02376nas a2200277   4500008004100000022001400041245007500055210006900130260004200199300001000241490000700251520155400258653001501812653002701827653001501854653002101869653002001890653002001910100002801930700002201958700002201980700002202002700002302024700002102047856003002068       2021                        eng d  a1927-032100aRural Living Labs: Inclusive Digital Transformation in the Countryside0 aRural Living Labs Inclusive Digital Transformation in the Countr  aOttawabTalent First Networkc12/2021  a59-720 v113 aDigital transformation (DT) has received increasing attention in recent years. Up until now, most of the current studies focus on digital transformation in advanced and dense societies, especially urban areas and technologies. Hence, the phenomenon of DT is under-researched in the context of rural and sparsely populated contexts. This study aims at exploring how a rural living lab (RLL) can be shaped and how this approach can be designed to support digital transformation processes in rural contexts. In so doing, following a design science research methodology (DSRM) approach, we have made an artefact (that is, RLL framework) that is an "instantiation" that supports user centric digitalization of rural areas. The designed framework is developed based on the key components of "traditional" and "urban" living labs, as well as empirical data which was collected within the context of the DigiBy project. The DigiBy project aims at conducting DT pilots in rural areas to elevate peoples' understanding of digitalization and the application of digitalization opportunities for service development in rural areas in the north of Sweden. As a result of these studies, five key components that guide the design of digital transformation pilots in rural areas emerged, namely: 1) rural context, 2) digitalization, 3) governance, control, and business mode, 4) methods facilitating DT processes, and 5) quintuple helix actors. We also offer an empirically derived definition of the rural living lab concept, followed by avenues for future research.10aComponents10adigital transformation10aLiving lab10aRural living lab10aRural residents10auser engagement1 aHabibipour, Abdolrasoul1 aLindberg, Johanna1 aRunardotter, Mari1 aElmistikawy, Yomn1 aStåhlbröst, Anna1 aChronéer, Diana  utimreview.ca/article/146502228nas a2200277   4500008004100000022001400041245010200055210006900157260004200226300001000268490000700278520139300285653002601678653002101704653001701725653002901742653002201771653001801793100002001811700001701831700001701848700001901865700001801884700001801902856003001920       2021                        eng d  a1927-032100aUsing Web Text Analytics to Categorize the Business Focus  of Innovative Digital Health Companies0 aUsing Web Text Analytics to Categorize the Business Focus of Inn  aOttawabTalent First Networkc10/2021  a65-780 v113 aCategorizing the market focus of larger samples of companies can be a tedious and time-consuming process for both researchers and business analysts interested in developing insights about emerging business sectors. The objective of this article is to suggest a text analytics approach to categorizing the application areas of companies operating in the digital health sector based on the information provided on their websites. More specifically, we apply topic modeling on a collection of text documents, including information collected from the websites of a sample of 100 innovative digital health companies. The topic model helps in grouping the companies offering similar types of market offers. It enables identifying the companies that are most highly associated with each of the topics. In addition, it allows identifying some of the emerging themes that are discussed online by the companies, as well as their specific market offers. The results will be of interest to inspiring technology entrepreneurs, organizations supporting new ventures, and business accelerators interested to enhance their services to new venture clients. The development, operationalization, and automation of the company categorization process based on publicly available information is a methodological contribution that opens the opportunity for future applications in research and business practice.10aDigital health sector10amachine learning10aMarket offer10atopic modeling algorithm10avalue proposition10aweb analytics1 aAweisi, Abdulla1 aArora, Daman1 aEmby, Renée1 aRehman, Madiha1 aTanev, George1 aTanev, Stoyan  utimreview.ca/article/145702292nas a2200229   4500008004100000022001400041245008800055210006900143260004200212300001000254490000700264520162200271653001901893653002101912653001701933653001201950653000801962100002201970700002001992700002002012856003002032       2020                        eng d  a1927-032100aDigitalization and SMEs’ Export Management: Impacts on Resources and Capabilities0 aDigitalization and SMEs Export Management Impacts on Resources a  aOttawabTalent First Networkc04/2020  a18-340 v103 aDigitalization is becoming an increasingly central issue for companies. However, most companies, and in particular SMEs, are struggling to engage in a coherent global digital transformation process. Indeed, digitalization affects much of a company's organizational strategy, including the development of market opportunities. Digitalization has been identified as an element that fosters the internationalization of SMEs. However, the integration of digital technology requires investments and changes in a company's internal practices through the mobilization of new resources, as well as by implementing specific capabilities to manage them. The objective of this research work is therefore to examine the impact of SMEs' digital transformation on their internationalization capability. Relying on an extensive exploratory literature review, digital facilitators were identified and classified into three categories: e-commerce, e-marketing, and e-business. Then, a cross-analysis between the identification of digital facilitators from the literature and a framework of SMEs' export practices (the Potential Export Index, Enjolras et al., 2016) was conducted in order to highlight differentiated impacts that can be theoretically identified. The most impacted export practices are related to the strategic vision of the firm, the customization of its offerings, its network dynamic, and its internal organization. E-commerce facilitators concern the supply chain organization, e-marketing facilitators are related to communications and customer relations, and e-business facilitators impact the company as a whole.10adigitalization10aexport practices10afacilitators10aimpacts10aSME1 aDethine, Benjamin1 aEnjolras, Manon1 aMonticolo, Davy  utimreview.ca/article/134401741nas a2200229   4500008004100000022001400041245008900055210006900144260004200213300001000255490000700265520103800272653002801310653002301338653002601361653000701387653002001394653002301414100001901437700002501456856003001481       2020                        eng d  a1927-032100aThe Effect of Machine Learning on Knowledge-Intensive R&D in the Technology Industry0 aEffect of Machine Learning on KnowledgeIntensive RD in the Techn  aOttawabTalent First Networkc03/2020  a88-980 v103 aThe impact of such current state-of-the-art technology as machine learning (ML) on organizational knowledge integration is indisputable. This paper synergizes investigations of knowledge integration and ML in technologically advanced and innovative companies, in order to elucidate the value of these approaches to organizational performance. The analyses are based on the premise that, to fully benefit from the latest technological advances, entity interpretation is essential to fully define what has been learned. Findings yielded by a single case study involving one technological firm indicate that tacit and explicit knowledge integration can occur simultaneously using ML, when a data analysis method is applied to transcribe spoken words. Although the main contribution of this study stems from the greater understanding of the applicability of machine learning in organizational contexts, general recommendations for use of this analytical method to facilitate integration of tacit and explicit knowledge are also provided.10aartificial intelligence10aexplicit knowledge10aknowledge integration10aML10atacit knowledge10atechnological firm1 aViberg, Daniel1 aEslami, Mohammad, H.  utimreview.ca/article/134001517nas a2200217   4500008004100000022001400041245010000055210006900155260004200224300001000266490000700276520083700283653001501120653002101135653002701156653002101183100002601204700001901230700002001249856003001269       2020                        eng d  a1927-032100aEmbracing Product Innovativeness in Technology Firms: The Impact of Management Model Principles0 aEmbracing Product Innovativeness in Technology Firms The Impact   aOttawabTalent First Networkc12/2020  a31-450 v103 aExtending the debate on how to enable and manage innovation requires a discussion of the potential beneficial impact of management models and corresponding principles. In this paper, we draw on literature involving product innovativeness and management models to propose that product innovativeness is facilitated and influenced by practices and principles traceable in different management models. We test our hypotheses with data from a sample of high technology firms. Findings suggest that management models and principles have varying impacts on product innovativeness. Specifically, we found the principles of obliquity, emergence, and intrinsic motivation as significant enablers of product innovativeness, along with extrinsic motivation. Also, each management model differently impacted and fostered product innovativeness.10ainnovation10aManagement Model10aProduct innovativeness10aTechnology firms1 aBüyükbalcı, Pınar1 aErtemsir, Esin1 aBoukari, Zayneb  utimreview.ca/article/140801554nas a2200193   4500008004100000022001400041245009100055210006900146260004200215300001000257490000600267520093700273653003101210653001701241653002201258653002001280100003001300856003001330       2020                        eng d  a1927-032100aAn Empirical Study into the Individual-Level Antecedents to Employee-Driven Innovation0 aEmpirical Study into the IndividualLevel Antecedents to Employee  aOttawabTalent First Networkc06/2020  a42-520 v63 aThe purpose of this paper is to link individual-level factors (such as need for autonomy, self-leadership, and perceived job autonomy) to employee-driven innovation with self-leadership as an indirect link. The study is based on survey data of 315 employees in the banking sector, collected in two waves where the variables were separated in time. The hypothesized model was analysed using a structural equation model on Stata. First, it was found that the need for autonomy had an indirect association with employee-driven innovation through self-leadership. Second, the findings show that self-leadership had a positive relationship with employee-driven innovation. Finally, there was no support found for the moderating role of perceived job autonomy between self-leadership and employee-driven innovation. The findings in this paper are important because they identify individual-level antecedents of employee-driven innovation.10aemployee-driven innovation10ajob autonomy10aneed for autonomy10aself-leadership1 aEchebiri, Chukwuemeka, K.  utimreview.ca/article/136701525nas a2200253   4500008004100000022001400041245013500055210006900190260004200259300001000301490000700311520073300318653001301051653002201064653002501086653000901111653002501120653001301145100002501158700001601183700002001199700002201219856003001241       2020                        eng d  a1927-032100aHow Institutions Promote Digital Marketing in Small and Medium International Companies: a Comparison Between Costa Rica and France0 aHow Institutions Promote Digital Marketing in Small and Medium I  aOttawabTalent First Networkc04/2020  a58-710 v103 aThe objective of this paper is to analyze institutional promotions to small and medium international enterprises on the subject of digital marketing. The authors conduct qualitative research with a descriptive scope, including 12 institutions in Costa Rica and France. The study is dedicated to working with SMEs involved in an internationalization process and offering them some type of training. for the collection of information, an in-depth interview with each participant was applied. It concludes that SMEs promote digital marketing through institutions, and that the way in which they carry it out varies between the two countries, Costa Rica being a more general and structured service, and France a more customized one.10acoaching10adigital marketing10ainternationalization10aSMEs10asupport institutions10atraining1 aCarpio, Karen, V. H.1 aArce, Susan1 aEnjolras, Manon1 aCamargo, Mauricio  utimreview.ca/article/134702384nas a2200277   4500008004100000022001400041245010500055210006900160260004200229300001000271490000700281520151800288653002301806653002101829653002701850653001901877653002401896653003101920653002501951653002001976653002101996100002302017700001502040700002102055856003002076       2020                        eng d  a1927-032100aUnderstanding Civic Crowdfunding as a Mechanism for Leveraging Civic Engagement and Urban Innovation0 aUnderstanding Civic Crowdfunding as a Mechanism for Leveraging C  aOttawabTalent First Networkc05/2020  a51-660 v103 aThis article studies the emergence of government-initiated civic crowdfunding platforms. Such platforms can be considered as governmental responses for bottom-up peer-to-peer support mechanisms related to urban innovation, which also allows top-down governance and governmental support systems for civic entrepreneurship. To better understand the implications of these innovative ICT-enabled interaction interfaces for collective urban innovation, this study investigates participation inequalities from the perspective of campaign instigators, using in-depth interviews (N=28), and from the perspective of the citizen-funder, using a survey (N=265). The analysis shows that urban crowdfunding practices mainly contribute to higher-level development of collective identities with increased neighborhood capacities. Although participation in such ICT-enabled interaction interfaces could reinforce digital inequalities and existing power balances, this research shows a more nuanced perspective, in which online and offline practices intertwine. Furthermore, while civic crowdfunding campaigns are driven by a traditional 'participation elite', the deliberation process on development projects involves new publics that are not typically engaged in civic activities. Hence, civic crowdfunding formulates a new mode of civic engagement in which institutional involvement acts as a trust broker between civic funders and civic entrepreneurs, as well as adding legitimacy to innovation processes in the public sphere.10aCivic crowdfunding10aCivic engagement10aCivic entrepreneurship10aCivic identity10aDigital citizenship10aParticipation inequalities10aPeer-to-peer economy10aSocial cohesion10aUrban innovation1 aBaccarne, Bastiaan1 aEvens, Tom1 aDe Marez, Lieven  utimreview.ca/article/135601602nas a2200229   4500008004100000022001400041245011700055210006900172260004200241300001000283490000600293520088200299653001101181653001501192653002401207653000901231653002801240100002001268700002201288700002401310856003801334       2019                        eng d  a1927-032100aAre High-Tech Companies More Competitive Than Others? An Empirical Study of Innovative and Exporting French SMEs0 aAre HighTech Companies More Competitive Than Others An Empirical  aOttawabTalent First Networkc01/2019  a33-480 v93 aThe main objective of this research work is to question the relationship between the technological intensity of SMEs (defined by the share of R&D expenditure in turnover, according to the OECD) and their growth potential (defined by their innovation and export capabilities). Through a multiple case study conducted with a panel of nine French SMEs, and through an analysis combining a qualitative approach (illustrative cases study) and a quantitative one (multidimensional statistical methods), several hypotheses were tested. Finally, this study points out that technological intensity, as defined by the OECD, is not directly correlated with the growth potential of SMEs. On the other hand, a company’s technological intensity would have an impact on the way it manages its innovation and internationalization process, and thus the way it manages its internal practices. 10aexport10ainnovation10amultiple-case study10aSMEs10atechnological intensity1 aEnjolras, Manon1 aCamargo, Mauricio1 aSchmitt, Christophe  uhttps://timreview.ca/article/121001423nas a2200169   4500008004100000022001400041245003400055210003400089260004200123300001000165490000600175520097500181100001701156700002201173700002001195856003801215       2019                        eng d  a1927-032100aOpen Strategy in a Smart City0 aOpen Strategy in a Smart City  aOttawabTalent First Networkc09/2019  a36-440 v93 aTo attract new companies and a talented workforce in a way that increases income streams, cities are searching for strategic capabilities by using a variety of strategic practices. The present study participates in the theoretical debate between micro- and macro-strategizing by focusing on the interplay between the city organization and its institutional environment. As such, the study elucidates the open strategy process used in the strategy work of a medium-sized city in Finland. To make the strategy work open and encourage citizens&rsquo; participation, the city decided to utilize crowdsourcing as a tool that was part of a broader strategy process to develop a city strategy in a participative manner. The present study analyzes the responses of almost 2000 citizens who addressed the role of an open strategy in developing a smart city. The study contributes by depicting how the open strategy was utilized in practice and what types of outcomes it produced.1 aEinola, Suvi1 aKohtamäki, Marko1 aHietikko, Harri  uhttps://timreview.ca/article/126701524nas a2200229   4500008004100000022001400041245010400055210006900159260004200228300000900270490000600279520074500285653002301030653004801053653002101101653003301122653003201155100002201187700002501209700002201234856003801256       2019                        eng d  a1927-032100aStrategy-as-Process in a Technology Venture: A Case Study of Pivots, Pauses, Partners, and Progress0 aStrategyasProcess in a Technology Venture A Case Study of Pivots  aOttawabTalent First Networkc01/2019  a9-190 v93 aTechnology commercialization is an often nonlinear process that tends to pass through various “stages” or “phases” as a venture attempts to shepherd a technology from the laboratory to marketplace. Between these phases are “junctures” or “transitions” that present particular challenges for entrepreneurs as they often comprise fundamental changes to the venture instead of simply scaled versions of previous challenges. In this study, we use a participant-observer methodology to deeply explore how a technology venture in the renewable energy sector negotiated these transitions. Our findings highlight the development of a “repertoire” of tools entrepreneurs can use to help successfully negotiate these transitions. 10ainnovation systems10amanaging critical junctures and transitions10aprocess research10atechnology commercialization10atechnology entrepreneurship1 aEarle, Andrew, G.1 aMerenda, Michael, J.1 aDavis, J. Matthew  uhttps://timreview.ca/article/120801816nas a2200217   4500008004100000022001400041245007800055210006900133260004200202300001000244490000600254520113800260653002901398653002401427653002301451653002301474653002301497100001701520700002301537856003801560       2019                        eng d  a1927-032100aUnderstanding Digital Innovation from a Layered Architectural Perspective0 aUnderstanding Digital Innovation from a Layered Architectural Pe  aOttawabTalent First Networkc02/2019  a51-630 v93 aManaging successful digital innovation processes is a challenging task, especially when it involves heterogeneous actors with different sets of knowledge. By gaining a better understanding of how different architectural layers of digital technology interplay with digital innovation, we can be better prepared for managing the complex and messy processes that often arise when working with digital innovation. In this article, we therefore ask: How does the layered architecture of digital technology interplay with digital innovation processes? A case study approach was selected to studied events involving multiple actors in an innovation and development project called the Smart Lock project. The theoretical basis for our study is digital innovation from the perspective of knowledge exchange and relationships. A temporal bracketing strategy was used to support a process analysis of the case data. The article primarily contributes to the body of research concerning digital innovation and provides an example to practitioners of how digital innovation processes can be coordinated and managed based on the innovation at hand.10acollaborative innovation10aconcept development10adigital innovation10adigital technology10ainnovation process1 aLund, Jesper1 aEbbesson, Esbjörn  uhttps://timreview.ca/article/121801814nas a2200217   4500008004100000022001400041245008900055210006900144260004200213300001000255490000600265520111900271653002001390653002801410653001501438653003201453653002401485100003101509700001801540856003801558       2019                        eng d  a1927-032100aUsing Action Research to Organize Technology Transfer in Complex Innovation Contexts0 aUsing Action Research to Organize Technology Transfer in Complex  aOttawabTalent First Networkc04/2019  a17-260 v93 aTechnology transfer projects increasingly consist of multiple, diverse organizations, with each pursuing their own agenda as well as that of the overarching programme. In this article, we adopt a participatory action research methodology in order to explain and improve the coordination of the autonomous innovation activities within an organizationally complex project. The context of the research involved the transfer of rice production technology from China to Mozambique. The action research identified four categories of boundary within the project that were hindering performance: Intellectual/Land property rights; Public/Private sector logics; Inside/Outside programme; and Collaboration/Competition between programme actors. The process of co-inquiry with stakeholders enabled by the action research allowed programme actors to reach an understanding of others, and it created a new thinking space for mutual problem solving. By these means, the action research process makes a resource of the differences between stakeholders rather than it being seen as a barrier to be compromised through negotiation.10aaction research10aagricultural innovation10aboundaries10ainternational collaboration10atechnology transfer1 aUssivane, Armando, Machevo1 aEllwood, Paul  uhttps://timreview.ca/article/123000766nas a2200253   4500008004100000022001400041245007500055210006900130260004200199300000800241490000600249653001800255653002600273653001800299653002100317653002500338653001700363653002000380100001800400700002300418700001700441700001700458856003700475       2018                        eng d  a1927-032100aEditorial: Inclusive Innovation in Developed Countries (February 2018)0 aEditorial Inclusive Innovation in Developed Countries February 2  aOttawabTalent First Networkc02/2018  a3-60 v810abiotechnology10aconvergent innovation10afood security10ainclusive growth10ainclusive innovation10amaker spaces10aOpen innovation1 aMcPhee, Chris1 aSchillo, R. Sandra1 aEarl, Louise1 aKinder, Jeff  uhttp://timreview.ca/article/113402404nas a2200265   4500008004100000022001400041245011000055210006900165260004200234300001000276490000600286520159900292653001901891653002001910653002901930653000901959653001401968653002301982100002102005700002102026700001702047700001802064700001902082856003702101       2017                        eng d  a1927-032100aDesigning a Business Model for Environmental Monitoring Services Using Fast MCDS Innovation Support Tools0 aDesigning a Business Model for Environmental Monitoring Services  aOttawabTalent First Networkc11/2017  a36-460 v73 aThe free availability of open data provides opportunities to start new businesses and gain business intelligence. However, although data is often used to support decisions and actions, the possibilities offered by modern sensor technologies with connections to cloud-based data collection services are not being effectively capitalized. Data collection systems are also not generally open source solutions, even though open and flexibly adjustable systems would broaden the opportunities for solutions and larger revenue streams. In this article, we used action research methods to discover new business opportunities in a semi-open information system that utilizes environmental monitoring data. We applied a four-stage innovation process for industry, which included context definition, idea generation, and selection, and produced multi-criteria decision support (MCDS) data to help the design of business model. This was done to reveal business opportunities for an environmental monitoring service. Among these opportunities, one service-style business model canvas was identified as feasible and selected for further development. We identified items that are needed in the commercialization process of environmental monitoring services. Our process combines open environmental monitoring data, participative innovation process, and MCDS support, and it supports and accelerates a co-creative business model creation process that is cost-beneficial in terms of saving time. The results are applicable to the creation of an open data information system that supports data-driven innovation.10abusiness model10adata collection10aenvironmental monitoring10aMCDS10aopen data10aservice innovation1 aEskelinen, Tuomo1 aRäsänen, Teemu1 aSantti, Ulla1 aHapponen, Ari1 aKajanus, Miika  uhttp://timreview.ca/article/111902315nas a2200277   4500008004100000022001400041245010800055210006900163260004200232300001000274490000600284520146000290653001901750653002601769653003101795653002401826653002701850653001901877653000801896100001701904700002101921700002101942700001901963700001801982856003702000       2017                        eng d  a1927-032100aEffects of Business Model Development Projects on Organizational Culture: A Multiple Case Study of SMEs0 aEffects of Business Model Development Projects on Organizational  aOttawabTalent First Networkc08/2017  a15-260 v73 aPrevious research has shown that links between organizational culture and innovativeness/performance may act as a “social glue” that helps a company develop organizational culture as a competitive advantage. In this study of three case companies, the organizational culture change due business model development projects is studied using the Competing Values Framework (CVF) tool and interviews with respondents about discovered changes. To reveal intervention and implied effects between business model development project and organizational culture changes, we used CIMO logic (context, intervention, mechanism, and outcome) to bridge practice and theory by explanatory, backward-looking research. Our case studies of companies in relatively short-duration business model development projects indicate that organizational culture may have some dynamic characteristics, for example, an increase of the adhocracy organizational type in all case companies or an increase in the hierarchical leadership type in one case company. Thus, the development of an organizational culture type can be partly controlled. Our results also indicated business model development projects do have a minor effect on organizational culture, even when development activities have not been put fully into practice. However, the more comprehensively business model development project activities have been put into practice, the larger the effect on organizational culture.10abusiness model10abusiness model canvas10acompeting values framework10adevelopment project10aorganizational culture10aservice design10aSME1 aSantti, Ulla1 aEskelinen, Tuomo1 aRajahonka, Mervi1 aVillman, Kaija1 aHapponen, Ari  uhttp://timreview.ca/article/109601779nas a2200205   4500008004100000022001400041245010400055210006900159260004200228300001000270490000600280520114100286653001501427653002301442653001101465653002501476653001001501100002501511856003701536       2017                        eng d  a1927-032100aHitching Healthcare to the Chain: An Introduction to Blockchain Technology in the Healthcare Sector0 aHitching Healthcare to the Chain An Introduction to Blockchain T  aOttawabTalent First Networkc10/2017  a22-340 v73 aHealth services must balance patient care with information privacy, access, and completeness. The massive scale of the healthcare industry also amplifies the importance of cost control. The promise of blockchain technology in health services, combined with application layers built atop it, is to be a mechanism that provides utmost privacy while ensuring that appropriate users can easily add to and access a permanent record of information. Blockchains, also called distributed ledgers, enable a combination of cost reduction and increased accessibility to information by connecting stakeholders directly without requirements for third-party brokers, potentially giving better results at lower costs. New ventures are looking to apply blockchain technology to solve real-world problems, including efforts to track public health, centralize research data, monitor and fulfill prescriptions, lower administrative overheads, and organize patient data from an increasing number of inputs. Here, concrete examples of the application of blockchain technology in the health sector are described, touching on near-term promise and challenges.10ablockchain10adistributed ledger10ahealth10apatient-centred care10atrust1 aEngelhardt, Mark, A.  uhttp://timreview.ca/article/111101774nas a2200253   4500008004100000022001400041245009200055210006900147260004200216300001000258490000600268520098800274653001901262653003801281653002601319653001901345653002801364653001301392100002101405700002101426700001901447700001701466856003701483       2017                        eng d  a1927-032100aImproving Internal Communication Management in SMEs: Two Case Studies in Service Design0 aImproving Internal Communication Management in SMEs Two Case Stu  aOttawabTalent First Networkc06/2017  a16-240 v73 aEffective information management is a success factor for business growth, but small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) face challenges in transferring knowledge and information from one organizational unit to another. In this study of two case companies, participative business model development processes were designed to identify challenges and solutions in internal communication management. A service design approach based on CIMO logic (context, intervention, mechanism, and output) showed that the participative business model technique and process can identify problems and challenges in internal communication management, as well as in the prioritization of actions. The process is a creative service design process including both divergent and convergent phases. The process increased motivation among personnel to find solutions, encouraged communication, and created joint understanding on how to solve problems. The technique helped to bring tacit information into use. 10abusiness model10ainternal communication management10aparticipative process10aservice design10astakeholder involvement10atraining1 aEskelinen, Tuomo1 aRajahonka, Mervi1 aVillman, Kaija1 aSantti, Ulla  uhttp://timreview.ca/article/108101749nas a2200253   4500008004100000022001400041245008500055210006900140260004200209300001000251490000600261520097600267653001501243653002501258653002501283653002301308653002901331653001001360100002301370700001801393700003001411700001701441856003701458       2017                        eng d  a1927-032100aOrchestration Roles to Facilitate Networked Innovation in a Healthcare Ecosystem0 aOrchestration Roles to Facilitate Networked Innovation in a Heal  aOttawabTalent First Networkc09/2017  a30-430 v73 aThis study examines orchestration roles in a networked innovation context characterized by significant transformation. In particular, an exploratory case study approach is taken to study the roles of innovation network orchestrators and their actions to facilitate networked activities in different phases of the innovation process. The context of the case study, a healthcare ecosystem that aims to co-create technological innovations to support the pediatric surgery journey, provides valuable insights about orchestration and adds knowledge on specific limitations set by the orchestrator-specific and context-related issues in a professional context. The findings of this study highlight the need for careful coordination that allows shared understanding of the goals of the orchestration process and achievable innovation implementations. It is shown that parallel, evolving, and even changing orchestrator roles are needed in complex networked innovation settings. 10acase study10aexploratory approach10ahealthcare ecosystem10ahigh-level experts10ainnovation orchestration10aroles1 aPikkarainen, Minna1 aErvasti, Mari1 aHurmelinna-Laukkanen, Pia1 aNätti, Satu  uhttp://timreview.ca/article/110402261nas a2200265   4500008004100000022001400041245012800055210006900183260004200252300001000294490000600304520139900310653001401709653002801723653002601751653002101777653002401798653003001822653002901852100001801881700001801899700002301917700001801940856003701958       2017                        eng d  a1927-032100aUsing Artificial Intelligence and Web Media Data to Evaluate the Growth Potential of Companies in Emerging Industry Sectors0 aUsing Artificial Intelligence and Web Media Data to Evaluate the  aOttawabTalent First Networkc06/2017  a25-370 v73 aIn this article, we describe our efforts to adapt and validate a web search and analytics tool – the Gnowit Cognitive Insight Engine – to evaluate the growth and competitive potential of new technology startups and existing firms in the newly emerging precision medicine sector. The results are based on two different search ontologies and two different samples of firms. The first sample includes established drug companies operating in the precision medicine field and was used to estimate the relationship between the firms’ innovativeness and the extent of online discussions focusing on their potential growth. The second sample includes new technology firms in the same sector. The firms in the second sample were used as test cases to determine whether their growth-related web search scores would relate to the degree of their innovativeness. The second part of the study applied the same methodology to the real-time monitoring of the firms’ competitive actions. In our findings, we see that our methodology reveals a moderate degree of correlation between the Insight Engine’s algorithmically computed relevance scores and independent measures of innovation potential. The existence of such correlations invites future work in attempting to analyze company growth potential using techniques founded in web content scraping, natural language processing, and machine learning.10aanalytics10aartificial intelligence10abusiness intelligence10aentrepreneurship10aonline textual data10aprecision medicine sector10astartup growth potential1 aDroll, Andrew1 aKhan, Shahzad1 aEkhlas, Ehsanullah1 aTanev, Stoyan  uhttp://timreview.ca/article/108202082nas a2200265   4500008004100000022001400041245008100055210006900136260004200205300001000247490000600257520126800263653001901531653002601550653002201576653002601598653002501624653002601649653002201675100001901697700002201716700002401738700001701762856003701779       2016                        eng d  a1927-032100aDetecting White Spots in Innovation-Driven  Intellectual Property Management0 aDetecting White Spots in InnovationDriven Intellectual Property   aOttawabTalent First Networkc07/2016  a34-470 v63 aTechnology companies scan the competitive arena for patents to discover research activities and technology trends. Patents are the outcome of innovation processes that take several month or even years, depending on the industry. The process of publishing patents usually lasts longer. A huge time gap of up to several years between early research and development activities and published patents is the consequence. Therefore, a patent is a weak indicator for the identification of early innovation activities. However, the inventor needs intellectual assets such as data, knowledge, and expertise to carry out an innovation process. It is likely that these intellectual assets can improve the competitor analysis – rendering them primary targets. In this article, we introduce a systematic approach to detect intellectual property (IP) activities of stakeholders in selected technology fields (e.g., hiring experts, taking part in research projects, gathering specific data). A technology field with a low intensity of IP activities offers great opportunities, which we call a "white spot". Our proposed approach can help identify the white spots in innovation-driven IP management and thereby help devise recommendations to improve a company’s IP portfolio.10abusiness model10acompetitive advantage10acompetitive arena10aInnovation management10aintellectual capital10aintellectual property10avalue proposition1 aEckelt, Daniel1 aDülme, Christian1 aGausemeier, Jürgen1 aHemel, Simon  uhttp://timreview.ca/article/100301568nas a2200205   4500008004100000022001400041245008100055210006900136260004200205300000800247490000600255520093600261653001101197653002201208653002701230653001701257100002301274700002801297856003701325       2016                        eng d  a1927-032100aPerspectives on Knowledge Mobilization: An Introduction to the Special Issue0 aPerspectives on Knowledge Mobilization An Introduction to the Sp  aOttawabTalent First Networkc09/2016  a4-80 v63 aIn this introduction to the Technology Innovation Management Review's special issue on Knowledge Mobilization, Guest Editors Kimberly Matheson and Cathy Malcolm Edwards share their different perspectives as an academic and a knowledge broker on the process of knowledge mobilization. Despite their distinctive points of entry into the knowledge mobilization field, they share a common perspective on the value of researchers and knowledge users learning from each other, working together to co-create solutions, and the importance of contributing back into the basic research and training of the next generation. They also provide the context of the authors' contributions to this special issue, noting that the articles are rooted in the authors’ experiences in the health domain, but that they help to understand some of the challenges and rewards of integrating knowledge mobilization into research approaches more generally. 10ahealth10ainterdisciplinary10aknowledge mobilization10apartnerships1 aMatheson, Kimberly1 aEdwards, Cathy, Malcolm  uhttp://timreview.ca/article/101401687nas a2200277   4500008004100000022001400041245008000055210006900135260004200204300001000246490000600256520084300262653003001105653002101135653002601156653002301182653001801205653002401223653003401247100001801281700002201299700001301321700001901334700002001353856003601373       2015                        eng d  a1927-032100aA Method and Tool to Support the Management of Systems Engineering Projects0 aMethod and Tool to Support the Management of Systems Engineering  aOttawabTalent First Networkc03/2015  a18-280 v53 aToo many industrial projects still fail, mainly due to the managerial techniques used. Indeed, organizational processes are more or less specifically mentioned in systems engineering standards, but in practice, project managers tend to rely more on their own standards, which sometimes set forth practices that do not align with those of the systems engineering domain, hence the reported discrepancies that very often lead to project failure. Thus, we argue that, to improve the companies’ competitiveness when developing new products, cooperation between processes related to system development and project management is key to achieving performance and success. This article presents arguments that tend to support this assertion and introduces an ongoing project to develop both a method and tool that aim to integrate both domains.10acollaborative engineering10adecision support10aengineering processes10aproject management10asystem design10asystems engineering10asystems engineering standards1 aBaron, Claude1 aEsteban, Philippe1 aXue, Rui1 aEsteve, Daniel1 aMalbert, Michel  uhttp://timreview.ca/article/87802418nas a2200241   4500008004100000022001400041245010200055210006900157260004200226300001000268490000600278520166200284653002201946653001801968653001601986653002302002653003702025100001802062700002102080700002102101700001802122856003602140       2015                        eng d  a1927-032100aScaling Spatial Transformation: Smart Specialization of Urban Capabilities in the Helsinki Region0 aScaling Spatial Transformation Smart Specialization of Urban Cap  aOttawabTalent First Networkc10/2015  a42-510 v53 aSocieties are shifting towards more complex structures and agile networks through spatial transformation. That shift affects the ways in which citizens interact with and within their physical and virtual surroundings. The interactions define purposes for the modern hybrid spaces, depending on individual demands in relation to space and time. As facilities per se are becoming less relevant, spatial concepts and service that support, attract, and engage modern individuals must be invented. The capabilities of user-orientated processes are important in terms of connectivity, co-creation, and communication, involvement in change, and control as well as governance. This article explores the potential scaling in diverse spatial transformations and summarizes the lessons learned from managing a campus as a small city to managing a larger-scale urban area. The study uses a case study methodology: the data was collected through interviews and document analysis. The framework of five urban capabilities (5Cs), which were initially introduced by the urbanist John Worthington, guided the content analysis of data. The results indicate that the lessons learned in the diverse urban projects can be scaled from a minor urban-area campus to a large urban area. Users of spaces have a need and will to collaborate, co-create, and impact their environments. This view expands the roles of decision makers and planners to controlling the uses of spaces for supporting grassroot initiatives. Consequently, active citizens engage and contribute, which can be a driving force for co-creation, shared ownership, and attractiveness of small- and large-scale areas.10acampus management10ahybrid spaces10amobile work10ascaling businesses10aurban development and management1 aNiemi, Renita1 aRytkönen, Eelis1 aEriksson, Robert1 aNenonen, Suvi  uhttp://timreview.ca/article/93602355nas a2200217   4500008004100000022001400041245007400055210006900129260004200198300000900240490000600249520169700255653001501952653001801967653001501985653002802000653002702028100001602055700003002071856003602101       2015                        eng d  a1927-032100aSupply Chain Cyber-Resilience: Creating an Agenda for Future Research0 aSupply Chain CyberResilience Creating an Agenda for Future Resea  aOttawabTalent First Networkc04/2015  a6-120 v53 aSupply chains have become more vulnerable in recent years, and high-profile cyber-attacks that have crippled the supply chains of well-known companies reveal that the point of entry for hackers is often through the weakest link in the chain. Exacerbated by growing complexity and the need to be visible, these supply chains share vital streams of information every minute of the day, thereby becoming an easy and highly lucrative target for talented criminals, causing financial losses as well as damaging brand reputation and value. Companies must therefore invest in supply chain capabilities to withstand cyber-attacks (i.e., cyber-resilience) in order to guard against potential threats. They must also embrace the reality that this often-unknown dimension of risk is the "new normal". Although interest on this topic has grown in the business world, less has been reported by the academic community. One reason for this could be due to the convergence of two different disciplines, information technology and supply chains, where supply chain cyber-risk and cyber-resilience appear to have a natural fit. The topic of cyber-resilience in supply chains is still in early stages of development, and this is one of the first journals to focus a special issue on it. Currently, the closest academic literature is within the realms of supply chain risk and resilience, where numerous models and frameworks exist. In this article, this literature is explored to identify whether these models can incorporate the dimension of cyber-risk and cyber-resilience. In doing so, we create a research agenda for supply chain cyber-resilience and provide recommendations for both academia and practice. 10acyber-risk10acybersecurity10aresilience10asupply chain management10atheoretical foundation1 aKhan, Omera1 aEstay, Daniel, A. Sepúlv  uhttp://timreview.ca/article/88501475nas a2200217   4500008004100000022001400041245009400055210006900149260004200218300001000260490000600270520080400276653001401080653002001094653002701114653001701141653001701158100002001175700002601195856003601221       2014                        eng d  a1927-032100aAccessing Value-in-Use Information by Integrating Social Platforms into Service Offerings0 aAccessing ValueinUse Information by Integrating Social Platforms  aOttawabTalent First Networkc04/2014  a26-340 v43 aThis article proposes a new approach for assessing the value derived from using a service offering (i.e., value-in-use) through the utilization of “social platforms.” We define a social platform as an adaptable digital service environment that enables the co-creation of value through social interactions with other service systems. By reviewing the relevant literature, detailed propositions are built based on the integration of theoretical concepts, thereby combining the literature on service-dominant logic, platforms, and social media. The primary argument of the article is that embedding social platforms in a company's services may result in more efficient retrieval and understanding of customer insights, better management of customer intelligence, and ultimately higher value-in-use.10aplatforms10aservice systems10aservice-dominant logic10asocial media10avalue-in-use1 aEloranta, Ville1 aMatveinen, Juho-Ville  uhttp://timreview.ca/article/78202057nas a2200241   4500008004100000022001400041245007200055210006900127260004200196300000900238490000600247520138100253653001001634653001001644653000901654653001201663653001801675653002401693653002301717100001901740700002001759856003601779       2014                        eng d  a1927-032100aProduct and Service Interaction in the Chinese Online Game Industry0 aProduct and Service Interaction in the Chinese Online Game Indus  aOttawabTalent First Networkc05/2014  a6-170 v43 aThis article examines the rapidly-growing online game industry in China, which is a prime example of the changing regional landscape of new creative industries in East Asia. The industry’s evolution in China demonstrates the complexity of the growth of this industry through various knowledge and production networks. Despite the fact that Chinese companies were initially a second mover in this industry and had limited technological competence, they managed to move up the value chain within a few years, from operators of foreign-developed games to game developers. The catch-up process in this creative industry has differed from traditional manufacturing industries, which reflects the responsiveness and close proximity between product and service as key elements of the online game experience. This article conceptualizes this product–service offering in the industry and highlights its requirement for a widespread geographical network, as well as close proximity and responsiveness between elements of the network. In the empirical study of the growth of the Chinese online game industry described here, we argue that Chinese companies have managed to grow by utilizing the strategic control of service, player preferences, and responsiveness in this network, and translating this control into constant incremental improvement of their game development offering. 10aChina10aKorea10aMMOG10anetwork10aonline gaming10aproduct and service10aservice innovation1 aStröm, Patrik1 aErnkvist, Mirko  uhttp://timreview.ca/article/78901735nas a2200217   4500008004100000022001400041245009400055210006900149260004200218300001000260490000600270520106100276653003201337653001601369653001501385653002301400653001301423100001701436700002801453856003601481       2014                        eng d  a1927-032100aRadical Versus Incremental Innovation: The Importance of Key Competences in Service Firms0 aRadical Versus Incremental Innovation The Importance of Key Comp  aOttawabTalent First Networkc04/2014  a15-250 v43 aToday, innovation often takes place using open practices and relies on many sources for knowledge and information. The purpose of this article is to study how different knowledge-based antecedents influence the ability of service organizations to innovate. Using data about the Norwegian service sector from the 2010 Community Innovation Survey, we examined how three types of competence, namely R&D activities, employee-based activities, and customer-related activities, influence the propensity of firms to introduce radical or incremental innovations. The results show that R&D-based competence is important for service firms when pursuing radical innovations, whereas employee-based activities such as idea collaboration are only found to influence incremental innovations. The use of customer information was found to be an important driver for both radical and incremental innovations. The findings points to managerial challenges in creating and balancing the types of competence needed, depending on type of innovation targeted by an organization. 10acommunity innovation survey10acompetences10ainnovation10ainnovation novelty10aservices1 aEngen, Marit1 aHolen, Inger, Elisabeth  uhttp://timreview.ca/article/78101819nas a2200277   4500008004100000022001400041245006500055210005800120260004200178300001000220490000600230520101800236653002201254653001701276653001501293653001701308653001801325653001601343653002901359653002701388653002901415100002201444700001701466700002201483856003601505       2013                        eng d  a1927-032100aOn the Road to Holistic Decision Making in Adaptive Security0 aRoad to Holistic Decision Making in Adaptive Security  aOttawabTalent First Networkc08/2013  a59-640 v33 aSecurity is a critical concern in today's software systems. Besides the interconnectivity and dynamic nature of network systems, the increasing complexity in modern software systems amplifies the complexity of IT security. This fact leaves attackers one step ahead in exploiting vulnerabilities and introducing new cyberattacks. The demand for new methodologies in addressing cybersecurity is emphasized by both private and national corporations. A practical solution to dynamically manage the high complexity of IT security is adaptive security, which facilitates analysis of the system's behaviour and hence the prevention of malicious attacks in complex systems. Systems that feature adaptive security detect and mitigate security threats at runtime with little or no administrator involvement. In these systems, decisions at runtime are balanced according to quality and performance goals. This article describes the necessity of holistic decision making in such systems and paves the road to future research.10aadaptive security10aarchitecture10aautomation10acyberattacks10acybersecurity10agame theory10aholistic decision making10aself-adaptive software10aself-protecting software1 aEmami-Taba, Mahsa1 aAmoui, Mehdi1 aTahvildari, Ladan  uhttp://timreview.ca/article/71703136nas a2200253   4500008004100000022001400041245012500055210006900180260004200249300001000291490000600301520228500307653002602592653001902618653001802637653002002655653002402675653004002699653003302739100002402772700002202796700002802818856003602846       2013                        eng d  a1927-032100aUniversity-SME Collaboration and Open Innovation: Intellectual-Property Management Tools and the Roles of Intermediaries0 aUniversitySME Collaboration and Open Innovation IntellectualProp  aOttawabTalent First Networkc03/2013  a33-410 v33 aIn 2009, the Conseil de la science et de la technologie du Québec (CST) made 13 recommendations to the Government of Quebec in order to shift innovative actors towards open-innovation practices adapted to the province's context: diversified economic sectors, a majority of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), public universities, etc. Among these recommendations are: i) to set up flexible mechanisms to promote research collaboration between public-private sectors such as universities and SMEs, and ii) to optimize intermediation bodies’ contribution to establish open-innovation practices. Furthermore, the lack of adequate understanding and tools for the management of intellectual property (IP) was identified as a major inhibitor of open-innovation practices, to which actors should pay specific attention. In this article, we present results and recommendations from a field study focused on two groups of actors: i) companies involved in collaborative innovation and ii) intermediary agents enabling innovation and technology transfer. Our first goal was to shed some light on factors that facilitate open innovation through improved university-enterprise collaborations and, more importantly, that attempt to overcome the irritants related to IP management. Our second goal was to analyze the roles of diverse intermediaries in the fostering of successful collaborations between universities and SMEs. 

Our study yielded three findings: i) SMEs do not care about understanding and improving their capabilities about IP and are not equipped with adequate tools and best practices for managing IP and for managing the overall collaborative mechanisms in general; ii) this gap in preparation for open innovation is persistent, since even the intermediaries, whose role is to guide SMEs in university-enterprise collaborations, suffer themselves from the lack of appropriate IP transfer and sharing tools, and do not perceive the need to offer better support in this regard; and iii) overall, current IP-transfer and collaboration-management tools are not sophisticated enough to provide appropriate support for the implementation of open innovation, by which we mean more open and collaborative innovation in the context of university-enterprise collaborations.10aintellectual property10aintermediaries10aIP management10aOpen innovation10atechnology transfer10auniversity-enterprise collaboration10auniversity-SME collaboration1 aDeschamps, Isabelle1 aMacedo, Maria, G.1 aEve-Levesque, Christian  uhttp://timreview.ca/article/66801368nas a2200157   4500008004100000022001400041245004100055210004000096260004200136520092000178100002101098700001601119700002001135700001901155856003601174       2011                        eng d  a1913-610200aNokia's Hybrid Business Model for Qt0 aNokias Hybrid Business Model for Qt  aOttawabTalent First Networkc01/20113 aIn today's challenging economy, startup companies are finding it more and more difficult to gain a foothold and traction in the market. Free/libre open source software (F/LOSS) allows a company to gain exposure to their products. However, few firms offer F/LOSS solutions alone. The vast majority combine proprietary and open source products while receiving revenues from both traditional license fees and open source offerings (Bonaccorsi and Giannangeli, 2006). This dual practice of offering F/LOSS as well as a commercial license is a hybrid business model.

In this article, we focus on the hybrid business model for Nokia's Qt product: how it is implemented, why it was implemented, and the extent to which the model has been effective. The Qt story illustrates how F/LOSS business models were developed during a period when participants were just beginning to understand how to make money with open source.1 aSchreuders, John1 aLow, Arthur1 aEsprit, Kenneth1 aJoachim, Nerva  uhttp://timreview.ca/article/41301044nas a2200157   4500008004100000022001400041245007400055210006900129260004200198520052300240100002200763700002100785700002400806700002000830856003600850       2010                        eng d  a1913-610200aExperiences From the OSSIE Open Source Software Defined Radio Project0 aExperiences From the OSSIE Open Source Software Defined Radio Pr  aOttawabTalent First Networkc03/20103 aThis article briefly describes OSSIE, a university-based open source Software Defined Radio project based on the U.S. Department of Defense's Software Communications Architecture. The OSSIE software has proven useful for rapid prototyping by industry as well as for published research and education of hundreds of graduate and undergraduate students and short course participants. In addition to examples of OSSIE's successes, the project's challenges and approaches to mitigating and overcoming them are described. 
1 aDietrich, Carl, B1 aReed, Jeffrey, H1 aEdwards, Stephen, H1 aKragh, Frank, E  uhttp://timreview.ca/article/33401342nas a2200133   4500008004100000022001400041245006900055210006900124260004200193520089700235100001801132700002201150856003601172       2010                        eng d  a1913-610200aOpen Source Contributions as a Complement to Your Sales Strategy0 aOpen Source Contributions as a Complement to Your Sales Strategy  aOttawabTalent First Networkc10/20103 aFreeform Solutions, a not-for-profit IT consultancy, discovered a large portion of its work was being carried out without being paid for directly from consulting fees. This led to an investigation of the nature of such pro bono work, and what value it could provide to Freeform and its clients.

Supporting open source communities was determined to be the most significant use of the time possible. Accordingly, Freeform has taken steps to focus a significant portion of its work on that task, and to integrate this work with its overall orientation to clients.

This commitment to open source provides a strong differentiator in the marketplace. It also enables one kind of prioritization of sales leads. Ultimately, the commitment to the work is considered the most important aspect of the work, rather than the specific kind of activities that are undertaken, or how they are paid for.1 aCôté, Jason1 aEgelstaff, Julian  uhttp://timreview.ca/article/38701636nas a2200121   4500008004100000022001400041245006000055210005800115260004200173520124100215100002201456856003601478       2009                        eng d  a1913-610200aCommunity-Built Software: What I Learned from Calagator0 aCommunityBuilt Software What I Learned from Calagator  aOttawabTalent First Networkc06/20093 aMany open source projects start with a single developer trying to scratch an itch by making a new tool for their own use. But what if the need to be addressed is bigger, and affects more people? How can the creation of open source software involve a whole community?

At the start of 2008 I decided to build a solution to an ongoing problem in my hometown of Portland, Oregon. Portland's growing technology scene was having trouble tracking all of the user groups, meetups, and events that people were planning. I started a central calendar using Google Calendar, but found it hard to maintain. People planning the events needed the ability to make their own updates without me having to add them individually as users. A single, central information source that would be completely open to the community at large was needed. The solution became an open-source calendar aggregator called Calagator. The process of creating that solution became a very rewarding community-building effort.

By trying different things along the way, we learned how to organize an open source project to encourage community development, and code sprint practices for group work sessions, and worked with a number of tools that make collaboration easier.1 aEschright, Audrey  uhttp://timreview.ca/article/26001480nas a2200133   4500008004100000022001400041245005400055210005300109260004200162520106800204100001701272700002101289856003601310       2009                        eng d  a1913-610200aSocial Actions: Making the Web More Philanthropic0 aSocial Actions Making the Web More Philanthropic  aOttawabTalent First Networkc07/20093 aSocial Actions makes it easier for people to turn their good intentions into meaningful action. The organization has created an open source database of actions people can take on any issue. The actions in the database come from across the social web and include everything from volunteer opportunities to micro credit loans. It currently aggregates opportunities to make a difference from 50+ action sources, including: CanadaHelps, Kiva, Idealist, GlobalGiving, GiveIndia, and Greater Good South Africa. Using the Social Actions application programming interface, we encourage third party developers to build web and mobile applications that intelligently distribute actions from our database on the websites, social networks, and mobile phones that millions of people use every day.

This article describes how Social Actions applies open source principles to the organization's products and processes. In its entirety, Social Actions is intentionally designed to contribute to the ongoing and vibrant conversations about open source practices and principles.1 aDeitz, Peter1 aEgger, Christine  uhttp://timreview.ca/article/26901340nas a2200121   4500008004100000022001400041245004800055210004700103260004200150520097100192100001901163856003601182       2009                        eng d  a1913-610200aWays of Engaging Consumers in Co-production0 aWays of Engaging Consumers in Coproduction  aOttawabTalent First Networkc12/20093 aAs co-production becomes an important engagement for many consumers-suppliers situations, the issue of how to encourage consumers to engage in co-production becomes an important question. Marketers need to recognize that co-production is not an automatic consumer situation but a conscious decision by consumers to engage in such activities. This article presents several factors which may enhance the ability of consumers to engage in co-production. To engage consumers, marketers have to ensure that they offer those products and services that can be individually adjusted and modified, and to present them to consumers who have a higher propensity to engage in co-production activities. In order for consumers to agree to such endeavours, marketers must find what kind of benefits targeted consumers seek in such activities. Those usually encompass economic, psychological and social needs. Then, they have to offer them packages which can fulfill such needs. 
 1 aEtgar, Michael  uhttp://timreview.ca/article/30701243nas a2200133   4500008004100000022001400041245006300055210006000118260004200178520081400220100001801034700002201052856003501074       2007                        eng d  a1913-610200aSupporting Not-for-Profits: an Opportunity for the Commons0 aSupporting NotforProfits an Opportunity for the Commons  aOttawabTalent First Networkc11/20073 aIn 2004, the Nonprofit Open Source Initiative (NOSI) released "Choosing and Using Free and Open Source Software: A Primer for Nonprofits". The primer describes the potential impact that Free/Libre and Open Source Software (F/LOSS) might have on the not-for-profit (NFP) sector. In a recently released update, the primer concludes that, despite many advances in the use of F/LOSS in the sector over the past several years, a real and perceived lack of support remains a significant barrier to the increased adoption of F/LOSS by NFPs. 

Support is often the last thing people think of when they think of F/LOSS and NFPs. Instead, people tend to focus on the price, which is of particular importance to cash-strapped NFPs. There is a widely held belief that free software represents a cost savings to NFPs. 
1 aCôté, Jason1 aEgelstaff, Julian  uhttp://timreview.ca/article/56