@article {1421,
	title = {Simulating a Biorefinery Ecosystem to Manage and Motivate Sustainable Regional Nutrient Circulation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {02/2021},
	pages = {33-43},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {33},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Creating an ecologically sustainable circulation of nutrients requires local solutions with commitment from all participating parties. Due to vast differences between various regions, it is very complicated, if not impossible, to create fair, simple, and applicable legislation that can consider all of these differences in a meaningful way. Thus, there is a need for clear and easy ways of developing sustainable and viable solutions locally, as well as communicating them with local community and all the way up to the supervising governmental representatives. To meet this need, we developed a simulation tool that allows the user to explore the effectiveness and impact of a local biorefinery in waste management. As an iterative model based on state machine agents, it can easily be modified for a multitude of scenarios with changes taking place over time, while considering the viewing points of all involved. In this article, we report the first version of this tool and demonstrate its usefulness in estimating suitable biogas reactor size in a biorefinery.},
	keywords = {Bioreactor, circular economy, nutrient recycling, simulation, waste management},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1421},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1421},
	author = {Olli Koskela and Clemens Dempers and Maritta Kym{\"a}l{\"a}inen and Jarkko Nummela}
}
@article {1414,
	title = {SMEs and the Innovation Management Process:  A multi-level process conceptual framework},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {01/2021},
	pages = {22-33},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {22},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The aim of this paper is to propose a conceptual framework to manage the innovation process in small businesses. It is based on research from 11 case studies in the Montreal software industry using contingency and resource dependency theories. This conceptual framework provides a view of the innovation process that differs from the linear approach often used in many studies to investigate innovation in small and medium sized businesses (SMEs). The linear approach considers the process as a set of activities that includes developing from one stage to another, while depending on the previous one. We conceptualize the innovation process in small businesses as an interactive process that involves a set of six subprocesses and several keys points of resources mobilization, which requires interacting with both internal and external business actors. Successful mobilization of innovation resources at all key points determines the success or failure of SMEs{\textquoteright} innovation processes.},
	keywords = {innovation, Innovation management, innovation process, small business},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1414},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1414},
	author = {Angelo Dossou-Yovo and Christian Keen}
}
@article {1453,
	title = {Strategies for a Small to Medium-sized Enterprise to Engage in an Existing Ecosystem},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2021},
	month = {10/2021},
	pages = {5-19},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {5},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Recent advances in ecosystem theory prescribe that companies need to develop offers that are modular and form unique or supermodular complementarities with other offers. However, both academic and managerial knowledge of the strategies that especially small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) can use to engage in existing ecosystems for value creation remains scattered and predominantly vague. This article thus aims to explore applicable ecosystem engagement strategies from the perspective of SMEs, as discussed in previous scholarly literature. In so doing, the article puts forward and elaborates three distinct strategies that SMEs can apply to become part of value-creating ecosystems. In this way, the findings contribute to the literature on ecosystems.},
	keywords = {Complementarities, ecosystem, engagement, Entry, SME, strategy, value creation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1453},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1453},
	author = {Ermela Bashuri and Tony Bailetti}
}
@article {1387,
	title = {Seeking {\textquoteright}Strategy{\textquoteright} in Business Intelligence Literature: Theorizing BI as part of strategy research},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {09/2020},
	pages = {??},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {??},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This paper connects the business intelligence (BI) literature with research in strategic management by plotting the existing research strands on BI: environmental scanning, competitive intelligence, executive information systems, and business intelligence, against the strategic dimensions of a) orientation (External vs. Internal), b) focus (Content vs. Process), and c) practice realms. The article accordingly offers a new re-conceptualization of BI as a strategic artifact across four strategic clusters: BI as a system, BI as a planned process, BI as a product, and BI as a decisional paradigm. This conceptual article contributes to the literature by integrating disparate views on BI and placing them within the content, process, and practice streams of strategy research.},
	keywords = {Business intelligence (BI), Conceptualization, definition., literature review, strategy as practice, strategy content, strategy process, strategy realms},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1387},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1387},
	author = {Yassine Talaoui and Marko Kohtam{\"a}ki and Risto Rajala}
}
@article {1313,
	title = {Selling Data-Based Value in Business-to-Business Markets},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {01/2020},
	pages = {45-53},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {45},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The purpose of this paper is to study what aspects a sales function needs to consider when selling new data-based value in business-to-business (B2B) markets. The paper combines literature on the business-to-business sales process with data-based value. The study includes altogether 29 qualitative interviews from eight companies, representing seller companies at different stages in big data utilization. In addition, the study includes customer perspectives with six interviews from four customer companies. As a result, selling new data-based value is studied from several perspectives. First, we evaluate the impacts of the generated new data-based value from the seller and the market perspective. Secondly, we study what sales representatives need to understand, both from the customer{\textquoteright}s perspective, and in relation to data and digital solutions during the sales process. Thirdly, on the customer side, we explore the roles of {\textquotedblleft}digitalist{\textquotedblright} and old-school buyers, and their effect on the sales process. Our research findings highlight the crucial understanding of customer business and knowledge about real-time data management, digital twins, and artificial intelligence (AI) when selling data-based solutions that create real-time data, recommendations, and value for a customer{\textquoteright}s business.},
	keywords = {B2B sales, big data, business-to-business sales, data-based value, digital solutions, value sales},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1313},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1313},
	author = {Tuija Rantala and Tiina Apilo and Katariina Palom{\"a}ki and Katri Valkokari}
}
@article {1389,
	title = {Social Acceptance of Wind Energy in Urban Landscapes},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {09/2020},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Although wind energy has high potential as a sustainable energy source to fight climate change, and the post COVID-19 world may require accelerated transition to renewable energy systems, many wind energy projects nevertheless face community resistance. Research on social acceptance of wind energy has increased rapidly, but understanding still lacks regarding the different types of acceptance, whether or not the acceptance correlates with demographics, and what drives acceptance of wind farms in the urban landscape. Our analysis of 2,376 residents in Helsinki, the capital of Finland, focused on the gaps in understanding and identified three groups of people: Protagonists, Centrists, and Antagonists. While Protagonists are highly positive about wind energy projects in the city, Antagonists oppose them, and Centrists adopt a middle-of-the-road approach. Further, three factors matter for social acceptance in urban landscapes: 1) distance, as residents prefer offshore wind farms to be farther away from the city{\textquoteright}s inhabitants, 2) gender, as women are more accepting of wind energy compared with men, and outright opponents of wind energy are more likely men, and 3) participation, as residents wish to participate in decision-making processes regarding wind farms, but lack interest in having ownership of and responsibility for wind energy projects. The study discusses the implications of these findings for developers and policymakers of wind energy projects in the urban context.},
	keywords = {city, clean energy, Social acceptance, sustainability, wind energy},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1389},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1389},
	author = {Mika Westerlund}
}
@article {1395,
	title = {Sustainability-related Communication Patterns on the Websites of European Top R\&D Spenders},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {10/2020},
	pages = {43-54},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {43},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Many firms struggle to incorporate "sustainability" into their operations in a way that can capture economic value and deliver social and environmental benefits. This article aims to answer two questions in this regard: (i) How do companies articulate the sustainability aspects of their businesses online, and (ii) In what ways does the degree of articulation of specific sustainability aspects relate to company performance metrics, such as sales and R\&D expenditure. The research method measures the occurrences of a set of sustainability-related keywords on the websites of a sample of 387 firms that were ranked as top R\&D spenders in Europe for 2013. We processed the keyword occurrences in a simplified version of latent semantic analysis based on the application of principal component analysis to identify the specific combinations of words used by companies to communicate sustainability issues on their websites. The results show that "sustainable innovation" and "sustainable operations" based on partnerships and cooperation represent a dominant part of companies{\textquoteright} online communication strategies. One of the findings suggests a strong relationship between the communication of sustainable innovation aspects and sales, which offers a promising message to companies looking for evidence about the potential impact of their commitment to sustainable operations and innovation.},
	keywords = {business decision-making, online communication, online data collection, principal component analysis, R\&D, research and development, sustainability, sustainable innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1395},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1395},
	author = {Giacomo Liotta and Stoyan Tanev and Andrea Gorra and Alicja Izabela Pospieszala}
}
@article {1394,
	title = {A Systematic Analysis of how Practitioners Articulate Business Models across Disruptive Industries},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020},
	month = {10/2020},
	pages = {29-42},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {29},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Ongoing debates surround the role of business models in understanding the dynamics related to disruptive innovation. Too little is still known about how practitioners highlight different characteristics of business models across industries confronted with disruptive dynamics. This shortcoming in current debates hampers a better understanding of the context-dependent phenomenon of "disruption", ultimately limiting the development of adequate business strategies for incumbents and entrepreneurs alike. Consequently, we generated a systematic database of communicated business models from 1,095 relevant press releases and company reports published between 1995 and 2019. The business models from the retrieved articles were assigned to their corresponding industry using the Global Industry Categorization Standard (GICS) to allow for diverse categorization. Subsequently, we performed a deductive coding procedure, building on accepted business model component classifications. Our study contributes insights about relevant business model components, drawing on practitioner experiences in the face of disruptive dynamics.},
	keywords = {business model components, business models, content analysis, disruptive innovation, industries, secondary data},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1394},
	url = {timreview.ca/article/1394},
	author = {Alina Marie Herting and Alexander Lennart Schmidt}
}
@article {1237,
	title = {Scientific Excellence in Participatory and Action Research: Part I. Rethinking Research Quality},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {05/2019},
	pages = {6-21},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {A core impetus of participatory and action research is making science relevant and useful for solving pressing problems and improving social conditions, and enabling stakeholders to participate in research and development processes. There are claims in the community of participatory and action research of the potential for heightened scientific excellence, but at the same time, there are critiques in the mainstream community that more engaged, even activist, stances threaten scientific norms or that position these type of research approaches outside the field of science, for example, as issues of application. In the search of clarification of the scientific identity and the specific qualities of participatory and action research, scholars have been moving away from and sometimes have rejected traditional conceptions of quality. This leads to confusion about how to relate to the discourse on research quality and scientific excellence in mainstream science. Integration in this discourse is important in order to attain academic legitimation in prevailing institutions of science, for example, in applications for funding, in seeking to publish research, and in the acceptance of dissertations based on participatory and action research. The purpose of this article is to contribute to this integration by reconstructing the way traditional quality concepts {\textendash} validity, reliability, and objectivity {\textendash} can be fruitfully used in expanded frameworks for quality where scientific excellence of participatory and action approaches are visible and where mainstream science approaches also can be harboured. In this conceptual article, reconstruction of understanding of scientific inquiry is first made based on a praxis-oriented epistemology inspired by pragmatism. Through rethinking truth as trustworthiness, new proposals for the conceptualization and frames for research quality and scientific excellence are introduced. Second, a framework for understanding purpose in science and its basis in validity, reliability, and the core characteristics of participatory and action research is developed. Third, the turn to action, practice, and participation enables plural ways of knowing and ways that knowledge claims can be validated and made trustworthy. The article concludes that participatory and action research offers a broader landscape of purpose and validation than more traditional approaches to science. In a subsequent article, reliability and objectivity, and their use in participatory and action research, will be clarified.},
	keywords = {action research, participatory research, quality},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1237},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1237},
	author = {Erik Lindhult}
}
@article {1238,
	title = {Scientific Excellence in Participatory and Action Research: Part II. Rethinking Objectivity and Reliability},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {05/2019},
	pages = {22-33},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The purpose of this article is to deal with the following question: Can the concepts of reliability and objectivity be reconceptualized and reappropriated to enable understanding of scientific excellence in participatory and action research? The article shows that it is fruitful to consider the {\textquotedblleft}subjective{\textquotedblright} and active role of researchers as vital in enabling scientific objectivity and reliability. As an expansion from a replication logic, reliability can be conceptualized as adaptive, goal-seeking, dynamically regulated processes enabled by effective organization of interactive and participatory learning processes where all participants can contribute to learning and correction in inquiry. Instead of erasing subjectivity, objectivity can be enabled by critical subjectivity, intersubjectivity, practical wisdom, impartial norms of inquiry, and open democratic dialogue. Reliability and objectivity in this understanding can be enabled by participatory and action research through skilful performance of research practices such as reflective conversations between parties, dialogue conferences, experimentation, and experiential learning as part of action-research cycles, etc., which are common in participatory and action research initiatives and projects. By rethinking validity, reliability, and objectivity, recognizing the substantially more active and participatory stances enables scientific excellence, it can expand the repertoire of strategies for promoting research quality, and it helps to mainstream this type of approach in the scientific community.},
	keywords = {action research, objectivity, participatory research, reliability},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1238},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1238},
	author = {Erik Lindhult}
}
@article {1222,
	title = {The SDG-Check: Guiding Open Innovation towards Sustainable Development Goals},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {03/2019},
	pages = {20-37},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The {\textquotedblleft}fuzzy front end{\textquotedblright} of innovation is argued to be crucial for the success and sustainability impact of a final product. Indeed, it is a promising area of focus in efforts to achieve the United Nations{\textquoteright} 2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which provide a globally accepted framework for sustainability. However, the usability of the 17 goals and the large number of sub-goals represent barriers to innovation practitioners. Moreover, this early innovation stage proves to be a challenge for corporate practitioners and innovators, largely due to the concept{\textquoteright}s intangible, qualitative nature and the lack of data. To help overcome these barriers, this article proposes a four-stage approach for structuring the innovation process using an online tool called the {\textquotedblleft}SDG-Check{\textquotedblright}, which help assess an innovator{\textquoteright}s sustainability orientation in the early phases of product and service development. It is a semi-quantitative tool to gather and combine assessments by experts involved in innovation processes with implications for the United Nations{\textquoteright} SDGs. Furthermore, this article presents our first experiences in applying the SDG-Check based on three living lab innovation cases. The results indicate that the tools can support and inspire a dialogue with internal and external stakeholders with regards to sustainability considerations in the early design stages of product and service development. },
	keywords = {fuzzy front end of innovation, Living lab, Open innovation, SDG-Check, sustainability assessments, sustainability inspiration, sustainable development goals},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1222},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1222},
	author = {Justus von Geibler and Julius Piwowar and Annika Greven}
}
@article {1265,
	title = {Smart Mobility: Services, Platforms and Ecosystems},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {09/2019},
	pages = {15-25},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	chapter = {15},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In this study, we provide novel insight into building and managing growth in a new emerging market: the operation and maintenance of a heterogeneous and expanding vehicle fleet in a smart city environment. There are several different types of players in this emerging market and a dominant player is still missing. Based on our empirical findings, we identified three key characteristics of a growing business and the ability to reach a leading position: 1) co-creation through resource integration and service exchange is preferable for responding to market demands; 2) a digital platform is critical to create the necessary knowledge for resource integration and service exchange; and 3) smart services glue the ecosystem and platform together and create the outcome that solves the defined business problem. Most importantly, all three elements\&mdash;ecosystem, platform and smart services\&mdash;create a uniform environment in which to grow the business in a new emerging market.},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1265},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1265},
	author = {Jukka Pulkkinen and Jari Jussila and Atte Partanen and Igor Trotskii and Aki Laiho}
}
@article {1248,
	title = {The Status and Future of Action Research: An Interview with Professor David Coghlan},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {06/2019},
	pages = {42-49},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	keywords = {action research, David Coghlan, insider action research, interiority, interview, reflection},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1248},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1248},
	author = {David Coghlan and Erik Lindhult}
}
@article {1247,
	title = {The Strategies of Technology Startups Within and Between Business Ecosystems},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {06/2019},
	pages = {25-41},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Technology startups build strategies in order to survive within the framework of business ecosystems. However, the knowledge required to make such strategies effective is scarce. This article poses the question: {\textquotedblleft}How do small technology startups strategize within and between business ecosystems?{\textquotedblright} Based on an explorative qualitative study, this article defines and presents a dynamic strategic framework of three strategies employed by technology startups. Some startups choose to act within one defined business ecosystem, most startups use a multi-ecosystem strategy to act between and draw benefits from many business ecosystems, and the rest act as ecosystem creators that challenge the logics of existing ecosystems.},
	keywords = {boundaries, business ecosystems, entrepreneurship, startups, strategy},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1247},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1247},
	author = {Taina Tukiainen and Thommie Burstr{\"o}m and Martin Lindell}
}
@article {1208,
	title = {Strategy-as-Process in a Technology Venture: A Case Study of Pivots, Pauses, Partners, and Progress},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2019},
	month = {01/2019},
	pages = {9-19},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Technology commercialization is an often nonlinear process that tends to pass through various {\textquotedblleft}stages{\textquotedblright} or {\textquotedblleft}phases{\textquotedblright} as a venture attempts to shepherd a technology from the laboratory to marketplace. Between these phases are {\textquotedblleft}junctures{\textquotedblright} or {\textquotedblleft}transitions{\textquotedblright} that present particular challenges for entrepreneurs as they often comprise fundamental changes to the venture instead of simply scaled versions of previous challenges. In this study, we use a participant-observer methodology to deeply explore how a technology venture in the renewable energy sector negotiated these transitions. Our findings highlight the development of a {\textquotedblleft}repertoire{\textquotedblright} of tools entrepreneurs can use to help successfully negotiate these transitions. },
	keywords = {innovation systems, managing critical junctures and transitions, process research, technology commercialization, technology entrepreneurship},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = { http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1208},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1208},
	author = {Andrew G. Earle and Michael J. Merenda and J. Matthew Davis}
}
@article {1152,
	title = {Science Is Indispensable to Frugal Innovations},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {04/2018},
	pages = {49-56},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In recent years, frugal innovations have become widely popular due to their no-frills nature that entails lower costs. However, most of the frugal innovations, at least at the grassroots level, are makeshift contraptions, made from indigenous ingenuity, that achieve their goals under constraints on various resources but may suffer from limited lifespans due to premature failure. Consequently, it is imperative that sound scientific principles not be overlooked or haphazardly applied in realizing these innovations, irrespective of their grassroots or sophisticated nature. This article therefore argues for the need to use science, sometimes at the cutting edge, to realize grassroots and advanced frugal innovations that are not prone to failure under various working conditions. In so doing, this work advocates the use of classical and new design methodologies that are rooted in science to save resources and, hence lower costs, while aiming for robust functionality of frugal products. In particular, a frugal design approach using a modern version of the safety factor called the {\textquotedblleft}factor of frugality{\textquotedblright} has been propounded to effectively create any type of frugal innovation from scratch. By combining the ingenuity of the resourceful creators of frugal innovations with a scientific approach that aims to make the resulting products {\textquotedblleft}fail proof{\textquotedblright}, such innovations may better contribute value to business and benefits to society.},
	keywords = {factor of frugality, factor of safety, frugal innovation, research, sustainable development},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1152},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1152},
	author = {Balkrishna C. Rao}
}
@article {1135,
	title = {Smart Farming: Including Rights Holders for Responsible Agricultural Innovation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {02/2018},
	pages = {7-14},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article draws on the literature of responsible innovation to suggest concrete processes for including rights holders in the {\textquotedblleft}smart{\textquotedblright} agricultural revolution. It first draws upon historical agricultural research in Canada to highlight how productivist values drove seed innovations with particular consequences for the distribution of power in the food system. Next, the article uses document analysis to suggest that a similar value framework is motivating public investment in smart farming innovations. The article is of interest to smart farming{\textquoteright}s decision makers (from farmers to governance actors) and a broader audience {\textendash} anyone interested in engendering equity through innovation-led societal transitions.},
	keywords = {agriculture, automation, big data, machine intelligence, power, responsible innovation, smart agriculture, technological values},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1135},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1135},
	author = {Kelly Bronson}
}
@article {1189,
	title = {Strategic Foresight of Future B2B Customer Opportunities through Machine Learning},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {10/2018},
	pages = {5-17},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Within the strategic foresight literature, customer foresight still shows a low capability level. In practice, especially in business-to-business (B2B) industries, analyzing an entire customer base in terms of future customer potential is often done manually. Therefore, we present a single case study based on a quantitative customer-foresight project conducted by a manufacturing company. Along with a common data mining process, we highlight the application of machine learning algorithms on an entire customer database that consists of customer and product-related data. The overall benefit of our research is threefold. The major result is a prioritization of 2,300 worldwide customers according to their predicted technical affinity and suitability for a new machine control sensor. Thus, the company gains market knowledge, which addresses management functions such as product management. Furthermore, we describe the necessary requirements and steps for practitioners who realize a customer-foresight project. Finally, we provide a detailed catalogue of measures suitable for sales in order to approach the identified high-potential customers according to their individual needs and behaviour. },
	keywords = {action research, B2B industries, customer base analysis, customer foresight, customer knowledge, customer profile, data mining, machine learning, strategic foresight},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1189},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1189},
	author = {Daniel Gentner and Birgit Stelzer and Bujar Ramosaj and Leo Brecht}
}
@article {1196,
	title = {A Strategic Management Maturity Model for Innovation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {11/2018},
	pages = {13-21},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Even though strategic management is highly critical for all types of organizations, only a few maturity models have been proposed in the business literature for the area of strategic management activities. This article updates previous studies and presents a new conceptual model for assessing the maturity of strategic management in any organization. The Strategic Management Maturity Model for Innovation (S3M-i) is composed of six maturity levels with seven dimensions. The main contribution of the S3M-i is to put innovation into the agenda of strategic management. The main objective of this study is to propose a model to align innovation with business strategies. This article suggests that innovation (new breakthrough products/services and business models) is the only way of creating sustainable growth, and strategy studies cannot ignore this aspect. Maturity models should embrace innovation to respond to the dynamic business environment and rapidly changing customer behaviours.},
	keywords = {business model, innovation, maturity model, strategic management},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1196},
	url = {https://timreview.ca/article/1196},
	author = {Ferhat Demir}
}
@article {1138,
	title = {Supporting Self-Determined Indigenous Innovations: Rethinking the Digital Divide in Canada},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2018},
	month = {02/2018},
	pages = {38-48},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article seeks to revisit dominant narratives of digital technological development in Indigenous communities in Canada. By prioritizing Indigenous voices and drawing from concepts of self-determination and sovereignty, this analysis reorients discourse surrounding the {\textquotedblleft}digital divide{\textquotedblright} towards a strength-based approach that positions Indigenous peoples as innovators and creators, not just consumers, of digital technologies. This article begins with a discussion of how dominant media has used technology and technological imagery to misrepresent Indigenous cultures and perpetuate colonial biases, and emphasizes the importance of making space for Indigenous future imagery. Following this is a discussion of digital storytelling and virtual landscapes, showcasing a small sample of Indigenous initiatives online, in video game and app development, and in augmented and virtual reality. Finally, this article considers the potential of {\textquotedblleft}makerspaces{\textquotedblright} as a framework for future action to bridge theory and practice. },
	keywords = {digital, Indigenous, innovation, makerspaces, technology},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1138},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1138},
	author = {Jasmin Winter and Justine Boudreau}
}
@article {1097,
	title = {The Sharing Economy and the Future of Personal Mobility: New Models Based on Car Sharing},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {08/2017},
	pages = {27-31},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The sharing economy is an emerging phenomenon that shapes the cultural, economic, and social landscape of our modern world. With variations of the concept of the sharing economy emerging in so many fields, the area of shared mobility {\textendash} the shared use of a motor vehicle, bicycle, or other mode that enables travellers to gain short-term access to transportation modes on an on-demand basis {\textendash} has developed as the forerunner of the transformation to be expected in other areas. This article examines how the sphere of personal mobility has been affected by the growth of sharing economy. It contributes to the growing body of shared mobility literature by uncovering innovative mobility-based models that represent solutions on the intersection of shared mobility, physical infrastructure, and integrated-mobility schemes.},
	keywords = {integrated solution, mobility modes, shared mobility, sharing economy},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1097},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1097},
	author = {Olga Novikova}
}
@article {1110,
	title = {Smart Contract Relations in e-Commerce: Legal Implications of Exchanges Conducted on the Blockchain},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {10/2017},
	pages = {14-21},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Much of the discussion around blockchain-based smart contracts has focused on whether or not they operate in the same way as legal contracts. However, it is argued that most contracts are social rather than legal in nature and are entered into because the parties trust each other to perform the agreed exchange. Little has been written to address how the blockchain{\textquoteright}s trust protocol can enable the kind of social contracting that characterized the way exchanges were conducted before the Internet. This article aims to fill that gap by exploring blockchain-based smart contracts primarily as non-contractual social exchanges.},
	keywords = {blockchain, law, legal, online transactions, reputation, smart contracts, trust},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1110},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1110},
	author = {Philippa Ryan}
}
@article {1095,
	title = {A Structured Approach to Academic Technology Transfer: Lessons Learned from imec{\textquoteright}s 101 Programme},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2017},
	month = {08/2017},
	pages = {5-14},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In this article, we describe imec{\textquoteright}s 101 Programme for academic technology transfer and explain how it supports researchers by following a structured process in a limited amount of time and by carefully involving different stakeholders and people with relevant skills and expertise. The programme combines insights in terms of processes and of team composition from the entrepreneurship literature and puts them into practice in an internal incubation programme that is generated from the bottom-up. Based on hands-on experiences and interviews with key stakeholders in the process, we evaluate the programme and distill lessons learned. The article highlights the importance of a structured technology transfer process in the early stages of opportunity discovery and entrepreneurial action, and it offers insights on team formation for academic spin-offs.},
	keywords = {academic spin-off, entrepreneurial action, entrepreneurship, incubation, research valorization, technology transfer},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1095},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1095},
	author = {Dimitri Schuurman and Stan De Vocht and Sven De Cleyn and Aron-Levi Herregodts}
}
@article {1032,
	title = {The Smart City Ecosystem as an Innovation Model: Lessons from Montreal},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {11/2016},
	pages = {26-31},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Innovations are not confined to new technologies designed to improve the manufacturing processes of a product or the provision of a service. In a context of postmodernity, the new innovation paradigm calls on organizations to choose the best innovation strategies for their broader purposes. Today, such strategies usually involve adopting organizational structures that enable better collaboration with the stakeholders of an ecosystem. This article focuses on the smart city of Montreal {\textendash} selected as the 2016 Intelligent Community of the Year by the Intelligent Community Forum {\textendash} as a model of innovation. The aim is to understand the distinction between "the smart city" and "the smart destination", despite the omnipresence of tourism projects in smart city development plans. Among the key lessons are the importance of engaging tourism stakeholders and the role of a dedicated organization to develop and implement the city{\textquoteright}s unique vision.},
	keywords = {ecosystem, innovation, Montreal, smart cities, smart destination, stakeholders},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1032},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/1032},
	author = {Mohamed Reda Khomsi}
}
@article {986,
	title = {Supporting Research-Inspired Entrepreneurial Activities in India},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {6},
	year = {2016},
	month = {05/2016},
	pages = {14-14},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Nations built on innovation, entrepreneurship, and production are able to dominate the world economy. However, risk taking has traditionally been discouraged in developing nations. The uncertainty and financial insecurity associated with entrepreneurial activities are the greatest barriers that budding entrepreneurs need to overcome in order to transition into successful entrepreneurs. This challenge needs substantial effort and steady support from society. Easy access to information, mentorship, and a network of venture capitalists and angel investors also play critical roles in promoting entrepreneurial activities. To this end, the Government of India recently launched a nationwide campaign to promote entrepreneurial activities across the country.  Some of the recently emerging trends indicate that scientific and technological innovators from India are now willing to be a part of the global entrepreneurial revolution. Research-inspired entrepreneurial initiatives are expected to play a key role in facilitating India{\textquoteright}s economic growth in the coming years. This article focuses on the initiatives undertaken by the Indian Government and by various academic institutes to facilitate entrepreneurial activities across the country. },
	keywords = {business, economy, entrepreneurship, financial risk, research-inspired entrepreneurship},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/986},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/986},
	author = {Nikhil A. Gokhale}
}
@article {936,
	title = {Scaling Spatial Transformation: Smart Specialization of Urban Capabilities in the Helsinki Region},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {10/2015},
	pages = {42-51},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Societies are shifting towards more complex structures and agile networks through spatial transformation. That shift affects the ways in which citizens interact with and within their physical and virtual surroundings. The interactions define purposes for the modern hybrid spaces, depending on individual demands in relation to space and time. As facilities per se are becoming less relevant, spatial concepts and service that support, attract, and engage modern individuals must be invented. The capabilities of user-orientated processes are important in terms of connectivity, co-creation, and communication, involvement in change, and control as well as governance. This article explores the potential scaling in diverse spatial transformations and summarizes the lessons learned from managing a campus as a small city to managing a larger-scale urban area. The study uses a case study methodology: the data was collected through interviews and document analysis. The framework of five urban capabilities (5Cs), which were initially introduced by the urbanist John Worthington, guided the content analysis of data. The results indicate that the lessons learned in the diverse urban projects can be scaled from a minor urban-area campus to a large urban area. Users of spaces have a need and will to collaborate, co-create, and impact their environments. This view expands the roles of decision makers and planners to controlling the uses of spaces for supporting grassroot initiatives. Consequently, active citizens engage and contribute, which can be a driving force for co-creation, shared ownership, and attractiveness of small- and large-scale areas.},
	keywords = {campus management, hybrid spaces, mobile work, scaling businesses, urban development and management},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/936},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/936},
	author = {Renita Niemi and Eelis Rytk{\"o}nen and Robert Eriksson and Suvi Nenonen}
}
@article {904,
	title = {Secure by Design: Cybersecurity Extensions to Project Management Maturity Models for Critical Infrastructure Projects},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {06/2015},
	pages = {26-34},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Many systems that comprise our critical infrastructures {\textendash} including electricity, transportation, healthcare, and financial systems {\textendash} are designed and deployed as information technology (IT) projects using project management practices. IT projects provide a one-time opportunity to securely "design in" cybersecurity to the IT components of critical infrastructures. The project management maturity models used by organizations today to assess the quality and rigour of IT project management practices do not explicitly consider cybersecurity. This article makes three contributions to address this gap. First, it develops the argument that cybersecurity can and should be a concern of IT project managers and assessed in the same way as other project management capabilities. Second, it examines three widely used cybersecurity maturity models {\textendash} i) the National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST) framework for improving critical infrastructure cybersecurity, ii) the United States Department of Energy{\textquoteright}s Cybersecurity Capability Maturity Model (C2M2), and iii) the CERT Resilience Management Model (CERT RMM) from the Carnegie Mellon Software Engineering Institute {\textendash} to identify six cybersecurity themes that are salient to IT project management. Third, it proposes a set of cybersecurity extensions to PjM3, a widely-deployed project management maturity model. The extensions take the form of a five-level cybersecurity capability perspective that augments the seven standard perspectives of the PjM3 by explicitly assessing project management capabilities that impact the six themes where IT project management and cybersecurity intersect. This article will be relevant to IT project managers, the top management teams of organizations that design and deploy IT systems for critical infrastructures, and managers at organizations that provide and maintain critical infrastructures.},
	keywords = {C2M2, capability maturity models, CERT RMM, critical infrastructures, cybersecurity, NIST, P3M3, PjM3, project management},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/904},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/904},
	author = {Jay Payette and Esther Anegbe and Erika Caceres and Steven Muegge}
}
@article {943,
	title = {Securing Cyberspace: Towards an Agenda for Research and Practice},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {11/2015},
	pages = {26-34},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In this article, we seek to identify the important challenges preventing security in cyberspace and to identify the key questions that nations should set out to answer to play a leading role in securing cyberspace. An important assertion is that the challenge of securing cyberspace transcends the abilities of any single entity and requires a radical shift in our approach in how: i) research is conducted, ii) cybersecurity researchers are educated, iii) new defendable systems are developed, and iv) effective defensive countermeasures are deployed. Our response draws upon extensive source material and our personal experiences as cybersecurity professionals contributing to the establishment of the VENUS Cybersecurity Corporation, a not-for-profit corporation that aims to make Canada a global leader in cybersecurity. We view the challenge to be global and transdisciplinary in nature and this article to be of relevance world-wide to senior decision makers, policy makers, managers, educators, strategists, futurists, scientists, technologists, and others interested in shaping the online world of the future.},
	keywords = {Canada, challenges, countermeasures, cyber security, cybersafety, cybersecurity, cyberspace, detection, Internet of Things, leadership, mitigation, research, security},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/943},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/943},
	author = {Renaud Levesque and D{\textquoteright}Arcy Walsh and David Whyte}
}
@article {863,
	title = {Securing the Car: How Intrusive Manufacturer-Supplier Approaches Can Reduce Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {01/2015},
	pages = {21-25},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Today{\textquoteright}s vehicles depend on numerous complex software systems, some of which have been developed by suppliers and must be integrated using "glue code" so that they may function together. However, this method of integration often introduces cybersecurity vulnerabilities at the interfaces between electronic systems. In this article we address the {\textquotedblleft}glue code problem{\textquotedblright} by drawing insights from research on supplier-manufacturer outsourcing relationships in the automotive industry. The glue code problem can be framed as a knowledge coordination problem between manufactures and suppliers. Car manufacturers often employ different levels of intrusiveness in the design of car subsystems by their suppliers: the more control over the supplier the manufacturer exerts in the design of the subsystem, the more intrusive the manufacturer is. We argue that high intrusiveness by car manufacturers in defining module interfaces and subcomponents for suppliers would lead to more secure cars. },
	keywords = {automobile manufacturing, car design, control, cybersecurity, glue code, governance, intrusiveness, outsourcing, supplier, supplier-manufacturer relationships, vulnerabilities},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/863},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/863},
	author = {Mohamed Amin and Zaid Tariq}
}
@article {915,
	title = {Setting the Stage for Collaborative Creative Leadership at Cirque du Soleil},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {07/2015},
	pages = {59-65},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Debates about the nature of leadership for creativity have been ongoing since the 1950s. But, despite the central role leadership plays in the management of creative processes, few contributions highlight the actual practice of leadership for collaborative creative ventures. This interview with the Director of Acrobatics and Coaching at Cirque du Soleil addresses the reflexive experience of a creative leader faced with the challenges of integrating multiple expertises around complex, technological, human, and poly-sensorial creative performances. In this context, leadership for collaborative creativity appears as a constant and dynamic balancing act between people, ideas, deliverables, and the position and personality of the leader.},
	keywords = {Cirque du Soleil, collaboration, creativity, innovation, leadership},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/915},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/915},
	author = {Laurent Simon}
}
@article {885,
	title = {Supply Chain Cyber-Resilience: Creating an Agenda for Future Research},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {04/2015},
	pages = {6-12},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Supply chains have become more vulnerable in recent years, and high-profile cyber-attacks that have crippled the supply chains of well-known companies reveal that the point of entry for hackers is often through the weakest link in the chain. Exacerbated by growing complexity and the need to be visible, these supply chains share vital streams of information every minute of the day, thereby becoming an easy and highly lucrative target for talented criminals, causing financial losses as well as damaging brand reputation and value. Companies must therefore invest in supply chain capabilities to withstand cyber-attacks (i.e., cyber-resilience) in order to guard against potential threats. They must also embrace the reality that this often-unknown dimension of risk is the "new normal". Although interest on this topic has grown in the business world, less has been reported by the academic community. One reason for this could be due to the convergence of two different disciplines, information technology and supply chains, where supply chain cyber-risk and cyber-resilience appear to have a natural fit. The topic of cyber-resilience in supply chains is still in early stages of development, and this is one of the first journals to focus a special issue on it. Currently, the closest academic literature is within the realms of supply chain risk and resilience, where numerous models and frameworks exist. In this article, this literature is explored to identify whether these models can incorporate the dimension of cyber-risk and cyber-resilience. In doing so, we create a research agenda for supply chain cyber-resilience and provide recommendations for both academia and practice. },
	keywords = {cyber-risk, cybersecurity, resilience, supply chain management, theoretical foundation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/885},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/885},
	author = {Omera Khan and Daniel A. Sep{\'u}lveda Estay}
}
@article {934,
	title = {Sustainable Innovation: A Competitive Advantage for Innovation Ecosystems},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2015},
	month = {10/2015},
	pages = {24-30},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In this article, we elaborate the emerging concept of sustainable innovation and analyze the relevance of innovation as a means to solve wicked problems and enhancing sustainable well-being. We also examine the changing conditions for innovation creation: building global knowledge hubs and local innovation ecosystems. As a result, the drivers of innovation and opportunities to utilize the untapped innovation potential of people outside traditional innovation contexts are expanded and diversified. Ultimately, the success of sustainable innovation constitutes its impact on the well-being of people and vice versa: sustainable well-being is an important source of innovation and growth. The article adds to the conceptual development of sustainable innovation and its motivation, which lies in combining competitiveness, the well-being of people, and inclusive solutions.},
	keywords = {innovation, innovation ecosystem, sustainability, sustainable innovation, well-being},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/934},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/934},
	author = {Kaisa Oksanen and Antti Hautam{\"a}ki}
}
@article {849,
	title = {Safety in the Online World of the Future},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {11/2014},
	pages = {41-48},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In this article, we address what it means to be safe in the online world of the future by advocating the perspective whereby improving safety will improve resilience in cyberspace. We adopt a specific approach towards transdisciplinarity; present a weakly transdisciplinary model of the safety context and an initial position about what existing disciplines are most relevant; and link prospect theory to risk-based decision making as one example that could lead to a new paradigm for safety. By treating safety as a transdisciplinary challenge, there is an opportunity to enable the participants of the online world to become more productive and creative than ever before. The beneficiary of this increased productivity and creativity will ultimately be the public. The perspective of this article is of interest to senior decision makers, policy makers, managers, educators, strategists, futurists, scientists, technologists, and others interested in shaping the online world of the future.},
	keywords = {cybersecurity, prospect theory, risk-based decision making, safety, security, weak transdisciplinary},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/849},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/849},
	author = {Nadeem Douba and Bj{\"o}rn R{\"u}tten and David Scheidl and Paul Soble and D{\textquoteright}Arcy Walsh}
}
@article {853,
	title = {Strengthening Innovation Capacity through Different Types of Innovation Cultures},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	month = {12/2014},
	pages = {6-16},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In times of increased market dynamics, companies must be capable of initiating and implementing innovation projects that vary greatly in type, speed, and degree of innovation. Many companies do not succeed. This article introduces Innolytics, an innovation management tool that allows companies to successfully face this challenge by analyzing their innovation culture and managing its development in the right direction. Analyzing empirical data from 200 staff members employed by German, Austrian, and Swiss companies using exploratory factor analysis, four types of innovation cultures were identified, each of which foster a different degree of organizational creativity. Proactive innovators (21\%) promote organizational creativity at a high level and across all categories. Strategic innovators (26\%) foster innovation by focusing on their strategy and their value system. Innovative optimizers (36\%) promote more adaptive levels whereas operational innovators (16\%) promote low levels of organizational creativity. Each type enables a company or a business unit to manage different degrees of innovation projects. The Innolytics tool introduced and described in this article will enable companies to better meet the challenges of rapidly changing markets.},
	keywords = {corporate creativity, innovation management; innovativeness; innovation culture; innovation capacities; organizational creativity},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/853},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/853},
	author = {Jens-Uwe Meyer}
}
@article {704,
	title = {Securing Canada{\textquoteright}s Information-Technology Infrastructure: Context, Principles, and Focus Areas of Cybersecurity Research},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {07/2013},
	pages = {12-18},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article addresses the challenges of cybersecurity and ultimately the provision of a stable and resilient information-technology infrastructure for Canada and, more broadly, the world. We describe the context of current cybersecurity challenges by synthesizing key source material whose importance was informed by our own real-world experiences. Furthermore, we present a checklist of guiding principles to a unified response, complete with a set of action-oriented research topics that are linked to known operational limitations. The focus areas are used to drive the formulation of a unified and relevant research and experimental development program, thereby moving us towards a stable and resilient cyberinfrastructure. When cybersecurity is viewed as an inherently interdisciplinary problem of societal concern, we expect that fundamentally new research perspectives will emerge in direct response to domain-specific protection requirements for information-technology infrastructure. Purely technical responses to cybersecurity challenges will be inadequate because human factors are an inherent aspect of the problem.

This article will interest managers and entrepreneurs. Senior management teams can assess new technical developments and product releases to fortify their current security solutions, while entrepreneurs can harness new opportunities to commercialize novel technology to solve a high-impact cybersecurity problem..},
	keywords = {Canada, cyberdefence, cyberinfrastructure, cybersecurity, entrepreneurship, experimental development program, information-technology infrastructure, management, research},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/704},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/704},
	author = {Dan Craigen and D{\textquoteright}Arcy Walsh and David Whyte}
}
@article {702,
	title = {Security Challenges in Smart-Grid Metering and Control Systems},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {07/2013},
	pages = {42-49},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The smart grid is a next-generation power system that is increasingly attracting the attention of government, industry, and academia. It is an upgraded electricity network that depends on two-way digital communications between supplier and consumer that in turn give support to intelligent metering and monitoring systems. Considering that energy utilities play an increasingly important role in our daily life, smart-grid technology introduces new security challenges that must be addressed. Deploying a smart grid without adequate security might result in serious consequences such as grid instability, utility fraud, and loss of user information and energy-consumption data. Due to the heterogeneous communication architecture of smart grids, it is quite a challenge to design sophisticated and robust security mechanisms that can be easily deployed to protect communications among different layers of the smart grid-infrastructure. In this article, we focus on the communication-security aspect of a smart-grid metering and control system from the perspective of cryptographic techniques, and we discuss different mechanisms to enhance cybersecurity of the emerging smart grid. We aim to provide a comprehensive vulnerability analysis as well as novel insights on the cybersecurity of a smart grid.},
	keywords = {authentication, cybersecurity, encryption, privacy, smart grid},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/702},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/702},
	author = {Xinxin Fan and Guang Gong}
}
@article {664,
	title = {The Seeking Solutions Approach: Solving Challenging Business Problems with Local Open Innovation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {03/2013},
	pages = {6-13},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {How can small and medium-sized enterprises try open innovation and increase their level of collaboration with local partners? This article describes a possible solution: the Seeking Solutions approach. The Seeking Solutions process consists of four steps: a call for problems, problem selection, problem broadcast, and a collaborative event. This approach has been successfully used for the Quebec Seeks Solutions events in 2010 and 2012 with concrete results and real impacts. By mixing open innovation and collaboration, the Seeking Solutions approach has introduced a new concept: local open innovation. },
	keywords = {broadcast of search, collaboration, crowdsourcing, local open innovation, Open innovation, Seeking Solutions},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/664},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/664},
	author = {Christophe Deutsch}
}
@article {718,
	title = {Servitization in a Security Business: Changing the Logic of Value Creation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {08/2013},
	pages = {65-72},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {How can a firm change its value-creation logic from providing technology to selling technology-based services? This is a question many security companies face today when trying to apply a solutions-based business model in response to recent macro- and microeconomic trends. The fact that customers increasingly demand security as a service, rather than technical equipment, challenges the basis of a security firm{\textquoteright}s value provision and alters the logic of its operation. In this article, we investigate a technology- and product-oriented security business that is now rapidly transforming into a service business. We use data from a case study to propose a 4C model (conceptualization, calculation, communication, and co-creation of value) that can help security providers to objectify their service offerings and succeed in the servitization of their security businesses. },
	keywords = {co-creation, customer value creation, objectification, products, security, services, servitization, value provision},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/718},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/718},
	author = {Arto Rajala and Mika Westerlund and Mervi Murtonen and Kim Starck}
}
@article {722,
	title = {Strategic Innovation for Business Performance: The Art and Science of Transformation},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {09/2013},
	pages = {6-12},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Despite the well-documented association between innovation and business performance, many organizations struggle in their attempts to become successful innovators. This article discusses a recommended {\textquotedblleft}art and science of transformation{\textquotedblright} approach to help companies improve their innovation performance through effective organizational change. The approach is focused on four key factors: culture, collaboration, strategy, and systems. Examples are drawn from a review of previous research to demonstrate successful innovation practice using similar approaches, and examples of less successful practice are included to highlight ways in which an "art and science" approach can help overcome the difficulties often faced. The article concludes with some practical, step-by-step guidance based on the art and science of transformation framework. },
	keywords = {art and science of transformation, innovation, organizational change, strategy, transformation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/722},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/722},
	author = {Harold Schroeder}
}
@article {676,
	title = {Strategic Partnerships and Open Innovation in the Biotechnology Industry in Belgium},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {04/2013},
	pages = {23-28},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Strategic partnerships in the biotechnology industry allow new technology-based firms to gain a foothold in this high-cost, high-risk industry. In this article, we examine the impact of strategic partnerships and open innovation on the success of new biotechnology firms in Belgium by developing multiple case studies of firms in regional biotechnology clusters. We find that, despite their small size and relative immaturity, new biotechnology firms are able to adopt innovative business models by providing R\&D and services to larger firms and openly cooperating with them through open innovation. },
	keywords = {Belgium, biotechnology, business models, Open innovation, R\&D, strategic partnerships},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/676},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/676},
	author = {Jean-Pierre Segers}
}
@article {649,
	title = {Sustainability and Governance in Developing Open Source Projects as Processes of In-Becoming},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {01/2013},
	pages = {40-45},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Sustainability is often thought of as a binary state: an open source project is either sustainable or not. In reality, sustainability is much more complex. What makes this project more sustainable than that one? Why should it be assumed in the first place that sustainability is a prolonged state of an ingraced project? The threads are pulled from their yarns in many directions. 

This article attempts to reconceptualize some assumed notions of the processes involved in developing open source software. It takes the stance in favour of studying the fluctuant nature of open source and the associated artefacts, not as well-defined objects, but as commons that are continually built upon, evolved, and modified; sometimes in unexpected ways. Further, the governance of these commons is an ongoing process, tightly linked with the way in which these commons are allowed to further develop. This perspective of "in-becoming" is useful in understanding the efforts and processes that need to be provided to sustainably govern the development of open source projects and the advantages for managing requirements derived therein. 
},
	keywords = {becoming, emergence, governance, open source, Ostrom, processes, requirements, sustainability},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/649},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/649},
	author = {Daniel Curto-Millet}
}
@article {645,
	title = {Sustainability in Open Source Software Commons: Lessons Learned from an Empirical Study of SourceForge Projects},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {01/2013},
	pages = {13-19},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In this article, we summarize a five-year US National Science Foundation funded study designed to investigate the factors that lead some open source projects to ongoing collaborative success while many others become abandoned. Our primary interest was to conduct a study that was closely representative of the population of open source software projects in the world, rather than focus on the more-often studied, high-profile successful cases. After building a large database of projects (n=174,333) and implementing a major survey of open source developers (n=1403), we were able to conduct statistical analyses to investigate over forty theoretically-based testable hypotheses. Our data firmly support what we call the conventional theory of open source software, showing that projects start small, and, in successful cases, grow slightly larger in terms of team size. We describe the {\textquotedblleft}virtuous circle{\textquotedblright} supporting conventional wisdom of open source collaboration that comes out of this analysis, and we discuss two other interesting findings related to developer motivations and how team members find each other. Each of these findings is related to the sustainability of these projects. },
	keywords = {commons, institutional analysis, internet-based collaboration, open source software, SourceForge},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/645},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/645},
	author = {Charles M. Schweik}
}
@article {646,
	title = {Sustainability of Open Collaborative Communities: Analyzing Recruitment Efficiency},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2013},
	month = {01/2013},
	pages = {20-26},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Extensive research has been conducted over the past years to improve our understanding of sustainability conditions for large-scale collaborative projects, especially from an economic and governance perspective. However, the influence of recruitment and retention of participants in these projects has received comparatively less attention from researchers. Nevertheless, these concerns are significant for practitioners, especially regarding the apparently decreasing ability of the main open online projects to attract and retain new contributors. A possible explanation for this decrease is that those projects have simply reached a mature state of development. Marwell and Oliver (1993) and Oliver, Marwell, and Teixeira (1985) note that, at the initial stage in collective projects, participants are few and efforts are costly; in the diffusion phase, the number of participants grows, as their efforts are rewarding; and in the mature phase, some inefficiency may appear as the number of contributors is greater than required for the work.

In this article, we examine this possibility. We use original data from 36 Wikipedias in different languages to compare their efficiency in recruiting participants. We chose Wikipedia because the different language projects are at different states of development, but are quite comparable on the other aspects, providing a test of the impact of development on efficiency. Results confirm that most of the largest Wikipedias seem to be characterized by a reduced return to scale. As a result, we can draw interesting conclusions that can be useful for practitioners, facilitators, and managers of collaborative projects in order to identify key factors potentially influencing the adequate development of their communities over the medium-to-long term.},
	keywords = {DEA modeling, efficiency, recruitment, Wikipedia},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/646},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/646},
	author = {Kevin Crowston and Nicolas Jullien and Felipe Ortega}
}
@article {625,
	title = {Simulation of Supply-Chain Networks: A Source of Innovation and Competitive Advantage for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {11/2012},
	pages = {13-20},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {On a daily basis, enterprises of all sizes cope with the turbulence and volatility of market demands, cost variability, and severe pressure from globally distributed competitors. Managing uncertainty about future demand requirements and volumes in supply-chain networks has become a priority. One of the ways to deal with uncertainty is the utilization of simulation techniques and tools, which provide greater predictability of decision-making outcomes. For example, simulation has been widely applied in decision-making processes related to global logistics and production networks at the strategic, tactical, and operational levels, where it is used to predict the impact of decisions before their implementation in complex and uncertain environments. Large enterprises are inclined to use simulation tools whereas small and medium-sized enterprises seem to underestimate its advantages. The objective of this article is to emphasize the relevance of simulation for the design and management of supply-chain networks from the perspective of small and medium-sized firms. },
	keywords = {competitive advantage, innovation, simulation, small and medium-sized enterprises, SME, supply-chain network},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/625},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/625},
	author = {Giacomo Liotta}
}
@article {608,
	title = {A Small-Firm Perspective on the Benefits of Living Labs},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {09/2012},
	pages = {44-49},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Decreasing energy consumption is a global priority and the energy market is in constant change. The search for energy-saving innovations provides an opportunity to initiate a user-centered approach using the living labs model. This article describes how Process Vision, a small-yet-leading Northern European provider of energy IT systems, applied the livings labs approach to develop novel energy-efficiency management solutions. We discuss the company{\textquoteright}s participation in the APOLLON consortium, a cross-border living labs initiative on energy efficiency. More specifically, we describe the Finland-based company{\textquoteright}s experiences of a pilot project launched in the living lab and report on the perceived managerial challenges of applying the living labs approach from the perspective of a small firm.},
	keywords = {energy efficiency, Innovation management, Living lab, managerial challenges, Open innovation, User-driven},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/608},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/608},
	author = {Veli-Pekka Niitamo and Mika Westerlund and Seppo Leminen}
}
@article {523,
	title = {Social Entrepreneurship: Definition and Boundaries},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {02/2012},
	pages = {22-27},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {While individuals may be publicly recognized as social entrepreneurs for their contributions to improve the welfare of communities, the field of social entrepreneurship continues to struggle to gain academic legitimacy. Social entrepreneurship is a term in search of a good definition. The current use of the term seems vague and limitless; it needs boundaries to demarcate its function. The lack of a common definition hinders research and raises questions about which social or profit-making activities fall within the spectrum of social entrepreneurship. To become an important stream in the entrepreneurship literature, social entrepreneurship needs to be properly defined and it requires a theoretical framework that links it to the theory of entrepreneurship. This article builds on the literature to define social entrepreneurship, discusses the boundaries of socially-oriented entrepreneurial activities, and positions the social entrepreneur in the spectrum of entrepreneurship. },
	keywords = {social enterprise, social entrepreneur, social entrepreneurship},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/523},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/523},
	author = {Samer Abu-Saifan}
}
@article {606,
	title = {Structuring User Involvement in Panel-Based Living Labs},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {09/2012},
	pages = {31-38},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {A shift towards open innovation approaches with systematic user involvement has occurred within media and ICT. One of the emerging frameworks structuring these initiatives is the "living lab" approach. Despite the growing evidence of the beneficial nature of customer involvement in product development, research into specific user characteristics for innovation is still scarce, particularly in living labs, with the notable exception of literature on lead users. Especially within the context of living labs for ICT and media innovation, an application of the lead-user framework looks promising as a way to structure and facilitate user involvement. This article is based on the experiences of three Flemish living lab initiatives with a panel-based approach and provides a customer characteristics framework that guides user involvement in living labs.},
	keywords = {customer characteristics, living labs, Open innovation, user panels, user-driven innovation},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/606},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/606},
	author = {Dimitri Schuurman and Lieven De Marez}
}
@article {491,
	title = {A Sales Execution Strategy Guide for Technology Startups},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2011},
	month = {10/2011},
	pages = {32-36},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The majority of startups fail to consider sales execution as part of their overall strategy. This article demonstrates how a sales execution strategy can help a company take a product or service to market more efficiently and effectively by focusing on the customers that are key to generating revenue. Combined with techniques for recruiting effectively and measuring sales outcomes, a sales execution strategy helps technology startups exceed growth aspirations and potentially reduce or even eliminate the requirement for external investment. 

In this article, we first describe the focus of assistance currently given to startups and the reasons why sales execution strategies are often overlooked. Next, we outline recommendations for developing, implementing, and supporting a sales execution strategy. Finally, we summarize the key points presented in the article. },
	keywords = {entrepreneurs, sales, sales execution strategy, sales strategy, startups},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/491},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/491},
	author = {Ian Gilbert and Stephen Davies}
}
@article {439,
	title = {Shifting an Entrepreneur{\textquoteright}s World View},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2011},
	month = {05/2011},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {As an entrepreneur, you continually test your decisions by gaining feedback: from your customers and your investors (or lack thereof). This process of ongoing feedback is how an entrepreneur learns to shape their opportunity to accommodate their new knowledge of the environment. But this activity is very dependent on the "world view framework" of the entrepreneur. What may seem to be important turns out to be noise and important signals are dismissed. This article describes the special value for an entrepreneur of frameworks grounded in theory in general and the value of the framework of business ecosystems from two perspectives: as a member of a business ecosystem and as a creator of a business ecosystem. These two perspectives fundamentally affected the direction of adaption for our product and reshaped how we approached our (ad)venture.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/439},
	author = {Michael Ayukawa}
}
@article {435,
	title = {The Social Management of Risk},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2011},
	month = {04/2011},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In this article, we discuss a conceptual framework on the social management of risk and highlight the role of the community sector in that process. We introduce the topic of risk, illustrate how it is distinct from the concept of uncertainty, and show how different social actors assess risk differently. Next, we introduce the "social management of risk" approach, which takes a broad view of the potential actors involved in pursuing societal objectives in relation to risk. Finally, we discuss the role of the community sector is the social management of risk. While this framework is presented in the context of social policy, it can be generalized to any situations where social actors respond to and manage risks in a multi-player environment.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/435},
	author = {David P{\'e}loquin and Jean Kunz and Nicola Gaye}
}
@article {503,
	title = {Software Patents: Current Challenges and Future Solutions},
	journal = {Technology Innovation Management Review},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2011},
	month = {12/2011},
	pages = {18-22},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Software patents for years have been used in the software industry to suppress innovation, kill competition, and generate undeserved royalties. This article considers whether software patents maintain the right {\textquotedblleft}bargain between the inventor and the public{\textquotedblright} where, in exchange for disclosure of the invention to the public, the inventor receives a limited monopoly and the exclusive right to exploit the invention. This article argues that they do not and then explores possible solutions to address the problems identified. Those solutions include streamlining the patent process, making it more difficult to patent software innovations, making it easier to invalidate software patents, and shortening the patent protection from 20 to 10 years. The article closes with a call to action for people to work collectively to effect change in the industry.},
	keywords = {innovation, patent system, software patents},
	issn = {1927-0321},
	doi = {http://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/503},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/503},
	author = {Monica Goyal}
}
@article {419,
	title = {Software-as-a-Service Offer Differentiation by Business Unit},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2011},
	month = {02/2011},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article summarizes the author{\textquoteright}s recent research into the fit between software-as-a-service (SaaS) tools and the requirements of particular business units. First, an overview of SaaS is provided, including a summary of its benefits to users and software vendors. Next, the approach used to gather and analyze data about the SaaS solutions offered on the Force.com AppExchange is outlined. Finally, the article describes the managerial implications of this research.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/419},
	author = {Islam Balbaa}
}
@article {427,
	title = {The Strategic Impact of Corporate Responsibility and Criminal Networks on Value Co-Creation},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2011},
	month = {03/2011},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {This article is motivated by the increasing concern about the ever-declining security of pharmaceutical products due to the abundance of counterfeit network actors. We argue that if networks are effective mechanisms for criminal organizations to infiltrate into any value chain, then networks should also work for responsible businesses in their quests to counter this phenomenon of value destruction, which is ultimately detrimental to the value co-creation process. Thus, this article demonstrates a nuanced understanding of the strategic impact of corporate responsibility of actors in networks on value co-creation.

The current discourse on value co-creation in business networks is structured in such a way that it precludes its inherent corporate responsibility component even though they are not mutually exclusive. Moreover, research on value co-creation aimed at the proactive and responsible defence of a network substance via value co-protection has been mostly scant. We propose a model of value-optimization through value co-protection and ethical responsibility. This way of theorizing has several implications for both policy making and managerial decision making in the pharmaceutical industry and beyond.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/427},
	author = {Frederick Ahen and Peter Zettinig}
}
@article {336,
	title = {The State of Free Software in Mobile Devices},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {03/2010},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {I started using GNU/Linux and Free Software in 1992. In those days, while everything I needed for a working computer was generally available in software freedom, there were many components and applications that simply did not exist. For highly technical users who did not need many peripherals, the Free Software community had reached a state of complete software freedom. Yet, in 1992, everyone agreed there was still so much work to be done. Even today, we still strive for a desktop and server operating system, with all relevant applications, that grants complete software freedom.

Looked at broadly, mobile telephone systems are not all that different from those 1992-era GNU/Linux systems. The basics are currently available as Free, Libre, and Open Source Software (F/LOSS). If you need only the bare minimum of functionality, you can, by picking the right phone hardware, run an almost completely F/LOSS operating system and application set. Yet, we have so far to go. This article discusses the current penetration of F/LOSS in mobile devices and offers a path forward for free software advocates. 
},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/336},
	author = {Bradley M. Kuhn}
}
@article {388,
	title = {Strategies for Selling Services},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2010},
	month = {10/2010},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {With the service economy on the ascension, companies are yearning for mechanisms to connect their service solutions to their customer{\textquoteright}s problems, and have the customer acknowledge that their solution is the best. In order to meet these requirements, the foundations of the model used to deploy such solutions need to be concrete. The solution must capture the fundamental nature of the target markets and embody all of the customers{\textquoteright} expectations. This article reviews literature that will inform the development of these models and identifies relevant strategies to enable growth options around service-based solutions.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/388},
	author = {Patrick O{\textquoteright}Halloran}
}
@article {264,
	title = {So Are You A Contributor?: Women{\textquoteright}s Contributions to Linux and Open Source Span Technology and Business},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {06/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {While there are over 60 names on the list of women in open source on the Geek Feminism wiki, there are far more than 60 women making their mark in open source. I work with talented people every day in my role as Vice President of Marketing and Developer Programs at the Linux Foundation, and see first-hand the contributions women make at the technology and business levels.

This article presents some of the techniques used by the Linux Foundation to encourage a culture of inclusion and to foster a wide variety of open source contributions.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/264},
	author = {Amanda McPherson}
}
@article {223,
	title = {So You Wanna be a Linus Torvalds? The Do{\textquoteright}s and Don{\textquoteright}ts of Running a Small Open Source Project},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {01/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In this paper, we present a series of lessons learned on how to effectively run a small open source community. These lessons are based on my own experience as the leader of VoiceCode, a project that aims at developing an integrated programming-by-voice toolbox. It provides tools that allow programmers with Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI) to write computer code by talking to their machine instead of typing.

The VoiceCode project started in 1999 by the National Research Council of Canada, and was first officially released in 2003. The system is now at a point where it can be used by programmers to do real work, and there have been over 9,100 downloads so far. The project has also attracted the attention of the media.

In the process of leading this project, we have learned many important lessons; too many to discuss exhaustively here. We will however share three that seem particularly important.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/223},
	author = {Alain D{\'e}silets}
}
@article {269,
	title = {Social Actions: Making the Web More Philanthropic},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {07/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Social Actions makes it easier for people to turn their good intentions into meaningful action. The organization has created an open source database of actions people can take on any issue. The actions in the database come from across the social web and include everything from volunteer opportunities to micro credit loans. It currently aggregates opportunities to make a difference from 50+ action sources, including: CanadaHelps, Kiva, Idealist, GlobalGiving, GiveIndia, and Greater Good South Africa. Using the Social Actions application programming interface, we encourage third party developers to build web and mobile applications that intelligently distribute actions from our database on the websites, social networks, and mobile phones that millions of people use every day.

This article describes how Social Actions applies open source principles to the organization{\textquoteright}s products and processes. In its entirety, Social Actions is intentionally designed to contribute to the ongoing and vibrant conversations about open source practices and principles.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/269},
	author = {Peter Deitz and Christine Egger}
}
@article {297,
	title = {Social Media and Open Source: Worlds Apart?},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {10/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Social Media, also known as Web 3.0, is not your granddaddy{\textquoteright}s Internet. How it is used is in a constant state of change. The rising tide of expectations, together with innovation, are pushing various platforms, especially in mobile technology. Mobile has become a compelling format to interface with the Internet, bringing a new spin to the phrase "One Laptop Left Behind".

We believe that the degree to which open source communities embrace mobile and Social Media technologies dictates their relevance to the general public. We also believe that open source and Social Media communities can learn and benefit from each other. This article explores the increasingly intersecting worlds of Social Media, mobile, and open source. We describe how Social Media has the potential to change the way communities use and create open source tools to better align with end-user expectations. 
 },
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/297},
	author = {Aaran Duncan and Glenn McKnight}
}
@article {310,
	title = {A Social Vision for Value Co-creation in Design},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {12/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The Cluetrain Manifesto was introduced in 1999, calling for a powerful global conversation between companies and the people they serve. Since then, the conversation has started and is finally gaining momentum. Co-creation is the buzzword of the day to describe the various types of conversations that are taking place. But the conversation has multiple perspectives. It can be applied to multiple domains ranging from sales tactics and branding contests to strategic, human-centered means of affecting social transformation.

In this article we try to articulate a vision for value co-creation by focusing on its social aspects. It is our hope that such social vision will contribute to existing perspectives so that future conversations can take place in a more productive way. The suggested framework organizes the seemingly disparate applications, comparing the mindset, goals and results of three types of value co-creation: monetary, use/experience and social. Although these three types of value co-creation are all relevant, we believe that the social type of value provides a real opportunity for significant social change. However, the rules of engagement for this type of co-creation are particularly challenging. Participation must be face-to-face to allow for real-time interaction to take place. Empathy for the people who will be affected by change is key. Visualization of the collective assets is essential. And having the appropriate mindset about co-creation is the single most important component for success.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/310},
	author = {Liz Sanders and George Simons}
}
@article {285,
	title = {Special Considerations for Business Intelligence Projects},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {09/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {A business intelligence (BI) project has to be managed with as much discipline as any other information technology (IT) project in order to be successful. There are a few items that need special consideration given the nature of BI solutions, regardless of the specific methodology or technology involved. This article will discuss how to extract maximum value from an investment in BI software.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/285},
	author = {David Currie}
}
@article {249,
	title = {The Steady March of the European Penguins},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2009},
	month = {05/2009},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Open source licenses allow public administrations to change, share and re-use their applications freely. Open standards allow for connectivity and interoperability between the applications. For a wider use of open source software by public administrations, it is equally important to require the use of open standards in the public sector. Open source projects can face difficulties when using proprietary standards, especially if these latter require usage royalties.

The member states of the European Union made steady progress in 2008 in developing information technology policies on open source and open standards. Spain and France have taken the lead, yet in all EU member states examples of administrations using open source software can be found. Europe{\textquoteright}s competition commissioner Neelie Kroes warned the EU{\textquoteright}s institutions to follow suit and use open standards: "I know a smart business decision when I see one".

This article provides an overview of the advancements and some of the setbacks of the implementation of open source and open standards by public administrations in the 27 member states of the European Union in 2008. It is mostly based on the news items the author wrote for the European Union{\textquoteright}s Open Source Observatory and Repository.
 },
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/249},
	author = {Gijs Hillenius}
}
@article {157,
	title = {Security Hardening of Open Source Software},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {06/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In today{\textquoteright}s computing world, security takes an increasingly predominant role. The industry is facing challenges in public confidence at the discovery of vulnerabilities and customers are expecting security to be delivered out of the box, even on programs that were not designed with security in mind. Software maintainers must face the challenge to improve the security of their programs and are often under-equipped to do so. Some are taking advantage of open source software (OSS) for their production systems as the availability of the source code facilitates their validation and answers their need for trustworthy programs. OSS are often implemented using the C programming language (26\% according to SourceForge.net), making it is necessary to investigate the security issues related to C.

This paper summarizes key concepts related to security hardening, and demonstrates its applicability on the C language. We also propose a progressive approach to integrate security services and protection measures into existing software to ultimately make it more resistant against cyber-attacks. Given our ever increasing dependability on information technologies, it becomes critically important to provide tools to maintainers that will facilitate and accelerate the security hardening process, increasing the effectiveness of the effort and lowering the resources required to do so.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/157},
	author = {Robert Charpentier and Mourad Debbabi}
}
@article {165,
	title = {Sharing Information on the Semantic Web: The Reminiscence of an Old Legal Issue},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {07/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {The success story of open source software (OSS) makes us see very clearly that in a networked world, centralized production of information is not the only viable model. It is now largely understood that distributed production can often equal and surpass it, both in quality and quantity. This has led people in all disciplines to rethink their relationship with information, giving birth to a plethora of initiatives generating value by promoting the mass collaboration of individuals over shared sets of information. Based on rich Internet applications, wikis, social tagging or social networking technologies, these initiatives gave birth to a revolution that has been dubbed Web 2.0. Whether they originate in non-profit or business ventures, they all add up to the ever increasing mass of accessible and reusable information.

For current information hubs that have been developed through independent channels, it is anticipated that the next step in the evolution of the web will make seamless integration possible. This development should create tremendous opportunities for those capable of building innovative services and knowledge products on top of this shared knowledge base. In fact, along with the technological foundations of this web of ideas, practical commercial implementations are already starting to appear. However, these early experiments highlight the fact that the most important challenge to overcome might not reside in the technology itself. Instead, the management of rights may, more than anything else, hinder the efficient aggregation of distributed information.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/165},
	author = {Pierre-Paul Lemyre}
}
@article {186,
	title = {Social Innovation: Access and Leadership},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {09/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {We live in an age where the rapid pace of technological innovation and the ability to disseminate knowledge far exceed our capacity to ensure that all members of society receive their benefits. The challenges in providing access to technology have been largely solved in this globally connected world. How to best use that technology to increase social value and alleviate lack of education, poverty, and other societal problems is an ongoing question with no easy answers.

This article explores the challenges for social innovation and the use of information technology. These challenges are: i) access to technology; ii) access to learning; iii) the use of technology in teaching and research; and iv) the establishment of a framework of knowledge.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/186},
	author = {Roseann O{\textquoteright}Reilly Runte}
}
@article {213,
	title = {Social Innovation in Sub-Saharan Africa},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {12/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {SW Global is an African-based application service provider of information technology infrastructure and software. This article describes how SW Global, a for-profit private sector company, creates high-impact value at universities and governments in developing countries through an innovative business model anchored around service subscriptions, open source software, and open content.
 },
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/213},
	author = {Steven Muegge and Chukwuemeka Afigbo}
}
@article {166,
	title = {Software Accessibility: Where Are We Today?},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2008},
	month = {07/2008},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {While it seems intuitive that applications, especially open source ones, should allow all to use and enjoy them, many developers are unaware of the need for accessible applications. Providing accessibility in information technology is not difficult, but it does require a basic understanding of different types of disabilities, commonly used assistive technologies, and the special accessibility features built into languages and standards. Most of all, accessibility requires a conscious effort and a desire to include everyone.

The accessibility of computer software has seen drastic improvements over the past two decades. This article reviews this progress, examining the technologies developed and offering guidelines for developers to create accessible applications. 
 },
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/166},
	author = {Marco Zehe}
}
@article {97,
	title = {Software Licensing},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2007},
	month = {07/2007},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {G.R. Gangadharan discusses the many dimensions of software.},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/97},
	author = {G.R. Gangadharan}
}
@article {55,
	title = {Special Considerations for Financial Services Firms},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2007},
	month = {11/2007},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {Infrastructure Open Source Software (OSS), including middleware, database packages, and the Linux operating system, is increasingly being deployed by financial institutions. Many OSS packages are selected and incorporated directly into custom applications by developers, thus bypassing traditional purchasing channels and their attendant legal, standards, and technical review processes. Because of this, Information Technology (IT) management is often unaware of the OSS running in their data centers, and sometimes support and maintenance measures are not in place for OSS running in production applications. 

With the advent of regulatory structures such as the Basel II accords, the reliability of computing systems is increasingly subject to regulatory scrutiny. Not having adequate support and maintenance measures in place creates a significant compliance risk for financial institutions. This article describes these risks and outlines best practices for an anti-failure program that brings systems depending on OSS packages into compliance while reducing overall operational risk. 
},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/55},
	author = {Sourcelabs}
}
@article {56,
	title = {Supporting Not-for-Profits: an Opportunity for the Commons},
	journal = {Open Source Business Resource},
	year = {2007},
	month = {11/2007},
	publisher = {Talent First Network},
	type = {Articles},
	address = {Ottawa},
	abstract = {In 2004, the Nonprofit Open Source Initiative (NOSI) released "Choosing and Using Free and Open Source Software: A Primer for Nonprofits". The primer describes the potential impact that Free/Libre and Open Source Software (F/LOSS) might have on the not-for-profit (NFP) sector. In a recently released update, the primer concludes that, despite many advances in the use of F/LOSS in the sector over the past several years, a real and perceived lack of support remains a significant barrier to the increased adoption of F/LOSS by NFPs. 

Support is often the last thing people think of when they think of F/LOSS and NFPs. Instead, people tend to focus on the price, which is of particular importance to cash-strapped NFPs. There is a widely held belief that free software represents a cost savings to NFPs. 
},
	issn = {1913-6102},
	url = {http://timreview.ca/article/56},
	author = {Jason C{\^o}t{\'e} and Julian Egelstaff}
}
