosystem and then by actor group. Finally, we offer six recommendations for identifying and overcoming barriers to collaboration in an open source ecosystem.},
	keywords = {business ecosystem, collaboration, collaboration barriers, communities, competitors, complementors, core community, governance, open source},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/758},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/758},
	author = {Derek Smith and Asrar Alshaikh and Rawan Bojan and Anish Kak and Mohammad Mehdi Gharaei Manesh}
}
@article {675,
	title = {Open Innovation at the Root of Entrepreneurial Strategy: A Case from the Norwegian Oil Industry},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {04/2013},
	pages = {17-22},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article aims to extend the discussion about entrepreneurial strategies of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) by including the concept of open innovation. How can SMEs overcome the challenges of resource scarcity and harsh competition? How they can gain competitive advantage in today{\textquoteright}s ever-changing business environment? The answer to both of these questions might be through open innovation: collaborating with researchers, customers, suppliers {\textendash} even competitors {\textendash} as well as research institutions and universities. 

A common barrier to open innovation in an SME is the perception that it will be too time consuming to gain access to a knowledge base of external knowledge providers and link to {\textquotedblleft}gatekeepers{\textquotedblright} of knowledge. However, an entrepreneurial mindset might help SMEs to move toward an open-innovation approach, where more codified and transferrable knowledge are important. This article discusses the implications of an entrepreneurial focus for open-innovation activities. The usefulness of the open-innovation principles are highlighted through a case study of an Norwegian SME operating in the maritime-oil industry. },
	keywords = {entrepreneurial orientation, entrepreneurial strategies, Open innovation, SMEs},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/675},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/675},
	author = {Tatiana Iakovleva}
}
@article {743,
	title = {Open Innovation Processes in Living Lab Innovation Systems: Insights from the LeYLab},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {11/2013},
	pages = {28-36},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Living labs have emerged on the crossroads of the open innovation and user innovation frameworks. As open innovation systems, living labs consist of various actors with each playing their specific role. Within this article, we will take an open innovation perspective by analyzing the knowledge spill-overs between living lab actors through three in-depth innovation case studies taking place within the LeYLab living lab in Kortrijk, Belgium. The results illustrate how living labs foster the three open innovation processes of exploration, exploitation, and retention. From our analysis, we conclude that living labs are particularly useful for exploration and, to a lesser extent, exploitation. In terms of retention, living labs seem to hold a large potential; however, the success and the nature of the innovation processes depend on the sustainability of living labs, the number of innovation cases, and the alignment of these cases with the living lab infrastructure. Based on these findings, a concrete set of guidelines is proposed for innovating in living labs and for setting up a living lab constellation.},
	keywords = {knowledge exchange, living labs, Open innovation, open innovation networks, user innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/743},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/743},
	author = {Dimitri Schuurman and Lieven De Marez and Pieter Ballon}
}
@article {511,
	title = {Open Invention Network: A Defensive Patent Pool for Open Source Projects and Businesses},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {01/2012},
	pages = {12-17},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article explores how patents impact innovation within free/libre open source software (F/LOSS) businesses and projects. The number of software patent suits brought each year is increasing and is diverting millions of dollars in funds from developers to lawyers. With patent suits on the rise, the US Supreme Court has left the F/LOSS community in a position where it must either wait years for legislation or address the issue of patent suits itself. However, defending the Linux kernel and related technologies is a different challenge than the one that faces proprietary software businesses. This article describes Open Invention Network, an initiative that is designed to meet the particular challenges facing the F/LOSS community and businesses by providing a defensive patent pool.},
	keywords = {innovation, linux, patent},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/511},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/511},
	author = {Deborah Nicholson}
}
@article {522,
	title = {Organizational Ambidexterity: How Small Technology Firms Balance Innovation and Support},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {02/2012},
	pages = {17-21},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Many technology entrepreneurs start their companies by focusing on an innovation that creates a market offer to attract their first customers. When the entrepreneur{\textquoteright}s firm makes its first sale, the dynamics of the organization change and the entrepreneur faces a new challenge: how can the firm concurrently develop new products and support existing customers? This problem is of great concern to entrepreneurs who own small technology firms and is the subject of this article. 
In this article, we first address the innovate-versus-support dilemma that small technology firms face early in their lifecycles. Next, we describe the paradigm of the ambidextrous organization. We conclude with a discussion of five mechanisms small firms can use to achieve balance in their quest to concurrently satisfy the need to innovate while fulfilling the demands of existing clients and products. 
},
	keywords = {ambidextrous organization, entrepreneurship, innovation, support},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/522},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/522},
	author = {John Schreuders and Alem Legesse}
}
@article {557,
	title = {An Overview of Four Issues on Technology Entrepreneurship in the TIM Review},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {05/2012},
	pages = {28-34},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The field of technology entrepreneurship is in its infancy when compared to other fields such as economics and management. Articles on technology entrepreneurship have been published in at least 62 journals, of which only 18 contribute to technology innovation management or entrepreneurship. Less than a handful of these 62 journals are considered to be "good" journals and none can claim a leadership position in technology entrepreneurship. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the 20 journal articles published in the February, March, April, and May 2012 issues of the Technology Innovation Management Review (TIM Review).},
	keywords = {creative destruction, global entrepreneurship, journal articles, social entrepreneurship, technology entrepreneurship, theory},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/557},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/557},
	author = {Tony Bailetti and Sonia D. Bot and Tom Duxbury and David Hudson and Chris McPhee and Steven Muegge and Michael Weiss and Jonathan Wells and Mika Westerlund}
}
@article {416,
	title = {Open Source License Selection in Relation to Business Models},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2011},
	month = {02/2011},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article provides recent research results from the European Union{\textquoteright}s FLOSSMetrics project. The results focus on the business and practical aspects of the adoption of open source within software products or as a basis of service offerings. Research into free/libre open source software (F/LOSS) is usually conducted with a software engineering focus or with an emphasis on F/LOSS as a spontaneous or directed collaboration effort. The FLOSSMetrics project expanded that research with an investigation on how licenses, business models, and project choices affect development and productization. This article provides a summary of common licensing issues and business models choices in F/LOSS, and it provides a list of recommendations for selecting a license for a software project to suit both business objectives and licensing constraints.  
 },
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/416},
	author = {Carlo Daffara}
}
@article {330,
	title = {Open is the New Closed: How the Mobile Industry uses Open Source to Further Commercial Agendas},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {03/2010},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Openness is a much-misunderstood word. It represents a kind of good-will moniker to which people attach an impressive variety of definitions: open source code, open standards, open handsets, openness as in transparency, shared roadmaps, open application programming interfaces (APIs), open route to market, and so on. It is a very forgiving term as far as definitions go.

One of the mobile industry{\textquoteright}s favourite facets of openness is open source code. Since 2007, tens of mobile industry giants and consortia have embraced open source in some form or other: the Symbian Foundation, LiMo Foundation, Google{\textquoteright}s Android, Nokia{\textquoteright}s Qt, Apple{\textquoteright}s WebKit and Nokia+Intel{\textquoteright}s Meego are the initiatives that have hit the industry front pages. On the surface, these initiatives use open source licenses, but that only tells half the story. Behind the scenes, Google, Apple, Nokia and others use restrictive governance models and control points that effectively detract the very freedoms that open source licensing is meant to bestow. This discusses the many forms that governance models can take, and how they are used in the mobile industry to tightly control the roadmap and application of open source projects.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/330},
	author = {Andreas Constantinou}
}
@article {387,
	title = {Open Source Contributions as a Complement to Your Sales Strategy},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {10/2010},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Freeform Solutions, a not-for-profit IT consultancy, discovered a large portion of its work was being carried out without being paid for directly from consulting fees. This led to an investigation of the nature of such pro bono work, and what value it could provide to Freeform and its clients.

Supporting open source communities was determined to be the most significant use of the time possible. Accordingly, Freeform has taken steps to focus a significant portion of its work on that task, and to integrate this work with its overall orientation to clients.

This commitment to open source provides a strong differentiator in the marketplace. It also enables one kind of prioritization of sales leads. Ultimately, the commitment to the work is considered the most important aspect of the work, rather than the specific kind of activities that are undertaken, or how they are paid for.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/387},
	author = {Jason C{\^o}t{\'e} and Julian Egelstaff}
}
@article {335,
	title = {The Open Source Mobile Cloud: Delivering Next-Gen Mobile Apps and Systems},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {03/2010},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Cloud computing is gaining acceptance as an efficient and cost-effective architecture to deploy many types of systems. More recently, mobile cloud computing has entered the scene, as an important means to deliver mobile apps and data. This article discusses trends that are driving the adoption of the mobile cloud, important components of mobile cloud infrastructure, and the role of open source.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/335},
	author = {Hal Steger}
}
@article {364,
	title = {Open Source Partner Strategy: Are Your Core Businesses Aligned?},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {07/2010},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Technology companies have historically viewed partnerships through myopic, one-way lenses, asking only: "What can this partner do for me?" This type of thinking is even more pervasive with channel sales partnerships, where technology vendors limit the exploration of value to short term revenue contribution.

Vendors must broaden their scope and range of site when embarking on a path of partnership strategy. Ecosystem analysis, economic modeling, and creative go-to-market development are critical components of successful partnership strategies. This article discusses this critical business strategy through a real world example and an overview of best practice.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/364},
	author = {Susan Riekki-Odle}
}
@article {326,
	title = {An Open Source Solution for Startups},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {02/2010},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Can open source help startup companies reduce cost, save time, and improve their productivity? This article describes the experience of the startup Eseri which spent three years integrating the world{\textquoteright}s best open source software into a complete turn-key small to medium enterprise information technology solution. Eseri uses their own system to run the company. Having recently launched, they have targeted startups as their most important market segment.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/326},
	author = {William Stewart}
}
@article {316,
	title = {Open Source User Assistance: Ensuring That Everybody Wins},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {01/2010},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article describes the importance of user assistance to the success of open source projects and offers some suggestions on fostering community contributions to open source user assistance. The term "user assistance" encompasses all the ways that users get help in figuring out how to use a product, spanning the traditional categories of both documentation and support. User assistance provides opportunities for participation by community members who are not software developers. This in turn relieves the burden on developers for filling these roles while broadening the community. Projects should support the differing motivations of members in these roles while providing leadership and direction, removing barriers to contribution, and engaging in concerted efforts. Licensing for open source documentation should likewise be open, to support user freedom and foster community collaboration. Leaders in open source user assistance need to share ideas across projects in order to improve their offerings.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/316},
	author = {Janet Swisher}
}
@article {369,
	title = {Open to Everyone: How Open Source Communities Can Benefit from Diversity Without Disunity},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {08/2010},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Open source is at once a type of software licensing, a community model, an ideology, and a social movement. As a movement aiming not only to promote open source software within the software development community, but also to change the attitudes of commercial users, it can benefit from lessons learned by earlier social movements.

This article is intended for entrepreneurs, developers, and open source proponents who wish to maximize the market for their products. It will begin with a discussion of the successful strategies and common pitfalls of the feminist movement. It will then apply these lessons to the open source community. Overall, it will discuss the importance of united ideologies, inclusive communities, and the pursuit of legislative changes in promoting open source software as a viable alternative to traditional proprietary software.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/369},
	author = {Teresa Jewell}
}
@article {371,
	title = {OpenOttawaLibre: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Building Creative Cities},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {08/2010},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {OpenOttawaLibre (OOL) is a multidisciplinary approach that is being developed to strengthen Ottawa{\textquoteright}s position as a creative city. Faced with stiff competition from globally dominant mega-centres, smaller cities like Ottawa can compensate for their size by actively bringing together people to exchange ideas, share perspectives, and form new partnerships to solve existing and emerging problems. OOL will make it easy to organize these events and lower the risk by developing an ecosystem with experienced facilitators, physical resources, and proven processes. OOL is anchored by Ottawa{\textquoteright}s cultural planning group and aims to make Ottawa a global magnet for creative industries and talent.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/371},
	author = {Michael Ayukawa and Julie Dupont}
}
@article {379,
	title = {Ottercall: A Language Learning Company},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {09/2010},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Using computer-assisted speech recognition to evaluate the pronunciation of a speaker, Ottercall provides its customers with feedback on how to improve their language skills. In this article, Ottercall{\textquoteright}s plan to enter a crowded competitive environment will be described. The article first describes the language-learning market and the points of difference between existing solutions. Next, it will outline the various strategies and decisions considered by Ottercall in developing its market entry strategy. Finally, the lessons learned through this process will be shared. 
 },
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/379},
	author = {Elias Majic}
}
@article {263,
	title = {Offline: Where Tech Communities Succeed With Women},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {06/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Conferences are one way that women can be drawn into the free/libre and open source software ecosystem. Many different approaches are needed to increase women{\textquoteright}s participation in F/LOSS, but face-to-face interaction has proven to be a critical part of the way the technology community in Portland, Oregon has thrived. This article describes through anecdotes the successes of this community, and suggests how other communities could benefit from Portland{\textquoteright}s experience.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/263},
	author = {Selena Deckelmann}
}
@article {287,
	title = {Open Source BI: A Market Overview},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {09/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The following survey provides a list of open source software tools used in business intelligence (BI) and data warehousing systems. The tool selection criteria was based on the frequency and currency of the releases and on whether the product has released a stable build which could be used in a production environment. We only present those solutions which have had updates within the past two years. Our study looked at BI tools in the following categories: i) databases; ii) extract, transform, and load; iii) master data management; iv) BI reporting tools; and v) data mining. In the case of an open source software bundle that overlaps categories, we divide the software bundle into its separate parts for ease of categorization. 
 },
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/287},
	author = {Steve Holub}
}
@article {288,
	title = {Open Source BI Reporting Tool Review},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {09/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The main purpose of a business intelligence (BI) system is to provide access to information for decision makers. Reporting tools help to create, administer and distribute reports. Reports can be classified into three categories: i) standard reports containing information in table form; ii) cubes which are online analytical processing reports designed to analyze multidimensional data; and iii) dashboards which provide an overview of selected reports and key performance indicators. Each of these report types are often supplemented by graphical representations of the data.

There are many different reporting solutions available in the open source market. In this article, we compare four open source reporting solutions. They give a good insight of the current state of the market and are among the the most popular solutions in use today. 
 },
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/288},
	author = {Benjamin Dietz and Lily Singh}
}
@article {271,
	title = {Open Source Resources in Education: Opportunities and Challenges},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {07/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The education community has been at the forefront in envisioning and conceptualizing infrastructures intended for utilizing and sharing digital content or resources. However, this community has faced challenges in making these visions a reality. We begin by describing a relatively early attempt at creating an economy for sharing educational resources, referred to as learning objects. We then discuss two approaches to opening up educational contents to the world under the auspices of the more recent Open Educational Resources movement. One of these approaches has focused on creating open resources from scratch, utilizing Wiki content development and management technologies in the wake of the phenomenal success of Wikipedia. A second approach is represented by developments in Open Courseware. Following the example of MIT{\textquoteright}s Open Courseware, this approach has more recently been adopted by many other educational institutions under the OCW Consortium. We conclude by making the case that this second approach may represent the most promising of recent developments in the adaptation of open source and open content to educational practices and technologies. 
},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/271},
	author = {Norm Friesen}
}
@article {286,
	title = {Open Source: Shifting Buying and Evaluation Patterns of BI Users},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {09/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The emergence of open source software (OSS) has changed the buying patterns and approaches for the evaluation and selection of business intelligence (BI) tools.  This article discusses how the buying patterns have changed and what it means for businesses looking at open source BI software. 
 },
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/286},
	author = {John Kemp}
}
@article {236,
	title = {Open Source Web Based Geospatial Processing with OMAR},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {02/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The availability of geospatial data sets is exploding. New satellites, aerial platforms, video feeds, global positioning system tagged digital photos, and traditional GIS information are dramatically increasing across the globe. These raw materials need to be dynamically processed, combined and correlated to generate value added information products to answer a wide range of questions.

This article provides an overview of OMAR web based geospatial processing. OMAR is part of the Open Source Software Image Map  project under the Open Source Geospatial Foundation. The primary contributors of OSSIM make their livings by providing professional services to US Government agencies and programs. OMAR provides one example that open source software solutions are increasingly being deployed in US government agencies. We will also summarize the capabilities of OMAR and its plans for near term development.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/236},
	author = {Mark Lucas and Scott Bortman}
}
@article {294,
	title = {Opening the Source of Art},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {10/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The open source community has developed a number of tools and philosophies to assist in distributed software development. The Still Water Lab at the University of Maine believes that these tools and philosophies can be adapted to facilitate other forms of distributed creative endeavours. It has developed two tools that reinterpret the ideas used in open source software through the lenses of artistic creation and preservation: The Pool and the Variable Media Questionnaire. This article discusses how several of the ideas used in software development have influenced Still Water{\textquoteright}s approach to making tools that support artistic production.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/294},
	author = {John Bell}
}
@article {211,
	title = {Omeka: Open Source Web Publishing for Research, Collections and Exhibitions},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {12/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Well into the second decade of the web, many collecting institutions and aspiring digital humanists still find it difficult to mount online exhibitions and publish collections-based research because they lack either technical skills or sufficient funding to pay high priced web design vendors. The digital libraries and archives fields have produced high quality repository and collections management software, but these packages carry too much technical overhead and pay too little attention to web presentation and end user interface for most digital humanities projects. Commercial blog packages have made it easy for digital humanists to publish materials to the web, but the blog{\textquoteright}s structure of serial text posts does not allow them to present deep collections or complex narratives.

That is why the Center for History and New Media at George Mason University, in partnership with the Minnesota Historical Society, has created Omeka. From the Swahili word meaning "to display" or "to lay out for discussion," Omeka is a next generation web publishing platform for academic work of all kinds, one that bridges the university, library, and museum worlds through--and by helping to advance--a set of commonly recognized web and metadata standards. Omeka is free and open source. It offers low installation and maintenance costs--appealing to individual scholars and smaller cultural heritage projects and institutions that lack technical staffs and large budgets. It is standards based, extensible, and interoperable--insuring compliance with accessibility guidelines and integration with existing digital collections systems to help digital humanists of all stripes design online exhibitions more efficiently. Omeka brings Web 2.0 technologies and approaches to digital humanities websites, fostering the kind of user interaction and participation that are central to the mission of digital humanities, and providing the contribution mechanisms, tagging facilities, and social networking tools that audiences are coming to expect. 
},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/211},
	author = {Tom Scheinfeldt}
}
@article {114,
	title = {Open Carrier Grade Base Platform},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {01/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article introduces the SCOPE Alliance, a vertical alliance focused on accelerating the development of open standards for carrier grade base platforms, the base platforms satisfying the carrier grade requirements of the telecommunication industry. The focus of these network equipment providers is to build base platforms comprised of hardware, middleware, and an operating system using open modular building blocks to provide service solutions.

Secondly, the article presents an adoption model along with the benefits, risks and factors affecting the adoption of open CGBPs by telecommunication companies. This adoption model is beneficial to top management teams and project managers who wish to improve the product development process. It also provides startups and independent software vendors a reference model to cost effectively deliver products and obtain maximum return.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/114},
	author = {Vijay Mahendran}
}
@article {136,
	title = {Open Hardware Business Models},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {04/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In the September issue of the Open Source Business Resource, Patrick McNamara, president of the Open Hardware Foundation, gave a comprehensive introduction to the concept of open hardware, including some insights about the potential benefits for both companies and users. 

In this article, we present the topic from a different perspective, providing a classification of market offers from companies that are making money with open hardware. 
 },
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/136},
	author = {Edy Ferreira}
}
@article {206,
	title = {Open Health Tools: Tooling for Interoperable Healthcare},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {11/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The Open Health Tools initiative is creating an ecosystem focused on the production of software tooling that promotes the exchange of medical information across political, geographic, cultural, product, and technology lines. At its core, OHT believes that the availability of high-quality tooling that interoperates will propel the industry forward, enabling organizations and vendors to build products and systems that effectively work together. This will ?raise the interoperability bar? as a result of having tools that just work.

To achieve these lofty goals, careful consideration must be made to the constituencies that will be most affected by an OHT-influenced world. This document outlines a vision of OHT?s impact to these stakeholders. It does not explain the OHT process itself or how the OHT community operates. Instead, we place emphasis on the impact of that process within the health industry. The catchphrase ?code is king? underpins this document, meaning that the manifestation of any open source community lies in the products and technology it produces.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/206},
	author = {Skip McGaughey and Ken Rubin}
}
@article {216,
	title = {Open Innovation 2.0},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {12/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The objective of this article is to argue for a new model that guides the efforts of multiple stakeholders to solve a problem. The new model is referred to as Open Innovation 2.0 Its main benefit is to gain competitive advantage through effective spending combined with enterprise to enterprise collaboration instead of traditional cost reduction.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/216},
	author = {Michael Grove}
}
@article {207,
	title = {Open Source and Open Standards: Working Together for Effective Software Development and Distribution},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {11/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Many open source projects implement open standards. We interviewed five developers who implemented different open standards in open source projects to find out how much interplay there was between implementors and standards developers and how important this communication was as they programmed the details of the specifications. Our somewhat unexpected finding was that developers preferred to work from the printed specification, separate from the standards source. When asked for a reason, most reported that resource constraints prevented them from writing code and specifications at the same time; another factor was the satisfaction that comes from working independently. Most of the developers we spoke to were more than halfway through their development before they even considered reporting specification problems to the source organization. Although this speaks well for the overall quality of computer industry specifications, it also means that feedback from open source developers is not getting back to the specification{\textquoteright}s authors.
 },
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/207},
	author = {Jon Siegel and Richard Mark Soley}
}
@article {129,
	title = {Open Source e-Procurement Software},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {03/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {While every business needs to track the purchase of goods and services, many small and midsize businesses  have been discouraged from using centralized software solutions due to high up-front licensing fees, expensive implementations, and the level of organizational training necessary to get the full value out of an enterprise-class procurement solution. This article provides an overview of the benefits provided by e-procurement solutions, then introduces the first open source e-procurement software and the business model for the company behind the open source project.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/129},
	author = {Dave Stephens}
}
@article {130,
	title = {Open Source in Canada{\textquoteright}s Public Sector},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {03/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The story of the growth of open source use in Canada has been far more a matter of evolution than revolution, so quiet in its pace that its progress has been difficult to measure. This has posed many challenges to Canadian open source advocates in their efforts to ensure that their country does not lag behind the rest of the world in understanding the social and business benefits open source provides.

Perhaps some of the leading soldiers in the trenches might be our civil servants who protect the public purse. In addition to managing and minimizing the costs of delivering necessary services, public sector projects should also advance the social good through the delicate balance of transparency and efficiency.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/130},
	author = {Glenn McKnight and Evan Leibovitch}
}
@article {112,
	title = {Open Source Interoperability: It{\textquoteright}s More than Technology},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {01/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The Open Solutions Alliance is a consortium of leading commercial open source vendors, integrators and end users dedicated to the growth of open source based solutions in the enterprise. We believe Linux and other infrastructure software, such as Apache, has become mainstream, and packaged solutions represent the next great growth opportunity. However some unique challenges can temper that opportunity. These challenges include getting the word out about the maturity and enterprise-readiness of those solutions, ensuring interoperability both with each other and with other proprietary and legacy solutions, and ensuring healthy collaboration between vendors and their respective customer and developer communities.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/112},
	author = {Dominic Sartorio}
}
@article {177,
	title = {Is Open Source Right for your Library?},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {08/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {We all know that feeling in our gut, that moment when it?s time to sign the order for a new software program for your library. It{\textquoteright}s accompanied by a host of nagging questions: "Is it the right decision?" "Have we overlooked anything?" "Will this work?" "Have we considered all our options?" The decision to acquire or upgrade a library automation package is never an easy one and every director, when faced with this decision, wants to choose the best package at the best value that most fully meets the needs of users. Today, that decision is complicated by a new option, that of open source.

This article will examine when and why open source software (OSS) might be appropriate for your library. It also discusses why so many libraries are moving towards OSS and some of the disadvantages that you should be aware of should you decide to move in that direction. 
 },
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/177},
	author = {Carl Grant}
}
@article {184,
	title = {Open Source, Social Innovation and a New Economy of Engagement},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {09/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Open source technologies and social innovation have emerged at a time when it is critical to adopt inclusive, creative, multi-disciplinary approaches to solving complex social and environmental problems. This article examines the relationship between open source, social innovation and engagement. It reviews four areas where their interplay has afforded organizations working in the (mainly Canadian) social sector with new tools and approaches to managing change. These tools include: i) collaboration and learning platforms; ii) social networking programs; iii) resource allocation websites; and iv) advocacy tools. 

An examination of two organizations leading social change in Canada suggests that to address society{\textquoteright}s larger problems, social innovators must also make use of economic incentives, facilitated or hosted conversations, and partnerships. Finally, two areas where innovation is urgently needed are identified as sustainability education and the means by which we participate in democratic processes and government decision-making.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/184},
	author = {Stephen Huddart}
}
@article {147,
	title = {Open Source Software for Corporate IT},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {05/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Of all the choices available when selecting open source software (OSS), which ones are likely to meet business and technology requirements? What tools, if any, exist to help companies assess the enterprise readiness of a proposed open source solution? This article introduces the Enterprise Open Source (EOS) Directory, a resource which was designed to help corporations accustomed to evaluating commercial closed source software find enterprise-ready open source solutions.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/147},
	author = {Bruno von Rotz}
}
@article {194,
	title = {Open Source Software Foundations},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {10/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Communities that develop open source software (OSS) are virtual entities on the Internet, not legal entities. Some open source communities establish open source software foundations (OSSF) in order to protect their intellectual property and carry out contractual arrangements. As legal entities, OSSF help communities attain their long-term goals, hold community assets, provide resources to communities, and balance interests amongst different stakeholders.

When OSS started to draw more business interests, commercial companies became involved with open source communities. The emergence of OSSF provides a good platform and opportunities for companies to exert their influence in a more official way.

This article summarizes our recent research regarding the relationships between company involvement, governance, revenue, and OSSF.
 },
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/194},
	author = {Zhensheng Xie}
}
@article {135,
	title = {Open Source Telecom},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {04/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Open source telecom platforms have matured to the point where they are often functionally superior to more traditional products. A case in point is asterisk, an open source PBX (private branch exchange) and telephony engine, which was recently named "best IP PBX" in InfoWorld{\textquoteright}s 2008 Technology of the Year Awards. While industry recognition can be a compelling argument for adoption, it is still difficult to stake one{\textquoteright}s reputation on the implementation of any software in a mission-critical solution without having first built a solid foundation on which to do so.

With the right approach, you can deliver a superior open source solution to your telecom problems, at far less cost than using proprietary offerings. Implementing an open source telecom system is similar to any development project: there are steps you can take to lower risk and ensure a successful result. This article provides a practical approach for technical implementors to build a track-record of success that will help win approval for more challenging business initiatives.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/135},
	author = {Jim Van Meggelen}
}
@article {155,
	title = {Open Source Vulnerability Database Project},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {06/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article introduces the Open Source Vulnerability Database (OSVDB) project which manages a global collection of computer security vulnerabilities, available for free use by the information security community. This collection contains information on known security weaknesses in operating systems, software products, protocols, hardware devices, and other infrastructure elements of information technology. The OSVDB project is intended to be the centralized global open source vulnerability collection on the Internet.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/155},
	author = {Jake Kouns}
}
@article {183,
	title = {Open Sourcing Social Change: Inside the Constellation Model},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {09/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The constellation model was developed by and for the Canadian Partnership for Children{\textquoteright}s Health and the Environment. The model offers an innovative approach to organizing collaborative efforts in the social mission sector and shares various elements of the open source model. It emphasizes self-organizing and concrete action within a network of partner organizations working on a common issue.

Constellations are self-organizing action teams that operate within the broader strategic vision of a partnership. These constellations are outwardly focused, placing their attention on creating value for those in the external environment rather than on the partnership itself. While serious effort is invested into core partnership governance and management, most of the energy is devoted to the decision making, resources and collaborative effort required to create social value. The constellations drive and define the partnership.

The constellation model emerged from a deep understanding of the power of networks and peer production. Leadership rotates fluidly amongst partners, with each partner having the freedom to head up a constellation and to participate in constellations that carry out activities that are of more peripheral interest. The Internet provided the platform, the partner network enabled the expertise to align itself, and the goal of reducing chemical exposure in children kept the energy flowing.

Building on seven years of experience, this article provides an overview of the constellation model, discusses the results from the CPCHE, and identifies similarities and differences between the constellation and open source models.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/183},
	author = {Tonya Surman and Mark Surman}
}
@article {115,
	title = {Open Standards vs. Open Source: a Case of the OpenAccess Standard},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {01/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In this article we provide some insights into the relationship between non-code based open assets, open development processes, and open standards. The insights are based on a case study of the OpenAccess Project of the Silicon Integration Initiative. The unique relationship between the OA standard{\textquoteright}s openness, evolution and adoption is an example of how open processes could be used to enable design tool interoperability, innovation, and cooperation.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/115},
	author = {Stoyan Tanev and Amy Xu and Jim Wilmore}
}
@article {128,
	title = {The OpenTTT Approach},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {03/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {There is no shortage of data and results that demonstrate that open source software, when adopted with appropriate best practices, can significantly lower costs and provide quality IT (information technology) solutions, especially for small and medium enterprises. For example, the Consortium for Open Source Software in Public Administration project demonstrated that by using best practices for OSS procurement, not only was software acquisition cheaper, but the evaluation of tangible and intangible costs over 5 years demonstrated a cost reduction ranging from 20\% to 60\%. The EU study on the impact of OSS indicates that OSS can reduce software research and development costs by 36\%, while the INES project found that companies adopting OSS increased profits and reduced time to market and development costs in 80\% of the trials.

If OSS is so advantageous, why is so little use of it perceived in the marketplace, especially among SMEs? We present the preliminary results of an European project called OpenTTT to improve the adoption rate and study the effectiveness of best practices in OSS adoption within small and medium enterprises.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/128},
	author = {Carlo Daffara}
}
@article {173,
	title = {OSS Spending Trends in Education},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {08/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Open source software (OSS) is becoming more prominent within the education market as more educational institutions turn towards open source as a solution that meets their needs. However, open source is not appropriate for all, and institutions should be cautious about implementing OSS. When adopting open source, institutions should ensure it is a strategic decision and not just a philosophical one.

At Datamonitor, a provider of online data, analytic and forecasting platforms for key vertical sectors, we believe that the role of OSS will become increasingly important in education. The solutions available are becoming more sophisticated and stable. Currently, 56\% of education institutions are using OSS and open source is clearly making headway into the education market. Furthermore, there are a number of varying factors driving institutions towards OSS and not all institutions are implementing OSS for the same reason. OSS offers an alternative method through which an institution can implement a technological solution, along with it{\textquoteright}s own variety of benefits and pitfalls. However, the increased popularity of OSS will not prevent proprietary software solutions from having an important role to play in education. Instead, OSS and proprietary solutions are going to become even more entwined together and the line between open source and proprietary solutions will blur. 
 },
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/173},
	author = {Justin Davidson}
}
@article {96,
	title = {Ontario Research Commercialization Program},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2007},
	month = {07/2007},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Brad DeFoe and Dmitri Prokopiev describe the Ontario Research Commercialization Program.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/96},
	author = {Brad DeFoe and Dmitri Prokopiev}
}
@article {77,
	title = {Open Educational Resources},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2007},
	month = {09/2007},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article first introduces open content and open educational resources (OER), then compares OER and open source software (OSS), and finally discusses issues of OER project sustainability.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/77},
	author = {Monica Mora}
}
@article {76,
	title = {Open Hardware},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2007},
	month = {09/2007},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {I have been involved in a number of debates on what exactly constitutes open hardware. While the definition is a bit harder to pin down than that of open source software, I believe hardware can be loosely placed into four categories of openness. They are, in order of least to most open: Closed, Open Interface, Open Design, and Open Implementation.
},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/76},
	author = {Patrick McNamara}
}
@article {78,
	title = {Open Source as Community},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2007},
	month = {09/2007},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {What does it really mean to participate in an open source software community? If a company{\textquoteright}s open source strategy is limited to acting as end user of open source software, is there a business need to understand the nature of open source communities? Should it be the goal of all businesses to become an active participant in open source communities, or become recognized as a significant contributor?

Business users of open source software can broadly be divided into those who use open source software as end-users, and those who incorporate underlying open source technology into their products and services. This article will first address both these groups with the important facets of understanding and evaluating community in the selection of open source software, and then elaborate on the role of active participation in open source communities to enhance the value that can be obtained from the use of open source. It is based upon lessons I{\textquoteright}ve learned from becoming progressively involved in a particular open source software community, Tikiwiki, and comparisons with other open source communities which I{\textquoteright}ve made to identify commonalities and differences.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/78},
	author = {Nelson Ko}
}
@article {75,
	title = {Open Source Assets},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2007},
	month = {09/2007},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The Open Source Definition or OSD defines the criteria to which the distribution terms of software must comply for it to be deemed to be open source software.  The term open source, however, is used to label a broad assortment of phenomena that fall well outside the established OSD. In addition, there is ambiguity in what is meant to be covered by the terms source and open.  

We envisage a definition of open source that equally applies to software, hardware schematics, content, and processes, not just software.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/75},
	author = {Tony Bailetti and Peter Hoddinott}
}
@article {65,
	title = {Open Source Licensing in the Enterprise},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2007},
	month = {10/2007},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Studies show that most open source projects are licensed under the General Public License (GPL) and it is estimated that over 75\% of open source projects are licensed under either the GPL or the LGPL (Lesser GPL). Yet, it has been my company{\textquoteright}s experience that the open source software used by our enterprise customers is primarily Apache licensed software. This article examines several factors which may shed some light on this disparity, including the issues raised by enterprise customers and the software product selection process used by OpenLogic (http://www.openlogic.com).},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/65},
	author = {Stormy Peters}
}
@article {66,
	title = {Open Source on Trial},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2007},
	month = {10/2007},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The way we develop software is continuously evolving: the everyday processes and practices used to produce software are becoming more efficient, and it is common for a team of developers to change several times over the life of a software project and for the components used to come from a variety of sources. However, the benefits of these changes cannot be fully appreciated unless correct policies and strategies are used to capture value from innovation. This is where the worlds of technology and Intellectual Property (IP) law collide and where license compliance is fundamental in protecting a company{\textquoteright}s IP and avoiding legal conflicts.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/66},
	author = {Kamal Hassin}
}
@article {82,
	title = {Open Source Telecommunication Companies},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2007},
	month = {08/2007},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Little is known about companies whose core business is selling telecommunications products that lever open source projects. Open source telecommunications (OST) companies operate in markets that are very different from typical software product markets. The telecommunications market is regulated, vertically integrated, and proprietary designs and special chips are widely used. For a telecommunications product to be useful, it must interact with both access network products and core network products. Due to specifications in Service Agreements Levels, penalties for failures of telecommunications products are very high.

This article shares information that is not widely known, including a list of OST companies and the open source projects on which they depend, the size and diversity of venture capital investment in OST companies, the nature of the commercial product-open source software and company-project relationships, ways in which OST companies make money, benefits and risks of OST companies, and competition between OST companies. Analysis of this information provides insights into the ways in which companies can build business models around open source software. These findings will be of interest to entrepreneurs, top management teams of incumbent companies that sell telecommunications products, and those who care about Ontario{\textquoteright}s ability to compete globally. 
},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/82},
	author = {Peter Liu}
}
