01561nas a2200241   4500008004100000022001400041245006600055210006200121260004200183300000900225490000600234520088300240653001501123653001501138653002301153653001501176653002001191653001301211100001901224700001901243700002101262856003601283       2015                        eng d  a1927-032100aThe Grey Areas Between Open and Closed in Innovation Networks0 aGrey Areas Between Open and Closed in Innovation Networks  aOttawabTalent First Networkc12/2015  a6-180 v53 aThis study argues that there are different degrees of openness and closedness in innovation activity, and it highlights the need for more research on the "grey areas" between totally open and totally closed innovation, particularly in innovation networks where multiple stakeholders collaborate for innovation. Here, we focus on four key aspects of innovation networks, as characterized by their degrees of openness or closedness: governance, motivation, interaction, and innovation practices. The categorization is based on a review of theory and an empirical analysis of three distinct innovation networks, two of which represent the open living lab model, and one of which exemplifies the traditional closed innovation model. Our results can help managers improve efficiency in innovation networks by better understanding the grey areas between open and closed in innovation.10aclosedness10ainnovation10ainnovation network10aLiving lab10aOpen innovation10aopenness1 aLeminen, Seppo1 aTurunen, Taija1 aWesterlund, Mika  uhttp://timreview.ca/article/948