The Strategies of Technology Startups Within and Between Business Ecosystems - Taina Tukiainen; Thommie Burström; Martin Lindell (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
Technology startups build strategies in order to survive within the framework of business ecosystems. However, the knowledge required to make such strategies effective is scarce. This article poses the question: “How do small technology startups strategize within and between business ecosystems?” Based on an explorative qualitative study, this article defines and presents a dynamic strategic framework of three strategies employed by technology startups. Some startups choose to act within one defined business ecosystem, most startups use a multi-ecosystem strategy to act between and draw benefits from many business ecosystems, and the rest act as ecosystem creators that challenge the logics of existing ecosystems.
Keywords: boundaries; business ecosystems; entrepreneurship; startups; strategy

Strategy-as-Process in a Technology Venture: A Case Study of Pivots, Pauses, Partners, and Progress - Andrew G. Earle; Michael J. Merenda; J. Matthew Davis (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
Technology commercialization is an often nonlinear process that tends to pass through various “stages” or “phases” as a venture attempts to shepherd a technology from the laboratory to marketplace. Between these phases are “junctures” or “transitions” that present particular challenges for entrepreneurs as they often comprise fundamental changes to the venture instead of simply scaled versions of previous challenges. In this study, we use a participant-observer methodology to deeply explore how a technology venture in the renewable energy sector negotiated these transitions. Our findings highlight the development of a “repertoire” of tools entrepreneurs can use to help successfully negotiate these transitions.
Keywords: innovation systems; managing critical junctures and transitions; process research; technology commercialization; technology entrepreneurship

Towards a Smart City Concept in Small Cities - Heikki Ruohomaa; Vesa Salminen; Iivari Kunttu (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
The smart city concept brings together technology, government and different layers of society, utilizing technological enablers, such as the internet of things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI). These enablers, in turn, facilitate development of various aspects of the smart city including, e.g., transportation, governance, education, safety and communications. However, the transition towards smarter cities involves not only technological development but also the changing and evolving roles of citizens, service providers and city authorities. In this transition, the key issue is creating and growing roles of collaboration, participation and coordination. Whereas mainstream research focuses on smart city transformation in big cities, aspects of this transformation in the context of small cities has been a widely neglected topic. This paper presents three cases of smart city development in small cities in Finland, each concentrating on a different aspect of smart city development. The cases reveal how a relatively small-sized city may take remarkable steps in smart city development by selecting a specific theme on which to build smart city activities. These examples also emphasize the critical role of public sector actors, showing that the public sector has a key role in creating the foundations for fruitful ecosystem-based development work.

Towards a Taxonomy of E-Commerce: Characterizing Content Creator-based Business Models - Martin D. Mileros; Nicolette Lakemond; Robert Forchheimer (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
Currently, new business models can be observed in content creator-based e-commerce. The research on e-commerce has grown rapidly and new concepts have emerged such as social commerce, platforms, and user-generated content. However, no overarching perspective has yet been formulated for distinguishing new content creator-based business models within e-commerce. The aim of this paper is therefore to characterize content creator-based business models by formulating a taxonomy of e-commerce based on a structured literature review of the concepts mentioned above. The results of our study point toward eight types of content creator-based business models. Our paper outlines theoretical and practical implications for the emerging phenomenon of content creator-based business, which we refer to as intellectual commerce. In addition, we describe 19 concepts related to Web 1.0, Web 2.0, and e-commerce.
Keywords: consumer-to-business; Content creator-based business models; content creators; e-commerce; human-centered data economy; intellectual commerce; multisided platforms; personal data; social commerce; user-generated content

Uncovering Research Streams in the Data Economy Using Text Mining Algorithms - Can Azkan; Markus Spiekermann; Henry Goecke (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
Data-driven business models arise in different social and industrial sectors, while new sensors and devices are breaking down the barriers for disruptive ideas and digitally transforming established solutions. This paper aims at providing insights about emerging topics in the data economy that are related to companies’ innovation potential. The paper uses text mining supported by systematic literature review to automatize the extraction and analysis of beneficial insights for both scientists and practitioners that would not be possible by a manual literature review. By doing so, we were able to analyze 860 scientific publications resulting in an overview of the research field of data economy and innovation. Nine clusters and their key topics are identified, analyzed as well as visualized, as we uncover research streams in the paper.
Keywords: big data; Data Economy; Data Ecosystem; Data Market; digital economy; digital transformation; literature review; Network Graph; Text Mining.

Understanding Digital Innovation from a Layered Architectural Perspective - Jesper Lund; Esbjörn Ebbesson (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
Managing successful digital innovation processes is a challenging task, especially when it involves heterogeneous actors with different sets of knowledge. By gaining a better understanding of how different architectural layers of digital technology interplay with digital innovation, we can be better prepared for managing the complex and messy processes that often arise when working with digital innovation. In this article, we therefore ask: How does the layered architecture of digital technology interplay with digital innovation processes? A case study approach was selected to studied events involving multiple actors in an innovation and development project called the Smart Lock project. The theoretical basis for our study is digital innovation from the perspective of knowledge exchange and relationships. A temporal bracketing strategy was used to support a process analysis of the case data. The article primarily contributes to the body of research concerning digital innovation and provides an example to practitioners of how digital innovation processes can be coordinated and managed based on the innovation at hand.
Keywords: collaborative innovation; concept development; digital innovation; digital technology; innovation process

A University Business School as an Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Hub - Haven Allahar; Ron Sookram (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
This article assesses the progress of a business school toward achieving the status of an entrepreneurial ecosystem hub with emphasis on the components related to entrepreneurial universities, entrepreneurship education, university business incubators, and university-enterprise-government-civil society collaboration. The objective of a business school serving as an entrepreneurial ecosystem hub, is to stimulate economic development, generate employment, and create innovative technology-based ventures or service businesses. These components are discussed from theoretical and practical viewpoints in order to provide greater understanding of the concepts. An insider action research assessment of the university-affiliated business school was conducted to gauge the progress made in building an embryonic entrepreneurial ecosystem centered upon a business school as a hub. Emphasis is placed on the need to develop strong collaboration among key stakeholders for achieving success in building an effective entrepreneurial ecosystem based on a quadruple helix system, consistent with the lead-in quotation to the article.
Keywords: entrepreneurial ecosystems; entrepreneurial university; entrepreneurship education; quadruple helix; triple helix; university business incubation

Urban Living Labs: Towards an Integrated Understanding of their Key Components - Diana Chronéer; Anna Ståhlbröst; Abdolrasoul Habibipour (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
In today’s ongoing urbanization and escalating climate change, there is an increasing demand on cities to be innovative and inclusive to handle these emerging issues. As an answer to these challenges, and in order to generate and adopt sustainable innovations and nature-based solutions in the urban areas, the concept of urban living labs has emerged. However, to date, there is confusion concerning the concept of the urban living lab and its key components. Some interpret the urban living lab as an approach, others as a single project, and some as a specific place – and some just do not know. In order to unravel this complexity and better understand this concept, we sought to identify the key components of an urban living lab by discussing the perspective of city representatives in the context of an urban living lab project. To achieve this goal, we reviewed previous literature on this topic and carried out two workshops with city representatives, followed by an open-ended questionnaire. In this article, we identify and discuss seven key components of an urban living lab: governance and management structure; financing models; urban context; nature-based solutions; partners and users (including citizens); approach; and ICT and infrastructure. We also offer an empirically derived definition of the urban living lab concept.
Keywords: definition; innovation; key components; Living lab; nature-based solutions; NBS; ULL; UNaLab; urban living lab

Using Action Research to Organize Technology Transfer in Complex Innovation Contexts - Armando Machevo Ussivane; Paul Ellwood (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
Technology transfer projects increasingly consist of multiple, diverse organizations, with each pursuing their own agenda as well as that of the overarching programme. In this article, we adopt a participatory action research methodology in order to explain and improve the coordination of the autonomous innovation activities within an organizationally complex project. The context of the research involved the transfer of rice production technology from China to Mozambique. The action research identified four categories of boundary within the project that were hindering performance: Intellectual/Land property rights; Public/Private sector logics; Inside/Outside programme; and Collaboration/Competition between programme actors. The process of co-inquiry with stakeholders enabled by the action research allowed programme actors to reach an understanding of others, and it created a new thinking space for mutual problem solving. By these means, the action research process makes a resource of the differences between stakeholders rather than it being seen as a barrier to be compromised through negotiation.
Keywords: action research; agricultural innovation; boundaries; international collaboration; technology transfer

Women Managers and Entrepreneurs and Digitalization: On the Verge of a New Era or a Nervous Breakdown? - Mervi Rajahonka; Kaija Villman (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
The purpose of this article is to examine how female managers and entrepreneurs are employing digital technologies in their working and private lives and what they think about digitalization. The material for the study was gathered through interviews with women in South Savo, Finland. The article builds on the theory of technology domestication, emphasizing the role of users in making a technology usable in their everyday contexts. The findings show that women experience challenges but also gain clear benefits when employing digital technologies. Among the challenges is that women are traditionally rather reserved when it comes to applying technology. Among the benefits is the practice-oriented stance of women towards digital technologies. Moreover, the rise of digital social media and its increasing importance in the working and business environments could make it easier for women to manage both work- and family-related communication. This may improve their wellbeing at work and help women towards equality at work. However, they need support in finding their digitalized career paths.
Keywords: domestication; family; ICT; technology; wellbeing; women; work

Working with Startups? These are the Three Things You Ought to Know about Startup Teams - Anna Brattström (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
While much has been written about how startups work to develop their product, this paper focuses instead on how to manage the startup team. Based on a systematic review of current research, I present actionable insights about startup team characteristics; who they are, how they work, and how they stay together. I explain how these characteristics imply both opportunities and threats for the viability of the team and discuss how startup teams can be managed to increase the likelihood of their survival and growth. Given that the majority of startup failures are attributed to the team, not to the product, these insights are valuable both to aspiring entrepreneurs and to their external stakeholders.
Keywords: entrepreneurship; new venture teams; teamwork

World Heritage meets Smart City in an Urban-Educational Hackathon in Rauma - Anu Helena Suominen; Seija Halvari; Jari Jussila (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2019)
UNESCO World Heritage cities can become smart cities if they take into account their cultural heritage and integrate diverse actors, including universities in their innovation practices. This article addresses the hackathon as an innovation contest method in the urban and educational context. Specifically, it concentrates on hackathon design, particularly the focus of the event, as well as the outputs. Although the design plays an integral part in a hackathon, particularly in goal achievement, design has not yet been thoroughly studied in mainly descriptive hackathon research. To address the subject, this article presents a case study of a dual-focused, i.e., combined urban and educational hackathon in the City of Rauma, which has a World Heritage Old Town that aims to integrate its historical uniqueness with modern city services. As a result, the article portrays the process and outputs of a hackathon carried out with the collaboration of two higher education institutions (HEIs) and the Entrepreneur Association of Rauma. Presenting conclusions for both academics and the public sector, the article contributes to the literature on urban and educational hackathons in smart cities with a heritage context.

Additive Manufacturing and Business Models: Current Knowledge and Missing Perspectives - Christina Öberg; Tawfiq Shams; Nader Asnafi (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
Additive manufacturing, that is 3D printing technology, may change the way companies operate their businesses. This article adopts a business model perspective to create an understanding of what we know about these changes. It summarizes current knowledge on additive manufacturing within management and business research, and it discusses future research directions in relation to business models for additive manufacturing. Using the scientific database Web of Science, 116 journal articles were identified. The literature review reveals that most research concerns manufacturing optimization. A more holistic view of the changes that additive manufacturing may bring about for firms is needed, as is more research on changed value propositions, and customer/sales-related issues. The article contributes to previous research by systematically summarizing additive manufacturing research in the business and management literature, and by highlighting areas for further investigation related to the business models of individual firms.
Keywords: 3D printing; additive manufacturing; business model; literature review

Approach for a Pattern-Based Development of Frugal Innovations - Anne-Christin Lehner; Christian Koldewey; Jürgen Gausemeier (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
Emerging markets have become increasingly interesting for companies from industrialized countries, but the requirements in these markets differ dramatically from those in the companies’ traditional markets. New products and services are demanded – so-called frugal innovations. Since the challenges for the development of frugal innovations are often quite similar – for example, low income of the target customer, poor infrastructure, etc. – the hypothesis appears that the solutions will also be similar. In our earlier TIM Review article (Lehner & Gausemeier, 2016), we showed how solution patterns for frugal innovations can be derived. The article at hand summarizes those findings and supplements an innovation process for frugal innovation using the solution patterns. The validation based on the example of telemedical assistant systems shows the benefit of the pattern-based development of frugal innovations. The article addresses managers and engineers who plan to introduce frugal innovations, as well as university-based researchers interested in the development of frugal innovations.
Keywords: business model; emerging markets; frugal innovations; patterns; products and services

Collaboration Strategies in Innovation Ecosystems: An Empirical Study of the German Microelectronics and Photonics Industries - Fabian Schroth; Johann Jakob Häußermann (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
Effective collaboration between companies and research organizations is key to successful innovation systems. Against the background of digitalization, a shift from traditional innovation systems towards innovation ecosystems can be observed. In this article, we investigate how companies operating in innovation ecosystems address the challenge of collaboration in dynamic innovation ecosystems. We focus on microelectronics and photonics in Germany as examples of knowledge- and research-intensive industries and analyze the strategies of companies to collaborate with research organizations. We explore whether and to what extent companies develop different and new strategies for collaborating with research institutions within innovation ecosystems, on the basis of which we identify two ideal types of strategies. Whereas ideal type A is aiming towards obtaining specific knowledge in order to further develop a particular technology or product (i.e., towards incremental innovation), ideal type B seeks to harness the new and full potential of innovation ecosystems (i.e., aiming at rather radical innovation). Finally, our findings contribute to a better understanding of innovation ecosystems and give managerial implications for collaborating in such systems.
Keywords: business ecosystem; collaboration; development and innovation; innovation ecosystem; innovation ecosystem strategies; knowledge ecosystem; microelectronics; photonics; research

Convergent Innovation in Food through Big Data and Artificial Intelligence for Societal-Scale Inclusive Growth - Laurette Dubé; Pan Du; Cameron McRae; Neha Sharma; Srinivasan Jayaraman; Jian-Yun Nie (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
Inclusive innovation has not yet reached societal scale due to a well-entrenched divide between wealth creation and social equity. Taking food as the initial test bed, we have proposed the convergent innovation model to address such challenges still facing 21st century society by bridging sectors and disciplines around an integrated goal on both sides of the social-economic divide for innovations that target wealth creation with an upfront consideration of its externalities. The convergent innovation model is empowered by two key enablers that integrate an advanced digital infrastructure with leading scientific knowledge on the drivers of human behaviour in varying contexts. This article discusses the structure, methods, and development of an artificial intelligence platform to support convergent innovation. Insights are gathered on consumer sentiment and behavioural drivers through the analysis of user-generated content on social media platforms. Empirical results show that user discussions related to marketing, consequences, and occasions are positive. Further regression modelling finds that economic consequences are a strong predictor of consumer global sentiment, but are also sensitive to both the actual price and economic awareness. This finding has important implications for inclusive growth and further emphasizes the need for affordable and accessible foods, as well as for consumer education. Challenges and opportunities inspired by the research results are discussed to inform the design, marketing, and delivery of convergent innovation products and services, while also contributing to dimensions of inclusion and economic performance for equitable health and wealth.
Keywords: artificial intelligence; convergent innovation; food; social media; user-generated content

Data Science as an Innovation Challenge: From Big Data to Value Proposition - Victoria Kayser; Bastian Nehrke; Damir Zubovic (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
Analyzing “big data” holds huge potential for generating business value. The ongoing advancement of tools and technology over recent years has created a new ecosystem full of opportunities for data-driven innovation. However, as the amount of available data rises to new heights, so too does complexity. Organizations are challenged to create the right contexts, by shaping interfaces and processes, and by asking the right questions to guide the data analysis. Lifting the innovation potential requires teaming and focus to efficiently assign available resources to the most promising initiatives. With reference to the innovation process, this article will concentrate on establishing a process for analytics projects from first ideas to realization (in most cases: a running application). The question we tackle is: what can the practical discourse on big data and analytics learn from innovation management? The insights presented in this article are built on our practical experiences in working with various clients. We will classify analytics projects as well as discuss common innovation barriers along this process.
Keywords: analytics; big data; digital innovation; idea generation; innovation process

Does Entrepreneurial Marketing Underrate Competition? - Mika Westerlund; Seppo Leminen (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
This study aims to investigate the relationship between marketing needs and actions in entrepreneurial marketing. So doing, it explores how the entrepreneur’s interpretation of the needs that arise from the changes and opportunities in the business environment affects their actions in entrepreneurial marketing. We establish and test a set of hypotheses over a sample of 3,097 entrepreneur-led small firms from Finland. The results show that entrepreneurial perception of environmental pressure in terms of partners, customers, and competitors is linked to the marketing practices of small firms in terms of developing business relations, publicity, and offerings. That is, actions in entrepreneurial marketing depend on the entrepreneur’s ability to interpret needs based on the signals in the business environment. However, the study confirms that entrepreneurs pay less attention to competition, which affects their marketing actions, and it suggests that both research and practice of entrepreneurial marketing should pay more regard to competition.
Keywords: competition; entrepreneurial; environment; marketing; orientation

The Dynamics of Knowledge Sharing in the Biotechnology Industry: An Indian Perspective - Tripurasundari Joshi (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
The role of biotechnology in providing an alternate, more productive approach to new drug development is well accepted globally. Multinational pharmaceutical companies have begun outsourcing product development and its clinical validation to biotechnology firms in India. The sector in India has also witnessed the entry of startups in various phases of the drug development value chain. Technological innovation is a key growth driver in the “bio pharma” vertical in recognition of which numerous alliances are seen in the sector in India. These alliances have put in place a structure for technological learning to happen, which is necessary for innovation. However, the nature of knowledge in biotechnology, in large measure, is both tacit and complex. Such knowledge is difficult to transfer. At the same time, transferability of knowledge is critical to developing technological capability, which in turn can facilitate the technological innovations that are crucial for the growth of the sector in India. The current research is motivated by the question of how the firms in this sector deal with this paradox. An exploratory approach is adopted to understand the practices of knowledge sharing as well as its perceived impediments at the firm level in the Indian context.
Keywords: absorptive capacity; biotechnology; India; knowledge sharing; tacit knowledge

Editorial: Frugal Innovation (April 2018) - Chris McPhee; Deepak S. Gupta; Mokter Hossain (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
Keywords: development processes; emerging markets; frugal innovation; grassroots; healthcare; inclusion; internationalization; patterns; SMEs; sustainability

Editorial: Inclusive Innovation in Developed Countries (February 2018) - Chris McPhee; R. Sandra Schillo; Louise Earl; Jeff Kinder (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
Keywords: biotechnology; convergent innovation; food security; inclusive growth; inclusive innovation; maker spaces; Open innovation

Editorial: Innovation and Entrepreneurship in India (January 2018) - Chris McPhee; Punit Saurabh (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
Keywords: emerging markets; entrepreneurship; India; innovation; rural; startups

Editorial: Innovation Management (July 2018) - Chris McPhee (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
Keywords: corporate incubators; entrepreneurial ecosystems; innovation capacity; innovation ecosystems; Innovation management; ISPIM; KPIs; living labs; middle managers; topic modelling

Editorial: Innovation Strategy and Practice (November 2018) - Chris McPhee (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
Keywords: best practice; collaboration; creativity; cybersecurity; framework; information security; innovation; innovation ecosystems; maturity model; method; model; practice; research; research institutions; strategy

Editorial: Insights (June 2018) - Chris McPhee (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
Keywords: 3D printing; additive manufacturing; Amazon; boundary spanning; business models; civic innovation; culture; entrepreneurship; innovation integrators; knowledge transfer; living labs; sociotechnical systems; startup; university–industry collaboration

Editorial: Insights (March 2018) - Chris McPhee (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
Keywords: analytics; big data; business models; closed innovation; ecosystems; emerging economies; innovation; internationalization; Internet of Things; Open innovation; technology startups; value creation; value propositions

Editorial: Insights (May 2018) - Chris McPhee (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
Keywords: business models; co-creation; drop out; entrepreneurship; facilitation; innovation; internationalization; lean global startups; living labs; services; servitization; stakeholders; users; value propositions; value-in-use

Editorial: Insights (October 2018) - Chris McPhee (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
Keywords: customer foresight; data analysis; data mining; design thinking; digital platforms; industry–academia collaboration; machine learning; market entry; Open innovation; service design

Editorial: Insights (September 2018) - Chris McPhee (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
Keywords: commercialization; emerging economies; entrepreneurial marketing; export; globalization; lean; partnerships; transnational entrepreneurship; trust

Editorial: Living Labs (December 2018) - Chris McPhee; Seppo Leminen; Dimitri Schuurman; Mika Westerlund; Eelko Huizingh (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
Keywords: analysis; constructs; cultural space; definition; ENoLL; framework; innovation; ISPIM; lean startup; library; living labs; methodology; stakeholder

Editorial: Transdisciplinary Innovation (August 2018) - Chris McPhee; Martin Bliemel; Mieke van der Bijl-Brouwer (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
Keywords: innovation; interdisciplinary; learning; multidisciplinary; practice; transdisciplinarity; transdisciplinary

Exploring the Transdisciplinary Learning Experiences of Innovation Professionals - Mariana Zafeirakopoulos; Mieke van der Bijl-Brouwer (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
Transdisciplinary innovation inherently involves learning how to integrate disciplines towards exploring a problem or towards developing a solution or technology. Thus, transdisciplinary innovation and transdisciplinary learning are practically interchangeable. Although transdisciplinary learning has been studied and experimented with in educational research, the understanding of it in a professional context is limited. We therefore aim our research at addressing this question of how people shift their practice towards other disciplines to address complex issues. We chose to focus on a particularly challenging context – the shift from positivist to non-positivist learning across the career of transdisciplinary innovators when addressing complex problems. What makes this context challenging is that the siloed and heavily specialized nature of working within a disciplinary construct discourages collaboration on real-world complex problems. This context is also challenging because the analytic focus from positivist disciplines results in a reductionist approach, which limits an innovator’s ability to explore problems holistically and abductively. An understanding of the learning experiences of practitioners in these contexts will inform the identification of relevant variables and attributes that encourage innovative learning for ultimately innovative practice. This identification might help us develop better support and education for innovation professionals who want to adopt transdisciplinary practices for the purposes of addressing complex problems. In this article, we discuss the results of a series of in-depth interviews to understand the learning experiences of design innovation practitioners who experienced a shift away from positivist approaches towards transdisciplinary innovation practice. We explore the research approach undertaken to study the motivations and drivers, the emotions experienced during the shift, and the implementation and dissemination of the new learning into professional practice.
Keywords: emotion; experience; learning; professional; transdisciplinary

Exploring the Use of Stakeholder Analysis Methodology in the Establishment of a Living Lab - Marius Imset; Per Haavardtun; Marius Stian Tannum (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
This article explores how to conduct a cost-effective stakeholder analysis to investigate opportunities and interest in establishing a living lab for an autonomous ferry connection. Using an action research approach, we share our experiences with the process and results, and we reflect openly on the strengths and weaknesses of both the stakeholder methodology generally as well as our own implementation specifically. According to the cyclic nature of action research and experiential learning, the research was conducted in two iterations, with the second iteration drawing upon input from the first. We compare and discuss these two approaches in terms of costs and benefits from a practitioner’s perspective. The article provides a contribution to stakeholder analysis methodology for complex, multi-stakeholder innovation initiatives, such as living labs.
Keywords: action research; autonomous vessels; living labs; management; maritime; Open innovation; quadruple helix; stakeholder analysis

A Framework for Field Testing in Living Lab Innovation Projects - Lynn Coorevits; Annabel Georges; Dimitri Schuurman (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
Within innovation research and, more specifically, living lab projects, a crucial component is to test an innovation in a real-life context with potential end users. Such a field test can validate assumptions by combining insights on behaviour and attitudes towards the innovation. This allows for iterative tailoring of the innovation to the needs and wants of the potential end users. Moreover, relevant insights can be gathered to stop or rescope the innovation project before big investments are made. Although studies indicate that testing innovations (or prototypes) in real-life contexts improves the innovation process, there is no specific framework on how to conduct a field test for an innovation. This is important because, in living lab field tests, users are actively involved in co-creating the solutions, which impacts the operational side of setting up living lab projects. Therefore, within this article, we propose a framework for field testing based on the degree to which it reflects reality and the stage within the living lab process. We distinguish four types of field tests: concept, mock-up, pilot, and go2market field test. Based on this framework, we propose some practical guidelines for setting up living lab field tests.
Keywords: context research; field test; living labs; testing; user innovation

From Closed to Open Innovation in Emerging Economies: Evidence from the Chemical Industry in Brazil - Elisa Thomas (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
In this article, we examine how firms in an emerging economy perform research and development (R&D) activities in regards to the concept of open innovation. Most literature on open innovation shows multinational knowledge-intensive firms with well-established R&D processes mainly in developed countries. Searching for management contributions for firms in emerging economies, we qualitatively analyzed two chemical firms in Southern Brazil that have different profiles and are representative samples of typical firms in the region. Our results show that firms did not fully exploit the potential benefits brought by open innovation, even when complete opening was not the main goal. The firms were similar concerning interactions with partners and stages where relationships occur. The generation of ideas was an open activity performed both by firms and by clients, and interactions with universities were getting stronger. On the other hand, intellectual property has not been used as means of profiting from innovation activities. Our main finding refers to the internal mediation of relationships with partners. R&D teams rarely contact external organizations directly; instead, they leave such interactions to other departments within their firms. Relationships with clients are mediated through technical and commercial departments, and interactions with suppliers are intermediated by the supply staff.
Keywords: collaboration; emerging economy; intermediary; Open innovation; R&D

From Importing Innovations to Co-Producing Them: Transdisciplinary Approaches to the Development of Online Land Management Tools - Alex Baumber; Graciela Metternicht; Peter Ampt; Rebecca Cross; Emily Berry (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
While traditional approaches to innovation diffusion often assume that innovations come from outside a local system, transdisciplinary co-production offers an alternative paradigm in which local stakeholders are engaged as co-producers of innovations. The use of digital online tools for agriculture, conservation, and citizen science is an area of expanding opportunities, but landholders are often dependent on tools developed outside their local communities. This article looks at the potential for transdisciplinary co-production to be used as a framework for more participatory development of digital online land management tools, with a case study from the Central Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia. This research has implications beyond rural land management to other industries and contexts where reflexive and integrative strategies are needed to overcome barriers to stakeholder participation and engagement with new technologies.
Keywords: adaptive; co-production; collaboration; decision-support; innovation; land management; tools; transdisciplinary

From Organizations to Organizational Fields: The Evolution of Civic Innovation Ecosystems - Matthew Claudel (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
Contemporary approaches to urban technology emphasize local “innovation ecosystems”. Two organizational models – living labs and innovation integrators – are commonly used as hubs to broker these ecosystems. Curiously, both coexist in some cities, allowing a comparison of their impact and an analysis of their development over time and in context. The case studies presented in this article suggest that our analytical frameworks for technology policy may fall short, in that they contemplate only the organizations themselves – the living labs or innovation integrators. The dynamics observed in each city are well articulated, however, in the sociotechnical systems literature. The hub can be understood as a “niche”, which fosters radical innovations and new processes. As these prototypes are increasingly deployed and accepted, there is a regime shift, ultimately creating an experimentalist culture that fills the role previously held by the hub. This conclusion is neither a challenge to ecosystem theory nor a critique of innovation policy and its implementation. Rather, I suggest that we must extend these theoretical frameworks, drawing on sociotechnical systems literature to better account for institutions and for systems change as we design policy for urban technology. This article therefore makes a contribution by using a sociotechnical systems lens to explain the evolution of local urban innovation ecosystems.
Keywords: city; civic technology; innovation policy; innovation systems; Living lab

Frugal or Fair? The Unfulfilled Promises of Frugal Innovation - Mario Pansera (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
Frugal innovation has become a popular buzzword among management and business scholars. However, despite its popularity, I argue that the frugal innovation literature, in its present form, is problematic for at least two reasons. First, the frugal innovation literature assumes that scarcity is a normal condition of the “Global South”. In this article, I show that this assumption neglects the fact that scarcity can be socially constructed to deny certain social sectors the access to resources essential for their flourishing. Second, despite all the good intentions underpinning the idea of “alleviating poverty”, frugal innovation studies rarely challenge, or even discuss, the causes of destitution and social exclusion. Innovation, as well as technology, is overwhelmingly framed in an agnostic and neutral way that sidelines the socio-economic complexity of the exclusion mechanisms that cause poverty and underdevelopment. By ignoring this, the frugal innovation literature risks limiting the understanding of the problems it seeks to solve and, most importantly, it risks limiting its impact. Most frugal innovation literature, in other words, seems to elude the fact that, rather than being a mere lack of resources or technology, poverty is a matter of social justice. In order to be empowering, technology has to be value-based, normative framed, socially controlled, and democratically debated. In this article, I propose that we should use these principles to develop a new wave of frugal innovation literature and practice.
Keywords: frugal innovation; inclusive innovation; scarcity; social justice

Gender-Specific Constraints on Academic Entrepreneurship and Engagement in Knowledge and Technology Transfer - Anna Sinell; Roda Müller-Wieland; Antonia Muschner (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
This article analyzes gender-specific constraints impacting scientists’ engagement in knowledge and technology transfer and entrepreneurial activities at public research institutions in the fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). To this end, we followed an exploratory case study approach and conducted qualitative, semi-structured interviews with 40 academic entrepreneurs. The analysis revealed constraints impacting scientists’ active engagement in transfer and entrepreneurship on two levels. On the meta-level, we identified constraints related to: i) nationwide transfer culture and ii) funding guidelines and structures. On the operational level, we identified constraints related to: i) organizational strategies and practices; ii) organizational culture; and iii) individual attributes and attitudes. By analyzing gender differences among these constraints, the study contributes to an understanding of varying needs for gender-specific founding support programs. The study also derives several implications for managing transfer at research organizations.
Keywords: academic entrepreneurship; academic spin-offs; gender; qualitative study; research-based companies

How Doctoral Students and Graduates Can Facilitate Boundary Spanning between Academia and Industry - Leena Kunttu; Essi Huttu; Yrjö Neuvo (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
The mobility of scientific competences from universities to industrial firms enables firms to absorb and utilize the knowledge developed in academia. However, too few young doctors are currently employed in industry, despite the fact that they could transfer and integrate valuable academic knowledge for industrial purposes and facilitate its utilization towards commercial ends. In this article, we investigate the role of doctoral students and graduates as academic boundary spanners by presenting three joint programs between universities and industrial players that facilitate and promote the industrial involvement of doctoral students and graduates. The cases highlight the meaning of university–industry collaboration in doctoral education and present practical examples of how industrial firms may facilitate the transfer of academic knowledge to industry through jointly organized doctoral education and postdoctoral mobility programs.
Keywords: academic engagement; doctoral education; industrial engagement; knowledge transfer; university–industry collaboration

How to Build Competencies for a Data-Driven Business: Keys for Success and Seeds for Failure - Jyrki Koskinen (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
Data analysis to create deep understanding and insights holds vast potential for innovation, but there is a severe shortage of data scientists. How then can a company create the competencies needed to obtain a competitive edge in the era of data-driven business? This article describes “Data Driven Business”, a program developed to coach company teams in Finland in the use of an innovation platform combining data analysis and service design using real-life case projects. The results suggest that this approach is an efficient way to build data-analysis competencies in a company: after taking the 14-week coaching course, 58% of the participating companies had launched a new product or service in the market within six months from the end of the course. After the program, a network called DOBit was established to share experiences among the members and to leverage data analysis and service thinking in society. This article describes the development and implementation of the course, its results and outcomes, and the keys for success and seeds for failure when attempting to build competencies for a data-driven business.
Keywords: best practices; case projects; data analysis; data-intensive services; design thinking; experiences; innovation platform; service design; service thinking; team building

How to Deal With and Repair Broken Trust in an R&D Partnership - Anna Brattström (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
This article offers an actionable framework for dealing with trust violations in R&D partnerships: it explains how to turn around a conflicted R&D partnership, repair trust, and learn from the experience. As innovation becomes more open, firms increasingly find themselves involved in R&D collaborations with suppliers, customers or even competitors. Trust plays a fundamental role in such partnerships to work. Yet, trust cannot be taken for granted. In fact, trust in R&D partnerships is often violated – and without executive intervention, trust violations can soon turn even the most promising partnership into a value-destroying predicament. Although much has been written about trust formation in R&D partnerships, this article focuses instead on what to do when trust has been broken. The analysis is based on a review of academic research and is illustrated with real-life examples of trust repair processes.
Keywords: conflict; Open innovation; R&D partnerships; trust; trust repair

How to Develop Innovation KPIs in an Execution-Oriented Company - Victoria Lakiza; Isabelle Deschamps (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
Numerous established companies look for ways to rejuvenate their innovation capabilities, as it is essential for their long-term survival. One way is through the development of key performance indicators (KPIs) to measure innovation success. However, the wrong performance measurement approach can hinder innovation efforts. This case study explores the steps and challenges associated with the development of innovation KPIs in an established execution-oriented manufacturing company. Three prerequisites are proposed for such a project in a similar context: 1) a minimal maturity level of innovation processes, 2) strategic alignment, and 3) commitment to innovation. It is also proposed that, in such an execution-oriented company, it might be more effective to start with KPIs that would encourage behaviours more favourable to innovation. Then, with stronger innovation capabilities, it will be easier to develop appropriate KPIs to measure the success of innovation endeavours.

Impact of Business Intelligence Solutions on Export Performance of Software Firms in Emerging Economies - Michael Neubert; Augustinus Van der Krogt (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
The article is written with the aim of understanding how well software firms in emerging economies perform when exporting their goods. Focusing on Paraguay as a representative context, a multiple-case-study research design was adopted using different sources of evidence, including 15 in-depth interviews with founders, shareholders, and CEOs. The data were analyzed using grounded theory in order to develop patterns and categories, and to understand differences and regularities. The revised Uppsala internationalization process model was used as a theoretical framework. This article highlights the experts’ views of the impact of business intelligence on the export performance of software firms in Paraguay. Although only a few of the interviewees currently use business intelligence solutions to support international strategic decision-making processes, most of them reveal a desire to use them because they expect it will have a positive impact on export performance and international competitiveness. The main factors for selecting a business intelligence solution are transparency of cost and benefits, excellent client service, and an attractive pricing model. The study results apply to all stakeholders who support the impact of business intelligence systems on the export performance of software firms in emerging economies. The article fulfils an identified need and call for research to study the use and impact of business intelligence on the way an emerging country’s exportation of goods actually performs, and the ability of its software firms to globalize successfully.
Keywords: artificial intelligence; business intelligence; emerging markets; global marketing; international business; international entrepreneurship; international management; machine learning; Paraguay; software industry

The Impact of Digitalization on the Speed of Internationalization of Lean Global Startups - Michael Neubert (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
Lean global startups need to internationalize early and fast. The digitalization of new foreign market development helps them to more efficiently identify new market opportunities in global markets. With this approach, they are saving resources while developing the most attractive markets. This article examines how lean global startups develop new foreign markets more rapidly due to digitalization. Thus, the aim is to understand the impact of digitalization on speed of internationalization of lean global startups. The study addresses a gap in the scholarly literature and a practical need to evaluate new foreign markets and business opportunities more quickly and more regularly and to understand what helps lean global startups react more quickly to opportunities and threats with respect to changing market attractiveness. Furthermore, it outlines why and how digitalization is important throughout the internationalization process. The research followed a multiple case-study design using different sources of evidence, including 73 interviews with senior managers of lean global startups. The findings reveal that digitalization allows lean global startups to increase decision-making efficiency and to optimize strategies and processes for evaluating international markets. The findings suggest that lean global startups can benefit from the use of digital technologies by applying a more efficient foreign market development process with regular reviews and a reduced workflow, by faster mediation between local market realities and strategic goals, by analyzing all foreign markets instead of just a sample of them, and by optimizing decision-making processes including the ability to make long-term, strategic decisions due to better market information.
Keywords: artificial intelligence; big data analytics; digitalization; global marketing; international business; international business development; international entrepreneurship; international management; lean global startup; machine learning

In Competition with Oneself: A Qualitative Inquiry into Amazon’s Entrepreneurial Culture - Dev K. Dutta (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
Utilizing a historiographic approach based on Amazon’s Letters to Shareholders (LTS) over a twenty-year timeframe (1997–2016), this article identifies the discerning features of the company’s entrepreneurial culture that enabled it to become one of today’s most innovative organizations. A content analysis of the LTS while coding for underlying theoretical themes reveals Amazon’s entrepreneurial culture has been increasingly celebrating a spirit of “Self-Competition”, and by embracing ideas such as “Day 1 Mentality”, “Customer Centricity”, and “Human Capital Focus”. The study findings have useful insights for entrepreneurs, founding teams, and corporate managers engaged in developing an entrepreneurial culture within their own organizations.
Keywords: corporate entrepreneurship; entrepreneurial culture; entrepreneurial orientation; innovation; qualitative methods

Inclusive Innovation in Biohacker Spaces: The Role of Systems and Networks - Jeremy de Beer; Vipal Jain (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
In this article, we examine the development of biohacker spaces and their impact on innovation systems through the lens of inclusive innovation. Examining issues associated with people, activities, outcomes, and governance, we observe that biohacker spaces offer an alternative approach to biotechnological research outside the orthodox walls of academia, industry, and government. We explain that harnessing the full innovative potential of these spaces depends on flexible legal and regulatory systems, including appropriate biosafety regulations and intellectual property policies and practices, and organic, community-based social and financial networking.
Keywords: biohacker spaces; biohacking; biotechnology; crowdfunding; inclusive innovation; innovation; law; regulation; social networks

Information Security Best Practices: First Steps for Startups and SMEs - Urpo Kaila; Linus Nyman (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
This article identifies important first steps toward understanding and implementing information security. From the broad selection of existing best practices, we introduce a lightweight yet comprehensive security framework with four useful first steps: identifying assets and risks; protecting accounts, systems, clouds, and data; implementing a continuity plan; and monitoring and reviewing. This article is intended primarily for startups and less mature companies, but it is likely to be of interest to any reader seeking an introduction to basic information security concepts and principles as well as their implementation.
Keywords: best practices; cybersecurity; information security; risk management; SMEs; startups

Innovation Instruments to Co-Create Needs-Based Solutions in a Living Lab - Lotta Haukipuro; Satu Väinämö; Pauliina Hyrkäs (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
This multiple case study focuses on co-creation facilitated with innovation instruments in three different environments – a school, a hospital, and an airport – in which 12 SMEs and startups developed solutions based on predefined needs of customer organizations, and where stakeholders actively participated through user involvement methods facilitated by a living lab. The article provides new knowledge regarding the benefits of the co-creation, user involvement, and use of the living lab approach within different contexts. Our findings show concrete benefits of co-creation for stakeholders such as companies, customer organizations, and end users. Based on our results, we propose a new, generic model for using innovation instruments to facilitate co-creation for the development of needs-based products and services in different service domains.
Keywords: co-creation; innovation instrument; innovation process; Living lab; SME; startup; user involvement

Key Constructs and a Definition of Living Labs as Innovation Platforms - Mika Westerlund; Seppo Leminen; Christ Habib (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
Despite the growing popularity of using living labs as innovation platforms and the increasing scholarly attention toward the topic, still relatively little is known about many of their central characteristics. We use a qualitative research approach to identify key constructs of living labs and to understand how these constructs show up in the operation of living labs. So doing, we used theoretical constructs from the literature on user innovation, co-creation, and living labs to analyze a sample of membership applications to the European Network of Living Labs (ENoLL). The results from the content analysis of 40 applications revealed nine key constructs that are characteristic to living labs: 1) objective, 2) governance, 3) openness, 4) stakeholders, 5) funding, 6) value, 7) communications, 8) infrastructure, and 9) methods. These key constructs provide new insight that helps us to provide a definition of living labs as innovation platforms.
Keywords: constructs; definition; ENoLL; innovation; living labs; platform

Lean Commercialization: A New Framework for Commercializing High Technologies - Saheed A. Gbadegeshin (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
Commercializing high technologies is expensive, tedious, and resource intensive. Meanwhile, there is a need for quick diffusion of innovations due to economic pressures for companies and research institutes. Therefore, this article proposes a new framework: lean commercialization. The framework represents a transformation of new technology and knowledge to products and services through the application of the lean/agile methodology. This methodology focuses on how resources can be minimized during the development, manufacturing, and marketing of new products and services, while still being accepted by customers. The lean commercialization framework was developed from a case study of high-technology companies and by interviewing commercialization experts. This article contributes to the theory and practice of commercialization of high technologies and provides a procedure for the practical application of the lean commercialization framework.
Keywords: Finland; high technologies; lean commercialization; lean startup; technology-based companies

The Library Living Lab: A Collaborative Innovation Model for Public Libraries - Fernando Vilariño; Dimosthenis Karatzas; Alberto Valcarce (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
New models of governance advance towards participatory schemes in which citizens not only play an active role in decision-making processes but also the processes by which new products and services are defined and introduced. In parallel, technological innovations, and the new horizons of creativity that they allow, open a huge range of options to innovation in all areas of society, particularly in the cultural field. Under these two premises – participation and innovation – the Library Living Lab initiative was born at the Public Library of Miquel Batllori Volpelleres in Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona. The Library Living Lab is a space that gathers all stakeholders around the public library with the aim of exploring new methods and tools that allow us to enjoy culture both individually and collectively. This article describes how technology can be an enabling factor in a citizen-initiated grassroots project. The project implements a complete model of inter-institutional collaboration with all relevant actors around the living lab working group. The specific challenges of developing an open, flexible, and inter-connected space are identified, and the interaction dynamics based on a challenge–action–return methodology definition are described through practical examples. Our conclusions tackle the challenges of a horizon for the implementation of innovation initiatives – such as living labs – in public spaces.
Keywords: cultural spaces; innovation; library; Living lab; participatory; public spaces; technology

Living Labs versus Lean Startups: An Empirical Investigation - Dimitri Schuurman; Sonja M. Protic (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
Although we seem to be living in an era where founding a startup has never been easier, studies point to the high mortality rates of these organizations. This “startup hype” has also induced many practitioner-based innovation management approaches that lack empirical studies and validation. Moreover, a lot of these approaches have rather similar angles, but use different wordings. Therefore, in this article, we look into two of these “hyped” concepts: the lean startup and living labs. We review the academic studies on these topics and explore a sample of 86 entrepreneurial projects based on project characteristics and outcomes. Our main finding is that the two approaches appear to be complementary. Living labs are powerful instruments to implement the principles of the lean startup, as the real-life testing and multi-disciplinary approach of living labs seem to generate more actionable outcomes. However, living labs also require the flexibility of a startup – ideally a lean one – to actually deliver this promise. Thus, rather than picking a winner in this comparison, we argue that combining the concepts’ different strengths can bring clear benefits.
Keywords: entrepreneurs; impact; Innovation management; lean startup; Living lab; Open innovation; testing; user innovation

Mixing Practices to Create Transdisciplinary Innovation: A Design-Based Approach - Kees Dorst (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
As the problems that are our organizations are facing become more complex, dynamic, and networked, they will need to become more flexible in their ability to respond. These complex networked problem situations often cannot be tackled from a single-discipline perspective, and thus transdisciplinary innovation – that is, innovation across and between disciplinary fields – is becoming more important. But how can we achieve innovation in those in-between spaces, when all of our knowledge and established approaches are held within the disciplines? In this article, we look beyond the limiting confines of traditional disciplines by seeing them as collections of smaller units of action: practices. After a foray into the anatomy of practices, we discuss how a design-based approach to transdisciplinary thinking creates a framework for the mixing of practices, articulating new insights and creating new possibilities for action in the space between the established professions.
Keywords: disciplines; innovation; practice; transdisciplinarity; transdisciplinary education

Overcoming Barriers to Frugal Innovation: Emerging Opportunities for Finnish SMEs in Brazilian Markets - Mirva Hyypiä; Rakhshanda Khan (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
Frugal innovation has become a popular concept, in academia but also in industry at large. Although there has been a great deal of discussion about the relevance of frugal innovation to the developed world, the notion’s full acceptance within small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) still seems far in the distance. The opportunities and barriers seen with practical implementation of frugal innovation during the development processes have received little attention. This article considers these opportunities and barriers in the context of Finnish SMEs, providing insight specifically into the approaches these companies take in Brazilian markets. Qualitative data were drawn from a case study forming part of an extensive action research-based development project called SCALA, aimed at creating suitable and scalable mobile learning services for global markets. The concepts of frugal innovation and proceeding from user needs – essential parts of the development processes – are examined by observing three Finnish SMEs and their top managers, with particular focus on their interaction with Brazilian partners. Development sessions and meetings shed light on how the companies perceived and responded to testing their products/services with six individual schools in Brazil. Although frugal innovation is seen as essential for guaranteeing long-term competitiveness of Finnish SMEs – and access to rapidly growing, unsaturated emerging markets such as Brazil can be a step in the right direction – our study highlights numerous barriers and ways to overcome them in the real-world implementation of frugality in SMEs’ development processes.
Keywords: barriers; Brazilian markets; Finnish SMEs; frugal innovation; opportunities

Patterns of Frugal Innovation in Healthcare - Hareem Arshad; Marija Radić; Dubravko Radić (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
Frugal innovations have the potential to offer simple and cost-effective solutions to the healthcare challenges of the world. However, despite the potential for frugal innovations in healthcare, this context has been rarely studied. The objective of this article is to shed some light on patterns of frugal innovations in healthcare and thereby contribute to the literature. With this aim, we conducted a comprehensive literature review and searched for innovations that were labelled as frugal and were related to healthcare. This led us to a sample of 50 frugal innovations in the healthcare sector. For each of the 50 selected examples, we examined various characteristics of the innovation, such as the country of origin, first launch market, type of innovator, type of innovation, type of care, and geographic diffusion. Our findings show that most of the frugal innovations originated in the United States, followed by India. The most frequent first launch market was India. In terms of types of innovators, academia seemed to be the strongest driver. Most frugal innovations are product innovations in the fields of neonatology and general practice. In this article, we expand on these findings and examine the relationships between individual variables to reveal further insights. Finally, we offer conclusions, an outlook for frugal innovation in the healthcare sector, and future research questions.
Keywords: developing economies; emerging economies; frugal innovation; global health; healthcare

A Practice Method for Studying Creative Communities - Pekka Buttler (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
Explaining innovation – even merely spotting it actually happening – is difficult. In this article, I introduce an industry-friendly approach that will enable practitioners and researchers alike to observe, interpret, and understand the different types of creativities – the raw materials necessary for innovation – that happen in creative communities. The Practice Method for Studying Creative Communities (PMSCC) is based on theories developed by Nonaka and Takeuchi. However, unlike mainstream practice-oriented methods, the PMSCC does not necessitate the use of theory-heavy conceptualizations; instead, it focuses on the everyday, creative micro-interactions in communities. As I describe in this article, the PMSCC offers practitioners and researchers an effective way to gain new insights into an otherwise relatively opaque process. Besides outlining the method, I also present results from a research project utilizing the PMSCC, showing how the method can produce worthwhile findings, foster new insights, and help practitioners hone their creative processes.
Keywords: communities; creativity; innovation; practice; research method; teamwork

The Prime Mover Matrix: A Conversation Piece for Building Strategic Innovative Capacity - Magnus Hoppe (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
The article introduces the Prime Mover Matrix as a conversation piece that will help management build strategic innovation capacity and gain desired influence on industrial standards and thus power. After all, just because a company calls itself innovative and invests in R&D does not mean it is actually innovative. To be strategically innovative means that a company deliberately builds its technical innovative capacity and business innovative capacity in relation to the influence of other actors’ actions and innovations. By doing this, a company will be able to increase its influence on industrial standards and gain the necessary power to reach its objectives. It is a relative position towards a moving target, which is why companies must continuously change through learning. This means that management needs help to reflect on how their own company’s innovative capacity compares to their competitors, and they must unceasingly steer their capacity towards the desired innovation position. Today, we lack intuitive and usable tools that will facilitate strategic conversations on how to best invest for desired innovation capacity. In order to fill this void, this article proposes the Prime Mover Matrix: a model that functions as a conversation piece for triggering an assessment of an industry’s technical, business, and prime movers.
Keywords: analytical models; business innovative capacity; conversation pieces; industrial standards; innovation strategy; Prime Mover Matrix; technical innovative capacity

Q&A. Innovation and Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Research: Where Are We Now and How Do We Move Forward? - Paavo Ritala; Robin Gustafsson (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
Keywords: approaches; business ecosystem; entrepreneurial ecosystem; innovation ecosystem; methods; research; theoretical foundations

Q&A. What Barriers Do Women Face in Becoming High-Tech Entrepreneurs in Rural India? - Rituparna Basu; Sarada Chatterjee (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
Keywords: barriers; challenges; entrepreneurship; India; rural; technology; women

The Role of Middle Managers in the Implementation of a Corporate Incubator: A Case Study in the Automotive Sector - Rebecca Hirte (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
Lately, there has been a growing tendency of corporations to establish corporate incubators as a strategic tool of transformation. However, the managers of those incubators are often lacking the appropriate knowledge and experience when it comes to setting the right framework for implementing such novel innovation units. In this context, the role of middle managers needs to be re-evaluated in order to support them with the right toolset for such an endeavour to become successful. This article analyzes the role of middle managers in the implementation of a corporate incubator by conducting an in-depth single case study within a large German automotive company. In addition to insights from a comprehensive literature review, the study’s interviews with 13 experts reveal challenges as well as key success factors from the perspective of middle managers on the stated research problem. In particular, the ability of middle managers to influence employees and top management has been considered with the aim of avoiding resistance and failure. The findings from this study contribute to the research streams of corporate incubation and middle management. In addition, the findings are particularly relevant for managers of large corporations who are facing the challenge of transforming their organization due to digitalization and unpredictable developments in the market.
Keywords: case study; corporate incubator; Innovation management; intrapreneurship; middle managers

Science Is Indispensable to Frugal Innovations - Balkrishna C. Rao (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
In recent years, frugal innovations have become widely popular due to their no-frills nature that entails lower costs. However, most of the frugal innovations, at least at the grassroots level, are makeshift contraptions, made from indigenous ingenuity, that achieve their goals under constraints on various resources but may suffer from limited lifespans due to premature failure. Consequently, it is imperative that sound scientific principles not be overlooked or haphazardly applied in realizing these innovations, irrespective of their grassroots or sophisticated nature. This article therefore argues for the need to use science, sometimes at the cutting edge, to realize grassroots and advanced frugal innovations that are not prone to failure under various working conditions. In so doing, this work advocates the use of classical and new design methodologies that are rooted in science to save resources and, hence lower costs, while aiming for robust functionality of frugal products. In particular, a frugal design approach using a modern version of the safety factor called the “factor of frugality” has been propounded to effectively create any type of frugal innovation from scratch. By combining the ingenuity of the resourceful creators of frugal innovations with a scientific approach that aims to make the resulting products “fail proof”, such innovations may better contribute value to business and benefits to society.
Keywords: factor of frugality; factor of safety; frugal innovation; research; sustainable development

Smart Farming: Including Rights Holders for Responsible Agricultural Innovation - Kelly Bronson (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
This article draws on the literature of responsible innovation to suggest concrete processes for including rights holders in the “smart” agricultural revolution. It first draws upon historical agricultural research in Canada to highlight how productivist values drove seed innovations with particular consequences for the distribution of power in the food system. Next, the article uses document analysis to suggest that a similar value framework is motivating public investment in smart farming innovations. The article is of interest to smart farming’s decision makers (from farmers to governance actors) and a broader audience – anyone interested in engendering equity through innovation-led societal transitions.
Keywords: agriculture; automation; big data; machine intelligence; power; responsible innovation; smart agriculture; technological values

Strategic Foresight of Future B2B Customer Opportunities through Machine Learning - Daniel Gentner; Birgit Stelzer; Bujar Ramosaj; Leo Brecht (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
Within the strategic foresight literature, customer foresight still shows a low capability level. In practice, especially in business-to-business (B2B) industries, analyzing an entire customer base in terms of future customer potential is often done manually. Therefore, we present a single case study based on a quantitative customer-foresight project conducted by a manufacturing company. Along with a common data mining process, we highlight the application of machine learning algorithms on an entire customer database that consists of customer and product-related data. The overall benefit of our research is threefold. The major result is a prioritization of 2,300 worldwide customers according to their predicted technical affinity and suitability for a new machine control sensor. Thus, the company gains market knowledge, which addresses management functions such as product management. Furthermore, we describe the necessary requirements and steps for practitioners who realize a customer-foresight project. Finally, we provide a detailed catalogue of measures suitable for sales in order to approach the identified high-potential customers according to their individual needs and behaviour.
Keywords: action research; B2B industries; customer base analysis; customer foresight; customer knowledge; customer profile; data mining; machine learning; strategic foresight

A Strategic Management Maturity Model for Innovation - Ferhat Demir (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
Even though strategic management is highly critical for all types of organizations, only a few maturity models have been proposed in the business literature for the area of strategic management activities. This article updates previous studies and presents a new conceptual model for assessing the maturity of strategic management in any organization. The Strategic Management Maturity Model for Innovation (S3M-i) is composed of six maturity levels with seven dimensions. The main contribution of the S3M-i is to put innovation into the agenda of strategic management. The main objective of this study is to propose a model to align innovation with business strategies. This article suggests that innovation (new breakthrough products/services and business models) is the only way of creating sustainable growth, and strategy studies cannot ignore this aspect. Maturity models should embrace innovation to respond to the dynamic business environment and rapidly changing customer behaviours.
Keywords: business model; innovation; maturity model; strategic management

Supporting Self-Determined Indigenous Innovations: Rethinking the Digital Divide in Canada - Jasmin Winter; Justine Boudreau (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
This article seeks to revisit dominant narratives of digital technological development in Indigenous communities in Canada. By prioritizing Indigenous voices and drawing from concepts of self-determination and sovereignty, this analysis reorients discourse surrounding the “digital divide” towards a strength-based approach that positions Indigenous peoples as innovators and creators, not just consumers, of digital technologies. This article begins with a discussion of how dominant media has used technology and technological imagery to misrepresent Indigenous cultures and perpetuate colonial biases, and emphasizes the importance of making space for Indigenous future imagery. Following this is a discussion of digital storytelling and virtual landscapes, showcasing a small sample of Indigenous initiatives online, in video game and app development, and in augmented and virtual reality. Finally, this article considers the potential of “makerspaces” as a framework for future action to bridge theory and practice.
Keywords: digital; Indigenous; innovation; makerspaces; technology

A Taxonomy of Factors Influencing Drop-Out Behaviour in Living Lab Field Tests - Abdolrasoul Habibipour; Annabel Georges; Anna Ståhlbröst; Dimitri Schuurman; Birgitta Bergvall-Kåreborn (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
The concept of a “living lab” is a relatively new research area and phenomenon that facilitates user engagement in open innovation activities. Studies on living labs show that the users’ motivation to participate in a field test is higher at the beginning of the project than during the rest of the test, and that participants have a tendency to drop out before completing the assigned tasks. However, the literature still lacks theories describing the phenomenon of drop-out within the area of field tests in general and living lab field tests in particular. As the first step in constructing a theoretical discourse, the aims of this study are to present an empirically derived taxonomy for the various factors that influence drop-out behaviour; to provide a definition of “drop-out” in living lab field tests; and to understand the extent to which each of the identified items influence participant drop-out behaviour. To achieve these aims, we first extracted factors influencing drop-out behaviour in the field test from our previous studies on the topic, and then we validated the extracted results across 14 semi-structured interviews with experts in living lab field tests. Our findings show that identified reasons for dropping out can be grouped into three themes: innovation-related, process-related, and participant-related. Each theme consists of three categories with a total of 44 items. In this study, we also propose a unified definition of “drop-out” in living lab field tests.
Keywords: drop-out; field test; Living lab; taxonomy; user engagement; user motivation

Technology Entrepreneurship in Emerging Markets: An Exploration of Entrepreneurial Models Prevalent in India - Shiv S Tripathi; Mita Brahma (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
Are the features and processes of entrepreneurship – such as wealth creation, risk taking, vision, identification of a niche market, launching new products, and so on – common across the world? Many would assume they would be. However, firms that are entrepreneurial in nature and belong to emerging markets may or may not follow the established models of developed economies. In this study, we sought to explore various types of entrepreneurial models that are prevalent in an emerging market. For this purpose, we collected primary and secondary data to identify characteristics of technology-based entrepreneurial firms in India. Based on the two dimensions of degree of demand/supply and expected loss/risk, we identify four models of entrepreneurship – incremental, proactive, radical, and reactive – and illustrate each model with examples from Indian companies.
Keywords: emerging markets; entrepreneurship; India; models; technology; typology

To Internationalize or Not to Internationalize? A Descriptive Study of a Brazilian Startup - Flavia Luciane Scherer; Italo Fernando Minello; Cristiane Krüger; Andréa Bach Rizzatti (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
This study examines the failed internationalization experience of a Brazilian high-tech startup. The research methodology of the study is descriptive and aims to explore whether this startup should re-internationalize, despite an unsuccessful first experience. Based on interviews with the founders, it was found that the initial internationalization took place in an incipient way, in the heat of the moment. The lack of success with the initial internationalization did not shake the directors of the startup, who aim to return to internationalization, now in a consolidated way and counting on the advice of an investor. Despite its bitter first experience, should the startup try again? Through an analysis of the lessons learned from the startup’s initial failure and insights from its consideration of a possible second attempt, this study contributes to the literature on competitiveness, internationalization, and international entrepreneurship.
Keywords: entrepreneurial; innovation; internationalization; startups; technology

A Topic Modelling Analysis of Living Labs Research - Mika Westerlund; Seppo Leminen; Mervi Rajahonka (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
This study applies topic modelling analysis on a corpus of 86 publications in the Technology Innovation Management Review (TIM Review) to understand how the phenomenon of living labs has been approached in the recent innovation management literature. Although the analysis is performed on a corpus collected from only one journal, the TIM Review has published the largest number of special issues on living labs to date, thus it reflects the advancement of the area in the scholarly literature. According to the analysis, research approaches to living labs can be categorized under seven broad topics: 1) Design, 2) Ecosystem, 3) City, 4) University, 5) Innovation, 6) User, and 7) Living lab. Moreover, each topic includes a set of characteristic subtopics. A trend analysis suggests that the emphasis of research on living labs is moving away from a conceptual focus on what living labs are and who is involved in their ecosystems to practical applications of how to design and manage living labs, their processes, and participants, especially users, as key stakeholders and in novel application areas such as the urban city context.
Keywords: big data; data mining; innovation; Living lab; living laboratory; research trends; text analytics; topic modeling; topic modelling

Transdisciplinarity at the Crossroads: Nurturing Individual and Collective Learning - Chris Riedy; Dena Fam; Katie Ross; Cynthia Mitchell (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
Practitioners of transdisciplinary inquiry, which we define to include research, learning, collaboration, and action, encounter innumerable tensions. Some tensions are universal, while others are unique to that particular inquiry at that point in time. Resolving these tensions requires innovative practices, which emerge through experience with transdisciplinary inquiry. In this article, we reflect on two decades of transdisciplinary inquiry at the Institute for Sustainable Futures. Drawing on that experience, we argue that one crucial innovative practice is to create space for collective, reflective learning. Such learning frequently takes place in spaces we call “crossroads”. These are formal and informal spaces where practitioners who have been on their own transdisciplinary learning journeys (experiencing diverse tensions and applying diverse approaches) come together in dialogue to share, reflect, critically and constructively question, imagine, challenge, and synthesize their experiences into collective organizational learning. Crossroads can emerge spontaneously but can also be consciously nurtured. In our experience, they help us to sustain the innovation needed for transdisciplinary inquiry and to avoid stagnation or routinization. At these reflective, and often times transformative, crossroads, we make sense of our messy, non-linear transdisciplinary journeys and develop innovations to take our transdisciplinary practices forward.
Keywords: collaborative research; collective learning; learning journeys; transdisciplinary innovation

Transdisciplinary Research in the Built Environment: A Question of Time - Paula Femenías; Liane Thuvander (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
In this article, we reflect on 14 years of experience with transdisciplinary research in the built environment. We critically consider challenges and pitfalls in relation to normative definitions of transdisciplinary research derived from the literature. Our experiences from five transdisciplinary research projects are presented with a focus on each project’s aim, size, organization of work, and funding. Results show that different kinds of transdisciplinary research approaches co-exist and that these can serve different purposes and situations. In most cases, transdisciplinary projects lead to raised levels of awareness of the complexity of real-world problems among participating partners. In some cases, the outcome is a useful innovation, in order to support such innovation, a focus on real cases is encouraged. However, there might be a trade-off between the focused attention on a real case and the maintained interest among diverse participants in a larger project. An important insight is that innovation and knowledge development through transdisciplinary settings take time. It is favourable for the development of networks, common visions, trust, and innovation if consecutive transdisciplinary projects can be arranged with the same partners. We conclude the article by providing practical guidelines to support the management of transdisciplinary projects.
Keywords: built environment; consecutive projects; innovation processes; practical experiences; sustainable renovation; transdisciplinary research

Transnational Entrepreneurship: Distinctive Features and a New Definition - Eduardo Bailetti (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
Definitions of transnational entrepreneurship are too general making it difficult to understand what distinguishes transnational entrepreneurship from other forms of entrepreneurship. In addition, these definitions identify the “immigrant”, “ethnic”, or “migrant” entrepreneur as the focal actor rather than the company. This makes it difficult to align transnational entrepreneurship with the theory of the firm and provide practical insights to practitioners. This article examines 11 definitions of transnational entrepreneurship, discovers the groups of words that best represent the information in a corpus comprised of 44 journal articles, identifies the key features that distinguish transnational entrepreneurship from other forms of entrepreneurship, and advances a new definition of transnational entrepreneurship. The results indicate that transnational entrepreneurship has two key distinctive features: cross-border investment logic and institutional distance – the difference in institutional context between countries. Accordingly, transnational entrepreneurship may be usefully defined as “a cross-border investment to acquire, combine, and recombine specialized individuals and heterogeneous assets to create and capture value for the company under conditions of institutional distance and uncertainty”. This proposed definition builds on the features that make transnational entrepreneurship distinctive, is consistent with the theory of the firm, and carries implications for how to grow companies at an early stage.
Keywords: cross-border; definition; entrepreneurship; features; topic modelling; transnational

Tread Carefully: Managing Identities and Expectations in High-Tech Industry–Academia Collaborations - Els De Maeijer; Tom Van Hout; Mathieu Weggeman; Ger Post (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
Industry–academia collaborations are in continual flux. The changing role of academics is reflected in the interaction between industry and academia. In this article, we examine how meetings as a genre are used to establish and alter the roles and identities of participants. First, interactional analysis shows that a meeting set-up revolving around academic presentations confirms an old role division between collaborators where academic contributions are vulnerable to undervaluation. Second, we found that so called “leading individuals” show critical discourse awareness that allows partners to reposition themselves in relation to each other. They use interactional strategies to create a joint purpose, empower participants to jointly realign, and motivate them to openly share progress. This results in a power shift where academics feel free to pursue their agendas. With this article, we try to understand how the choice of linguistic features shapes social and interpersonal relations in industry–academia collaborations by focusing on open innovation as a socially contingent process.
Keywords: critical discourse awareness; industry-academia; interaction; leadership; Open innovation

Understanding the Role of Rural Entrepreneurs in Telecentre Sustainability: A Comparative Study of the Akshaya and eSeva Projects in India - Gaurav Mishra; Balakrishnan Unny R (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
In rural areas of India, telecentres provide access to computers and other digital technologies and have been utilized as a delivery channel for various government services. Following a public–private partnership (PPP) model, there is a general belief among policy makers that the revenue from government-to-consumer (G2C) services would be sufficient to cover the village-level entrepreneurs’ cash flow requirements and therefore provide financial sustainability. Also, the literature suggests that telecentres have a large enough market for public-access businesses to be commercially viable. In India, around 100,000 telecentres are being set up to serve 600,000 villages – one telecentre for every six villages – to provide one-window access to government services. In the literature, a lack of government services is often quoted as a reason for telecentre failure. This study, using an exploratory approach, aims to understand the parameters that relate to the sustainability of telecentres across a number of common, government-related services. It is observed that some telecentres perform better than the others even though they have the same number of government-related services. Reasons for such differences are explored and the learnings from this research will benefit the stakeholders who are engaged in providing telecentre-based services in other developing countries. In addition, a theoretical framework is suggested to understand the dynamics between different types of sustainability parameters such as financial, social, staff, technology, and institutional. The findings of this research have policy implications in terms of the way services are designed and delivered through telecentres in developing countries such as India.
Keywords: developing countries; entrepreneurship; India; services; sustainability; telecentres

Using Constructive Research to Structure the Path to Transdisciplinary Innovation and Its Application for Precision Public Health with Big Data Analytics - Carolyn McGregor (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
New approaches to complex societal challenges require a diverse mix of resources and skillsets from different disciplines to create solutions that are of a transdisciplinary innovation nature. The constructive research method enables the purposeful creation of methods, modules, tools, and techniques that have applicability well beyond the case study that motivated their creation. This research presents a bottom-up approach that follows a structured path to transdisciplinary innovation. A method is presented that demonstrates how a set of innovative research collaborations progress from disciplinary innovation to multidisciplinary innovation and ultimately onto interdisciplinary innovation. Anchored in overlapping computer science concepts, drawing on the constructive research methodology for purposeful synthesis and integration between the projects, a greater transdisciplinary goal can emerge. This method is demonstrated through a case study involving a set of big data analytics research projects involving diverse disciplines such as computer science, critical care medicine, aerospace, tactical operations, and public health. The resultant collective vision for transdisciplinary innovation that has resulted offers new approaches to maintaining individual wellness within communities across their entire lifespan on earth and in space.
Keywords: adaption; big data; critical care; precision public health; resilience; transdisciplinary innovation

Value Creation in the Internet of Things: Mapping Business Models and Ecosystem Roles - Heini Ikävalko; Petra Turkama; Anssi Smedlund (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
The increasing connectivity provided by the Internet of Things (IoT) supports novel business opportunities for actors in overlapping service systems. Therefore, the co-creative nature of IoT business needs to be further studied. This article reports an empirical study on a European IoT initiative. It contributes to the understudied area of IoT ecosystem dynamics by describing different actor roles and activities in the IoT use cases, and their implications for value creation in IoT ecosystems. Our findings show how IoT ecosystem actors may take the roles of ideator, designer, or intermediary in different IoT design layers, and we recommend this perspective to better understand and describe ecosystem business models. We also discuss the theoretical and managerial implications of our findings.
Keywords: business model; ecosystem; Internet of Things; role; value co-creation

What Do Business Customers Value? An Empirical Study of Value Propositions in a Servitization Context - Kwesi Sakyi-Gyinae; Maria Holmlund (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
This study was conducted in response to calls from the research community and industry for a greater empirical exploration of value propositions. It uses customer value-in-use as a starting point and employs empirical data on value propositions in a servitization context. The findings demonstrate how customers articulate the value-in-use, or benefits, of a selected offering. These results are subsequently used to develop value proposition elements that are aligned with these benefits. The implications for the value proposition literature and for companies in a servitization situation are discussed.
Keywords: customer value in use; service transition; servitization; value proposition; value-in-use dimension

When a New Platform Enters a Market, What Is the Impact on Incumbents? - Andreas J. Steur (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2018)
Digital platforms enable new forms of business models with the potential to disrupt and transform many industries. However, the impact of a platform’s market entry on incumbents has not been taken into account. In this article, our objective is to provide evidence of the impact that a platform’s market entry could have on incumbents. We proposed several hypotheses based on a literature review and then evaluated them using a large dataset from the taxi industry in New York City. Our analysis showed several changes after a platform’s market entry. In contrast to previous understanding, the results indicate that the winner-takes-it-all-effect does not generally apply to the competition between new platforms and incumbents. Regarding the date of changes following a platform’s market entry, we observed a chicken-or-egg problem in the competition between a platform and incumbents. Consequently, our results indicate that incumbents have at least one year to react to the market entry and to make adjustments.
Keywords: impact of market entry; incumbents; multi-sided market; platform competition; platforms; two-sided market

Academic Publishing, Internet Technology, and Disruptive Innovation - Haven Allahar (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
After 350 years of operation, the academic journal publishing industry is imbalanced and in flux as a result of the impacts of Internet technology, which has led, over the past 20 years, to the rise of open access publishing. The introduction of open access journals, in the opinion of many researchers, is considered to be a case of disruptive innovation that is revolutionizing the industry. This article analyzes the traditional journal publishing system, the recent open access models of journal publishing as an evolving phenomenon, the nature and extent of open access as a disruptive innovation, and the implications for key stakeholders. The major finding is that open access publishing has gained traction because technology has contributed to lower publication costs, easier access to research articles, and speedier publishing processes. However, the threat posed by open access has not significantly impacted traditional publishers because of strategies employed by the major publishers and slow adoption of open access by some researchers.
Keywords: academic publishing; disruptive innovation; internet technology and publishing; journal publishing; open access publishing models

Accelerating Research Innovation by Adopting the Lean Startup Paradigm - Kaisa Still (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
Converting scientific expertise into marketable products and services is playing an increasingly important role in the launching of new ventures, the growth of existing firms, and the creation of new jobs. In this article, we explore how the lean startup paradigm, which validates the market for a product with a business model that can sustain subsequent scaling, has led to a new process model to accelerate innovation. We then apply this paradigm to the context of research at universities and other research organizations. The article is based on the assumption that the organizational context matters, and it shows how a deeper understanding of the research context could enable an acceleration of the innovation process. We complement theoretical examples with a case example from VTT Technical Research Institute of Finland. Our findings show that many of the concepts from early-acceleration phases – and the lean startup paradigm – can also be relevant in innovation discussions within the research context. However, the phase of value-proposition discovery is less adequately addressed, and that of growth discovery, with its emphasis on building on a scalable, sustainable business does not seem to be addressed with the presented innovation approaches from the research context. Hence, the entrepreneurial activities at the research context differ from those in startups and internal startups in established organizations.
Keywords: commercialization; context; innovation; innovation acceleration; innovation paradox; lean startup; research; research organization; VTT

Action Research as a Framework to Evaluate the Operations of a Living Lab - Sara Logghe; Dimitri Schuurman (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
In this article, we propose an action research approach to capture and act upon the delights and frustrations of panel members who participate in living lab research in order to optimize the operations of the living lab itself. We used this approach to test the effectiveness of action research in providing guidelines to practitioners to evaluate and design effective and sustainable user involvement processes in living labs. We conducted a focused literature review and an in-depth case study of both the integration of a researcher within the community and the implementation of an action research project within an existing living lab. This living lab is regarded as both a forerunner and a best-practice example in Europe. Based on our findings, we recommend co-creating the “operations” of a living lab with the users themselves following a combined action research and living lab approach.
Keywords: action research; Living lab; panel management; participatory action research; user research

Anticipating Alternative Futures for the Platform Economy - Mikko Dufva; Raija Koivisto; Leena Ilmola-Sheppard; Seija Junno (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
Despite the considerable hype around platforms, our understanding of what the platform economy means and what drivers will define future development trajectories is limited. Companies and policy makers have a great need to investigate what potential opportunities will arise from the platform economy. A shared perception of uncertainties and a strong vision are prerequisites for the development of the platform economy. In this article, we describe a systematic way to develop a resilient vision for a new platform ecosystem, both from the viewpoint of national policy makers and corporate strategy makers in the heavy engineering industry. The process uses morphological analysis for scenario development and robust portfolio modelling for creating resilient strategies. The results include a list of key uncertainties, three general scenarios (sustainable development by Europe; polarization driven by China and the United States; US-driven fast, unreliable growth) as well as steel-industry specific scenarios based on these uncertainties, elements of a resilient vision, and strategies for coping with the uncertainties described by the scenarios.
Keywords: foresight; morphological analysis; platform economy; platforms; portfolio modelling; resilience; scenarios; strategy

Anticipating the Economic Benefits of Blockchain - Melanie Swan (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
In this general overview article intended for non-experts, I define blockchain technology and some of the key concepts, and then I elaborate four specific applications that highlight the potential economic benefits of digital ledgers. These applications are digital asset registries, blockchains as leapfrog technology for global financial inclusion, long-tail personalized economic services, and net settlement payment channels. I also highlight key challenges that offset the potential economic benefits of blockchain distributed ledgers, while arguing that the benefits would outweigh the potential risks. The overarching theme is that an increasing amount of everyday operations involving money, assets, and documents could start to be conducted via blockchain-based distributed network ledgers with cryptographic security, and at more granular levels of detail. One economic implication of widespread blockchain adoption is that the institutional structure of society could shift to one that is computationally-based and thus has a diminished need for human-operated brick-and-mortar institutions.
Keywords: blockchain; cryptocurrencies; cryptoeconomics; cybersecurity; digital asset registries; digital goods; distributed ledgers; economics; eWallet; lightning network; long tail markets; payment channels; programmable money; smart assets; smart contracts; streaming money

Big Data and Individual Privacy in the Age of the Internet of Things - Mackenzie Adams (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
The availability of “big data” and “smart” products are credited with advancing solutions to complex problems in medicine, transportation, and education, among others. However, with big data comes big responsibility. The collection, storage, sharing, and analysis of data are far outpacing individual privacy protections, whether technological or legislative. The Internet of Things (IoT), with its promise to create networks of networks, will magnify individual data privacy threats. Recent data breaches, exposing the personal information of millions of users, provide insight into the vulnerability of personal data. Although seemingly expansive, there are core individual privacy issues that are central to current big data breaches and anticipated IoT threats. This article examines both big data and the IoT using examples of data privacy breaches to illustrate the impact of individual data loss. Furthermore, the article examines the complexity of tackling technological and legislative challenges in protecting individual privacy. It concludes by summarizing these issues in terms of the future implications of the IoT and the loss of privacy.
Keywords: big data; cybersecurity; data breaches; Internet of Things; IOT; privacy; smart devices

A Blockchain Ecosystem for Digital Identity: Improving Service Delivery in Canada’s Public and Private Sectors - Greg Wolfond (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
Blockchain-based solutions have the potential to make government operations more efficient and improve the delivery of services in the public and private sectors. Identity verification and authentication technologies, as one of the applications of blockchain-based solutions – and the focus of our own efforts at SecureKey Technologies – have been critical components in service delivery in both sectors due to their power to increase trust between citizens and the services they access. To convert trust into solid value added, identities must be validated through highly-reliable technologies, such as blockchain, that have the capacity to reduce cost and fraud and to simplify the experience for customers while also keeping out the bad actors. With identities migrating to digital platforms, organizations and citizens need to be able to transact with reduced friction even as more counter-bound services move to online delivery. In this article, drawing on our own experiences with an ecosystem approach to digital identity, we describe the potential value of using blockchain technology to address the present and future challenges of identity verification and authentication within a Canadian context.
Keywords: blockchain; consumer privacy; cybersecurity; digital assets; digital attributes; digital identity; identity fraud; identity verification; online privacy; online security

Categorization of Innovation Tools in Living Labs - Seppo Leminen; Mika Westerlund (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
This article examines the link between innovation processes and the use of innovation tools in living labs. So doing, it develops a conceptual framework based on the literature to analyze 40 living labs in different countries. The study contributes to the discussion on living labs by introducing a new typology of living labs based on their innovation process characteristics and usage of tools: linearizer, iterator, mass customizer, and tailor. Moreover, it proposes three ways to organize innovation activities in living labs. The article concludes by providing a set of implications to theory and practice, and suggesting directions for future research on living labs.
Keywords: innovation tool; Living lab; method; Open innovation; user innovation

Collaborative Capability in Coworking Spaces: Convenience Sharing or Community Building? - Marcelo F. Castilho; Carlos O. Quandt (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
This study explores the development of collaborative capability in coworking spaces. It is based on the perception of collaboration among 31 coworking founders, community managers, and coworkers of those spaces. In-depth interviews around the meaning of collaboration and its challenges were conducted in 14 coworking spaces located in six Asian countries. A set of factors was identified and a model was proposed based on a set of four dimensions: enabling knowledge sharing, enhancing a creative field, enhancing an individual action for the collective, and supporting a collective action to an effective execution. The “Convenience Sharing” and “Community Building” coworking types based on Capdevila (2014) suggest different conditions under which collaborative capability develops. Convenience Sharing coworking spaces tend to foster collaborative capability through knowledge sharing and effective execution, whereas Community Building coworking spaces tend to foster collaborative capability by enhancing a creative field and individual action for the collective. Overall, this study contributes to a theoretical model for coworking spaces to help coworking founders and community managers make strategic decisions. The findings suggest that collaborative capability in coworking spaces depends on the interlacing of a set of factors along four dimensions that relate in varying degrees of intensity to a two-fold coworking space typology.
Keywords: collaboration; collaborative knowledge work; collaborative workspaces; coworking; innovativeness

Combining Exploratory Analysis and Automated Analysis for Anomaly Detection in Real-Time Data Streams - Ahmed Shah; Ibrahim Abualhaol; Mahmoud Gad; Michael Weiss (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
Security analysts can become overwhelmed with monitoring real-time security information that is important to help them defend their network. They also tend to focus on a limited portion of the alerts, and therefore risk missing important events and links between them. At the heart of the problem is the system that analysts use to detect, explore, and respond to cyber-attacks. Developers of security analysis systems face the challenge of developing a system that can present different sources of information at multiple levels of abstraction, while also creating a system that is intuitive to use. In this article, we examine the complementary nature of exploratory analysis and automated analysis by testing the development of a system that monitors real-time Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) traffic for anomalies that might indicate security threats. BGP is an essential component for supporting the infrastructure of the Internet; however, it is also highly vulnerable and can be hijacked by attackers to propagate spam or launch denial-of-service attacks. Some of the attack scenarios on the BGP infrastructure can be quite elaborate, and it is difficult, if not impossible, to fully automate the detection of such attacks. This article makes two contributions: i) it describes a prototype platform for computing indicators and threat alerts in real time and for visualizing the context of an alert, and ii) it discusses the interaction of exploratory analysis (visualization) and automated analysis. This article is relevant to students, security researchers, and developers who are interested in the development or use of real-time security monitoring systems. They will gain insights into the complementary aspects of automated analysis and exploratory analysis through the development of a real-time streaming system.
Keywords: anomaly detection; cybersecurity; exploratory analysis; real-time data streams; visualization

Comparing the Entrepreneurial Ecosystems for Technology Startups in Bangalore and Hyderabad, India - M H Bala Subrahmanya (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
Technology startups are gaining increasing attention from policy makers the world over because they are seen as a means of encouraging innovations, spurring the development of new products and services, and generating employment. Technology startups tend to thrive when inserted in a conducive entrepreneurial ecosystem. Therefore, ecosystem promotion is being given increasing policy support. However, the emergence and structure of entrepreneurial ecosystems for technology startups have hardly been traced and examined in detail. In India, Bangalore occupies a unique position in the startup world, and Hyderabad is fast emerging as one of the promising startup hubs in the country. Given this background, we set out to explore and examine the structure, evolution, and growth of ecosystems for technology startups in the context of Bangalore and Hyderabad. Both the ecosystems emerged due to the initial foundation laid in the form of government–industry–academia triple helix and their interactions leading to the emergence of a modern industrial cluster followed by an information technology and biotechnology cluster, which then led to R&D cluster serving both the cities. These three clusters together, gradually and steadily, facilitated an entrepreneurial ecosystem for technology startups to emerge. The ecosystem operates within the triple helix model and has a nucleus with two outer layers: i) an inner layer of primary (indispensable) factors and ii) an outer layer of supplementary (secondary) factors. Through the analysis of the experiences of Bangalore and Hyderabad and their ecosystem evolution, its structure, and components, we derive key lessons for others within and beyond India.
Keywords: Bangalore; ecosystems; entrepreneurship; Hyderabad; India; startups; technology

Convergent Innovation in Emerging Healthcare Technology Ecosystems: Addressing Complexity and Integration - Mark A. Phillips; Tomás S. Harrington; Jagjit Singh Srai (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
Precision Medicine and Digital Health are emerging areas in healthcare, and they are underpinned by convergent or cross-industry innovation. However, convergence results in greater uncertainty and complexity in terms of technologies, value networks, and organization. There has been limited empirical research on emerging and convergent ecosystems, especially in addressing the issue of integration. This research identifies how organizations innovate in emerging and convergent ecosystems, specifically, how they address the challenge of integration. We base our research on empirical analyses using a series of longitudinal case studies employing a combination of case interviews, field observations, and documents. Our findings identify a need to embrace the complexity by adopting a variety of approaches that balance “credibility-seeking” and “advantage-seeking” behaviours, to navigate, negotiate, and nurture both the innovation and ecosystem, in addition to a combination of “analysis” and “synthesis” actions to manage aspects of integration. We contribute to the convergent innovation agenda and provide practical approaches for innovators in this domain.
Keywords: complexity; convergent innovation; ecosystems; healthcare; integration

The Core Interaction of Platforms: How Startups Connect Users and Producers - Heidi M. E. Korhonen; Kaisa Still; Marko Seppänen; Miika Kumpulainen; Arho Suominen; Katri Valkokari (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
The platform economy is disrupting innovation while presenting both opportunities and challenges for startups. Platforms support value creation between multiple participant groups, and this operationalization of an ecosystem’s value co-creation represents the “core interaction” of a platform. This article focuses on that core interaction and studies how startups connect producers and users in value-creating core interaction through digital platforms. The study is based on an analysis of 29 cases of platform startups interviewed at a leading European startup event. The studied startups were envisioning even millions of users and hundreds or thousands of producers co-creating value on their platforms. In such platform businesses, our results highlight the importance of attracting a large user pool, providing novel services to those users, offering a new market for producers, supporting the core interaction in various ways, and utilizing elements of the platform canvas – an adaptation of the business model canvas, which we have accommodated for platform-based business models – to accomplish these goals.
Keywords: core interaction; digital platforms; multisided markets; platform business; platform canvas; slush event; startups; value creation

A Cybersecurity Risk Assessment Framework that Integrates Value-Sensitive Design - Aida Alvarenga; George Tanev (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
Medical devices today are more effective and connected than ever before, saving more patient lives and making healthcare practitioner’s jobs more efficient. But with this interconnectedness comes inherent concerns over increased cybersecurity vulnerabilities. Medical device cybersecurity has become an increasing concern for all relevant stakeholders including: patients, regulators, manufacturers, and healthcare practitioners. Although cybersecurity in medical devices has been covered in the literature, there is a gap in how to address cybersecurity concerns and assess risks in a way that brings value to all relevant stakeholders. In order to maximize the value created from cybersecurity risk mitigations, we review literature on the state of cybersecurity in the medical device industry, on cybersecurity risk management frameworks in the context of medical devices, and on how cybersecurity can be used as a value proposition. We then synthesize the key contributions of the literature into a framework that integrates cybersecurity value considerations for all relevant stakeholders into the risk mitigation process. This framework is subsequently applied to the hypothetical case of an insulin pump. Using this example case, we illustrate how medical device manufacturers can use the framework as a standardized method that can be applicable to medical devices at large. Our ultimate goal is to make cybersecurity risk mitigation an exploitable asset for manufacturers rather than a regulatory obligation.
Keywords: cybersecurity; framework; medical devices; risk assessment; value propositions; value-sensitive design

The Defining Characteristics of Urban Living Labs - Kris Steen; Ellen van Bueren (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
The organization of supported and sustainable urban interventions is challenging, with multiple actors involved, fragmented decision-making powers, and multiple values at stake. Globally, urban living labs have become a fashionable phenomenon to tackle this challenge, fostering the development and implementation of innovation, experimentation, and knowledge in urban, real-life settings while emphasizing the important role of participation and co-creation. However, although urban living labs could in this way help cities to speed up the sustainable transition, urban living lab experts agree that, in order to truly succeed in these ambitious tasks, the way urban living labs are being shaped and steered needs further research. Yet, they also confirm the existing variation and opaqueness in the definition of the concept. This article contributes to conceptual clarity by developing an operationalized definition of urban living labs, which has been used to assess 90 sustainable urban innovation projects in the city of Amsterdam. The assessment shows that the majority of the projects that are labelled as living labs do not include one or more of the defining elements of a living lab. In particular, the defining co-creation and development activities were found to be absent in many of the projects. This article makes it possible to categorize alleged living lab projects and distill the “true” living labs from the many improperly labelled or unlabelled living labs, allowing more specific analyses and, ultimately, better targeted methodological recommendations for urban living labs.
Keywords: characteristics; cities; definition; living labs; TIM Review; urban living labs

The Design-Driven Living Lab: A New Approach to Exploring Solutions to Complex Societal Challenges - Rens Brankaert; Elke den Ouden (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
In this study, we aimed to explore the potential of a design-driven living lab as an innovative approach to addressing societal challenges. This living lab incorporates design qualities such as exploration, open-ended results, and disruption. This approach was applied in three case studies within the context of dementia, each of which explored the impact of Qwiek.up – a media system that creates an ambient experience in a room through projection and sound. A cluster analysis of the results in the three case studies showed that the system has considerable potential for people with dementia, and possibly also for other groups. In addition, the design-driven approach led to new applications in care, improved functionality, and a broader design space. Our findings show that design-driven living labs can widen the scope of innovation and improve the value proposition of an innovative solution.
Keywords: design; Living lab; societal challenges; technology probe

Designing a Business Model for Environmental Monitoring Services Using Fast MCDS Innovation Support Tools - Tuomo Eskelinen; Teemu Räsänen; Ulla Santti; Ari Happonen; Miika Kajanus (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
The free availability of open data provides opportunities to start new businesses and gain business intelligence. However, although data is often used to support decisions and actions, the possibilities offered by modern sensor technologies with connections to cloud-based data collection services are not being effectively capitalized. Data collection systems are also not generally open source solutions, even though open and flexibly adjustable systems would broaden the opportunities for solutions and larger revenue streams. In this article, we used action research methods to discover new business opportunities in a semi-open information system that utilizes environmental monitoring data. We applied a four-stage innovation process for industry, which included context definition, idea generation, and selection, and produced multi-criteria decision support (MCDS) data to help the design of business model. This was done to reveal business opportunities for an environmental monitoring service. Among these opportunities, one service-style business model canvas was identified as feasible and selected for further development. We identified items that are needed in the commercialization process of environmental monitoring services. Our process combines open environmental monitoring data, participative innovation process, and MCDS support, and it supports and accelerates a co-creative business model creation process that is cost-beneficial in terms of saving time. The results are applicable to the creation of an open data information system that supports data-driven innovation.
Keywords: business model; data collection; environmental monitoring; MCDS; open data; service innovation

Digital Technology Entrepreneurship: A Definition and Research Agenda - Ferran Giones; Alexander Brem (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
Technology entrepreneurship is an established concept in academia. However, recent developments in the context of digital entrepreneurship call for revision and advancement. The multiple possible combinations of technology and entrepreneurship have resulted in a diversity of phenomena with significantly different characteristics and socio-economic impact. This article is focused on the identification and description of technology entrepreneurship in times of digitization. Based on current examples, we identify and describe characterizations of technology entrepreneurship, digital technology entrepreneurship, and digital entrepreneurship. With this new delineation of terms, we would like to foster discussion between researchers, entrepreneurs, and policy makers on the impact of digitization on entrepreneurship, and set a future research agenda.
Keywords: definitions; digital entrepreneurship; digital technology entrepreneurship; entrepreneurship; technology entrepreneurship; technology Innovation

Editorial: 10th Anniversary Issue (July 2017) - Chris McPhee (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
Keywords: ecosystems; entrepreneurship; inclusive innovation; India; knowledge commercialization; living labs; OSBR; TIM Review; topic modelling; universities; urban

Editorial: Blockchain (October 2017) - Chris McPhee; Anton Ljutic (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
Keywords: authentication; Bitcoin; blockchain; cryptography; digital identity; economics; healthcare; internal audit; services; smart contracts; transactions; trust

Editorial: Collaboration (December 2017) - Chris McPhee (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
Keywords: collaboration; collaborative capability; cooperation; coworking; education; entrepreneurial commitment; entrepreneurship; industry; interdisciplinarity; SMEs; startups; university

Editorial: Cybersecurity (April 2017) - Chris McPhee; Michael Weiss (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
Keywords: anomaly detection; automation; big data; cybersecurity; exploration; Hypponen’s law; Internet of Things; IOT; legislation; medical devices; privacy; real time; risk assessment; security engineering; smart devices; value proposition; vulnerabilities

Editorial: Innovation in Living Labs (February 2017) - Chris McPhee; Seppo Leminen; Mika Westerlund; Dimitri Schuurman; Pieter Ballon (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
Keywords: action research; business-to-business; emotions; innovation; living labs; needsfinding; operations; reflection

Editorial: Innovation in Living Labs (January 2017) - Chris McPhee; Dimitri Schuurman; Pieter Ballon; Seppo Leminen; Mika Westerlund (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
Keywords: agile methods; conceptualizations; innovation labs; Innovation management; innovation tool; living labs; Open innovation; user innovation

Editorial: Insights (August 2017) - Chris McPhee (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
Keywords: academic spin-offs; business model development; car sharing; incubation; leadership; Machiavelli; management; organizational culture; research institutes; researchers; sharing economy; social media; technology transfer

Editorial: Insights (June 2017) - Chris McPhee (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
Keywords: competitive intelligence; creativity; cybersecurity; entrepreneurship; internal communication management; Internet of Things; service design; training; university–industry collaboration

Editorial: Insights (March 2017) - Chris McPhee (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
Keywords: collaboration; exploitation; exploration; hybrid entrepreneurship; innovation ecosystems; insourcing; organizational ambidexterity; outsourcing; part-time entrepreneurship; R&D; roles; suppliers

Editorial: Insights (November 2017) - Chris McPhee (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
Keywords: academic publishing; business models; cities; collaboration; entrepreneurship; fourth industrial revolution; Industry 4.0; Internet of Things; IOT; living labs; open access; open data; Open innovation; social innovation; value propositions

Editorial: Lean and Global (May 2017) - Chris McPhee; Stoyan Tanev (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
Keywords: born global; entrepreneurship; global; international new venture; internationalization; lean; startup

Editorial: Platforms and Ecosystems (September 2017) - Chris McPhee; Ozgur Dedehayir; Marko Seppänen (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
Keywords: digital transformation; ecosystems; innovation; orchestrators; platform economy; platforms; stakeholders; startups; strategy; technology; value creation

Educational Involvement in Innovative University–Industry Collaboration - Leena Kunttu (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
The positive link between university research and industrial innovation has been widely recognized among academics and industrial practitioners. A remarkable volume of previous research emphasizes the importance of the transfer of academic knowledge into the industrial domain. In this sense, it is surprising that the role of university education is an almost neglected topic in the research concerning university–industry collaboration, despite education and the creation of knowledge being a primary goal of universities and providing great potential in terms of improving competences. This study presents a case study that analyzes educational involvement in nine long-term university–industry relationships. In all the cases, the research collaboration between industrial firm and university research group is directly associated with close educational involvement. The aim of the case analysis is to understand mechanisms and practices of educational collaboration that facilitate relational learning and innovation development in university–industry relationships. The forms of educational involvement studied in this article include student projects, thesis projects, jointly organized courses, and tailored degree courses. The findings of the study reveal a number of educational collaboration practices that may facilitate relational learning, creation of new knowledge, as well as innovation development in university–industry relationships.
Keywords: academic involvement; educational involvement; innovation; knowledge transfer; university–industry collaboration

Effects of Business Model Development Projects on Organizational Culture: A Multiple Case Study of SMEs - Ulla Santti; Tuomo Eskelinen; Mervi Rajahonka; Kaija Villman; Ari Happonen (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
Previous research has shown that links between organizational culture and innovativeness/performance may act as a “social glue” that helps a company develop organizational culture as a competitive advantage. In this study of three case companies, the organizational culture change due business model development projects is studied using the Competing Values Framework (CVF) tool and interviews with respondents about discovered changes. To reveal intervention and implied effects between business model development project and organizational culture changes, we used CIMO logic (context, intervention, mechanism, and outcome) to bridge practice and theory by explanatory, backward-looking research. Our case studies of companies in relatively short-duration business model development projects indicate that organizational culture may have some dynamic characteristics, for example, an increase of the adhocracy organizational type in all case companies or an increase in the hierarchical leadership type in one case company. Thus, the development of an organizational culture type can be partly controlled. Our results also indicated business model development projects do have a minor effect on organizational culture, even when development activities have not been put fully into practice. However, the more comprehensively business model development project activities have been put into practice, the larger the effect on organizational culture.
Keywords: business model; business model canvas; competing values framework; development project; organizational culture; service design; SME

The Fourth Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0): A Social Innovation Perspective - Rabeh Morrar; Husam Arman; Saeed Mousa (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
The rapid pace of technological developments played a key role in the previous industrial revolutions. However, the fourth industrial revolution (Industry 4.0) and its embedded technology diffusion progress is expected to grow exponentially in terms of technical change and socioeconomic impact. Therefore, coping with such transformation require a holistic approach that encompasses innovative and sustainable system solutions and not just technological ones. In this article, we propose a framework that can facilitate the interaction between technological and social innovation to continuously come up with proactive, and hence timely, sustainable strategies. These strategies can leverage economic rewards, enrich society at large, and protect the environment. The new forthcoming opportunities that will be generated through the next industrial wave are gigantic at all levels. However, the readiness for such revolutionary conversion require coupling the forces of technological innovation and social innovation under the sustainability umbrella.
Keywords: fourth industrial revolution; Industry 4.0; Internet of Things; social innovation

Heading for a FALL: A Framework for Agile Living Lab Projects - Tanguy Coenen; Sarie Robijt (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
Living lab methodologies need to enhance reactivity to changing requirements as these appear in a project. Agile methods allow for quick reactivity, but have been critiqued for not sufficiently taking into account the end-user perspective. In this article, we describe how to blend living lab methodologies with agile methods and, to this end, we present a Framework for Agile Living Lab projects (FALL). To make the framework actionable, we propose a number of actor roles. With concrete examples from living lab practice and a discussion of the theoretical basis, this article is relevant to both academics and practitioners.
Keywords: agile; design science research; lean UX; living labs; methodology; SCRUM

Hitching Healthcare to the Chain: An Introduction to Blockchain Technology in the Healthcare Sector - Mark A. Engelhardt (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
Health services must balance patient care with information privacy, access, and completeness. The massive scale of the healthcare industry also amplifies the importance of cost control. The promise of blockchain technology in health services, combined with application layers built atop it, is to be a mechanism that provides utmost privacy while ensuring that appropriate users can easily add to and access a permanent record of information. Blockchains, also called distributed ledgers, enable a combination of cost reduction and increased accessibility to information by connecting stakeholders directly without requirements for third-party brokers, potentially giving better results at lower costs. New ventures are looking to apply blockchain technology to solve real-world problems, including efforts to track public health, centralize research data, monitor and fulfill prescriptions, lower administrative overheads, and organize patient data from an increasing number of inputs. Here, concrete examples of the application of blockchain technology in the health sector are described, touching on near-term promise and challenges.
Keywords: blockchain; distributed ledger; health; patient-centred care; trust

How Researchers Use Social Media to Promote their Research and Network with Industry - Päivi Jaring; Asta Bäck (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
Social media is now an essential information and interaction channel. Companies advertise and sell their products and services through social media, but this channel has not been so commonly applied to the task of selling knowledge and research work. This article studies the use of social media by researchers to promote their research and network with product developers in industry, and it presents a model of the use of social media by researchers. The data for this research was obtained by interviewing individual researchers of a research organization and surveying product developers from industry. The findings show that social media is seen as a good source of new information and contacts, and it is suitable for promoting awareness of research services and results. The results show that the speed and intensity of social media present challenges for researchers, but by being active in posting content and participating in discussions, researchers can derive benefits and enhance their personal reputations.
Keywords: brand building; industry; marketing; networking; promotion; research; researcher; social media

Hybrid Entrepreneurship: How and Why Entrepreneurs Combine Employment with Self-Employment - Marina Z. Solesvik (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
Changes in the labour market and growth in the diversity of non-standard working arrangements have heightened the interest of policy makers and entrepreneurship researchers in “hybrid entrepreneurship”, which is a combination of employment and entrepreneurship. This form of entrepreneurship is particularly popular among highly educated professionals in the high-technology and R&D sectors. With the goal of improving our understanding and defining a research agenda for this phenomenon, I examined the relevant literature to clarify definitions and I undertook a research study to examine first-hand, through a longitudinal case study, the experiences of two hybrid entrepreneurs, one who intended to become a full-time entrepreneur and one who wish to be hybrid entrepreneur. The key result of the study emphasizes that hybrid entrepreneurs should not be considered as a homogeneous group: some hybrid entrepreneurs may always stay at their waged jobs and others may tend to become full-time entrepreneurs. The results have implications for policy makers wishing to encourage hybrid entrepreneurship and for researchers wishing to undertake further research into this phenomenon.
Keywords: definitions; hybrid entrepreneurs; hybrid entrepreneurship; risk taking; self-employment

Improving Internal Communication Management in SMEs: Two Case Studies in Service Design - Tuomo Eskelinen; Mervi Rajahonka; Kaija Villman; Ulla Santti (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
Effective information management is a success factor for business growth, but small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) face challenges in transferring knowledge and information from one organizational unit to another. In this study of two case companies, participative business model development processes were designed to identify challenges and solutions in internal communication management. A service design approach based on CIMO logic (context, intervention, mechanism, and output) showed that the participative business model technique and process can identify problems and challenges in internal communication management, as well as in the prioritization of actions. The process is a creative service design process including both divergent and convergent phases. The process increased motivation among personnel to find solutions, encouraged communication, and created joint understanding on how to solve problems. The technique helped to bring tacit information into use.
Keywords: business model; internal communication management; participative process; service design; stakeholder involvement; training

Inclusive Innovation in Developed Countries: The Who, What, Why, and How - R. Sandra Schillo; Ryan M. Robinson (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
Although widely appreciated as an important driver of economic growth, innovation has also been established as a contributor to increasing economic and social inequalities. Such negative consequences are particularly obvious in the context of developing countries and extreme poverty, where innovation’s contributions to inequalities are considered an issue of social and economic exclusion. In response, the concept of inclusive innovation has been developed to provide frameworks and action guidelines to measure and reduce the inequality-increasing effects of innovation. In developing countries, attention has only recently turned to the role of innovation in increasing inequalities, for example in the context of the degradation of employment in the transition from production to service industries. Although the focus of this early work is primarily on economic growth, innovation in developed countries also contributes to social exclusion, both of groups traditionally subject to social exclusion and new groups marginalized through arising innovations. This article summarizes the origins of the concept of inclusive innovation and proposes a four-dimensional framework for inclusive innovation in developed countries. Specifically, innovation needs to be inclusive in terms of people, activities, outcomes, and governance: i) individuals and groups participating in the innovation process at all levels; ii) the types of innovation activities considered; iii) the consideration of all positive and negative outcomes of innovation (including economic, social, and environmental); and iv) the governance of innovation systems. This framework is intended to guide policy development for inclusive innovation, as well as to encourage academics to investigate all dimensions of inclusive innovation in developed countries.
Keywords: developed countries; framework; inclusive innovation; inequality; social exclusion

Initiating a New Research Phase in the Field of International Entrepreneurship: An Interview with Professor Nicole Coviello - Nicole Coviello; Stoyan Tanev (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
Keywords: born global; definitions; international business; international entrepreneurship; international new ventures; internationalization; lean and global startups

Innovation by Collaboration between Startups and SMEs in Switzerland - Fabio Mercandetti; Christine Larbig; Vincenzo Tuozzo; Thomas Steiner (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
Open innovation is key to the success of many companies. It is based on the intelligent use of all possible resources, including collaborations with parties outside the firm. Although it is well known that large companies foster and use startups as experiments in their innovation process, little is known about similar activities with small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The aim of this article is to report the results of research done in Switzerland on startups and SMEs. It reveals that most startups know that they must co-operate with other companies from the very beginning of their existence, and that both sides have difficulties in performing a systematic search for possible partners. Hence, to encourage the collaborative development of innovative solutions, we propose building bridges between startups and SMEs, making the identification of possible users of new technologies (SMEs) more accessible to startups, as well as making startups more identifiable by SMEs.
Keywords: collaboration co-operation; innovation; matchmaking; SMEs; startups

Innovation in the Public Sector: Exploring the Characteristics and Potential of Living Labs and Innovation Labs - Dimitri Schuurman; Piret Tõnurist (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
Living labs and innovation labs share many common traits and characteristics. Both concepts are linked to the public sector, and both concepts can be regarded as coping mechanisms to deal with contemporary changes in the innovation landscape and within society as a whole. Both build on past initiatives and practices, but are also struggling to find their own clear identity and “raison d’être”. Because both concepts are largely practice-driven, their theoretical underpinnings and foundations are mostly established after the fact: making sense of current practice rather than carefully researching and planning the further development. However, despite their similarities and common ground, most researchers treat living labs and innovation labs as separate literature streams. Here, starting from a review of the current issues and challenges with innovation in the public sector, we look for links between both concepts by analyzing the current definitions, the predecessors, and the “state of the art” in terms of empirical research. Based on these findings, we summarize a set of similarities and differences between both concepts and propose a model towards more collaboration, mutual exchange, and integration of practices between innovation labs, which can be regarded as initiators of innovation, and living labs, which can be regarded as executors of innovation. Thus, we add to the conceptual development of both concepts and propose a roadmap for the further integration of both the theory and practice of living labs and innovation labs.
Keywords: collaborative innovation; innovation labs; living labs; Open innovation; public sector; user innovation

The Internet of (Vulnerable) Things: On Hypponen's Law, Security Engineering, and IoT Legislation - Mikko Hypponen; Linus Nyman (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
The Internet of Things (IoT) and the resulting network-connectedness of everyday objects and appliances in our lives bring not only new features and possibilities, but also significant security concerns. These security concerns have resulted in vulnerabilities ranging from those limited in effect to a single device to vulnerabilities that have enabled IoT-based botnets to take over hundreds of thousands of devices to be used for illegal purposes. This article discusses the vulnerable nature of the IoT – as symbolized by Hypponen’s law – and the parts both manufacturers and consumers play in these vulnerabilities. This article makes the case for the importance of security engineering for IoT manufacturers, highlights some significant issues to help consumers address these vulnerabilities, and argues for legislation as perhaps the only reliable means of securing the Internet and its connected devices.
Keywords: consumers; cybersecurity; Hypponen’s law; Internet of Things; IOT; legislation; manufacturers; security engineering; smart devices; vulnerability

Lean Internationalization: How to Globalize Early and Fast in a Small Economy - Michael Neubert (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
This study examines the early market internationalization of 32 high-tech startups that operate internationally from small and open economies. It uses a comparative cross-national multiple case study research design to explore how such startups may differ in their speed of internationalization. Based on interviews with the founders, the speed of early market internationalization in these startups increases significantly due to the application of lean market development processes. The findings provide a basis for developing propositions for further comparative studies focusing on the early and fast internationalization of high-tech startups based in emerging and developed markets. The study contributes to the literature on networks, internationalization, and international entrepreneurship.
Keywords: born-global firm; early and fast internationalization; global marketing; high-tech startup; international entrepreneurship; lean internationalization; small and open economy; Uppsala internationalization process

A Managerial Decision Tool for R&D Outsourcing and Partner Selection in High-Technology Industries - Iivari Kunttu (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
Deciding which tasks and projects are best performed in-house and which should be outsourced to external suppliers are, alongside the supplier selection process, among the key challenges for R&D managers operating in high-technology firms. This study presents a decision tool for evaluating whether to pursue R&D tasks in-house or to outsource them. The tool also helps R&D managers to evaluate which of the supplier candidates would be best suited to undertake the task to be outsourced. The tool is based on four views of evaluation that have both managerial and theoretical roots: identity, dependence, efficiency, and competence. The tool has been developed in a qualitative multiple case study based on R&D supplier relationships and has been empirically tested in an R&D organization.
Keywords: decision tool; outsourcing; partner selection; research and development; supplier involvement

Methods for Supporting Older Users in Communicating Their Emotions at Different Phases of a Living Lab Project - Sonja Pedell; Alen Keirnan; Gareth Priday; Tim Miller; Antonette Mendoza; Antonio Lopez-Lorca; Leon Sterling (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
In this article, we focus on living lab methods that support the elicitation of emotions – a key success factor in whether a design solution will be accepted and taken up over the long term. We demonstrate the use of emotional goal models to help understand what is relevant for a target user group in the early phases of design. We promote animations and storyboards to envision the context of use and to gain an understanding of how design ideas can integrate into people’s lives. For the evaluation of ideas and to further understand user needs, we show how technology probes facilitate natural interactions with a suggested solution concept. All methods have in common that they enable older adults without design or development experience to participate in the design process and work towards a meaningful solution by helping to communicate feelings and goals that are often hard to define. Lastly, we present a process model that demonstrates our emotion-led design toolkit at various phases of a living lab process.
Keywords: aging well; co-design methods; emotion-led design; expressing emotions; Living lab; personal alarm systems

Needsfinding in Living Labs: A Structured Research Approach - Louise Savelkoul; Murk Peutz (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
Living labs enable innovations to be facilitated and implemented quickly and efficiently. A key element of the living lab approach is the active involvement of users. In this article, we examine a structured needsfinding phase of a living lab infrastructure project within the context of bicycle commuting. Given that effectuation costs are high, it is essential for the lab to focus on tackling the right user needs. Thus, the living lab’s needsfinding phase aims to identify user needs and wants, as measured by bicycle commuting intention. We examined intention in a structured way by following the theory of planned behaviour. The results show that bicycle commuting intention can be explained by the variables of our model (R square=0.808). The specific insights arising from the needsfinding phase are an important focus for the activities and experiments in the later phases of the living lab. The generalized insights are also relevant to innovation experts outside the area of cycling.
Keywords: commuting; cycling; intention; Living lab; needsfinding; theory of planned behaviour

Opening the Black Box of Ambidexterity: Three Product Development Stories - John Fiset; Isabelle Dostaler (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
Organizational ambidexterity, which can be roughly defined as the ability for organizations to combine old and new ways of doing things to meet organizational objectives, has drawn considerable attention in the management literature in recent years. Authors distinguish clearly between structural ambidexterity, which implies that ambidextrous organizations are firms in which groups of people concentrate on traditional business or ways of doing things while others explore new avenues, and contextual ambidexterity, which characterizes companies where any individual can be ambidextrous. Our research is positioned in the contextual ambidexterity perspective. In this article, we apply the typology of four ambidextrous behaviours developed by Birkinshaw and Gibson (2004) to increase our understanding of the process whereby organizational actors are able to build on existing capabilities or business processes while developing new ones. Our results indicate that at least three of the ambidextrous behaviours proposed by Birkinshaw and Gibson (2004) (initiator, broker, and multitasker) are helpful to understand how new product development team members rely on proven approaches while simultaneously introducing new ones to successfully overcome daily challenges. Practitioners should be encouraged to become familiar with the concept of ambidexterity, to recognize when and how the successful combination of old and new ways of doing happens, and to promote these occurrences.
Keywords: adaptability; alignment; ambidextrous behaviour; contextual ambidexterity; exploitation; exploration; new product development

Orchestrating Innovation Ecosystems: A Qualitative Analysis of Ecosystem Positioning Strategies - Katri Valkokari; Marko Seppänen; Maria Mäntylä; Simo Jylhä-Ollila (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
This article explores how firms can orchestrate innovation ecosystems to enhance collaboration for innovation among different actors. Most previous research on ecosystems has focused on firm-level strategies to operate in an ecosystem rather than the composition or orchestration of an ecosystem as a whole. However, finding the balance between the self-interests of involved actors is critical in order to create collaborative settings that induce different parties to jointly develop and put their best efforts into a joint endeavour. Thus, we undertook a qualitative study with 35 case companies from the metal and engineering industries, each of whom was interested in developing their position in ecosystems and improving their relational business practices. The findings suggest that there is an essential ecosystem competence that is needed by all actors in an ecosystem, regardless of their position, and that is the ability to manage dynamic strategic interactions related to innovation. This competence enables them to ensure the future vitality of the ecosystem and their own business. These results highlight the need for managers to profile their own company’s role in an ecosystem in relation to the type of ecosystems, while simultaneously evaluating the ecosystem’s ability and potential to survive.
Keywords: actors; collaboration; ecosystems; innovation; orchestration; positioning; roles; strategy

Orchestration Roles to Facilitate Networked Innovation in a Healthcare Ecosystem - Minna Pikkarainen; Mari Ervasti; Pia Hurmelinna-Laukkanen; Satu Nätti (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
This study examines orchestration roles in a networked innovation context characterized by significant transformation. In particular, an exploratory case study approach is taken to study the roles of innovation network orchestrators and their actions to facilitate networked activities in different phases of the innovation process. The context of the case study, a healthcare ecosystem that aims to co-create technological innovations to support the pediatric surgery journey, provides valuable insights about orchestration and adds knowledge on specific limitations set by the orchestrator-specific and context-related issues in a professional context. The findings of this study highlight the need for careful coordination that allows shared understanding of the goals of the orchestration process and achievable innovation implementations. It is shown that parallel, evolving, and even changing orchestrator roles are needed in complex networked innovation settings.
Keywords: case study; exploratory approach; healthcare ecosystem; high-level experts; innovation orchestration; roles

Overcoming Barriers to Experimentation in Business-to-Business Living Labs - Ruben D’Hauwers; Aron-Levi Herregodts; Annabel Georges; Lynn Coorevits; Dimitri Schuurman; Olivier Rits; Pieter Ballon (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
Business-to-business (B2B) living lab projects have been mentioned in different areas of academic research, but the innovation management literature requires deeper analysis of their potential opportunities and challenges. Real-life experimentation is a key requirement for living labs as it enables deeper insights in the potential success of innovations. However, the literature has not provided insights on how living lab projects can implement real-life experimentation in B2B innovation projects and does not describe appropriate conditions for experimentation in these settings. In this study, we identified three main barriers preventing real-life experimentation in B2B living lab projects: the technological complexity, the need for integration, and the difficulty in identifying testers. The barriers are discussed in detailed and potential solutions are provided to help overcome these barriers and stimulate the adoption of real-life experimentation in B2B innovation projects.
Keywords: B2B; experimentation; living labs; testing; user research

Platforms for Innovation and Internationalization - Erik Stavnsager Rasmussen; Nicolaj Hannesbo Petersen (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
The high-tech global startup has many challenges related to both innovation and internationalization. From a Danish cluster of Welfare Tech firms, eight innovative and international firms were selected and interviewed. Such firms typically have to be agile and operate in virtual networks in almost all parts of their value chains. This article contributes to the understanding of how innovation and internationalization to a great extent are interlinked. The firms have developed a core product or service offering, which the firms often describe as “a platform”. Around the platform, they develop their products and services for new customers and users in new countries. The firms have to sustain a strong focus on the platform while at the same time developing their platform solution for new products, new customers, and new markets. This pivoting makes it possible to use the platform in a new context but is highly demanding for the firms. They need to be extremely agile and fast-moving but at the same time still to have a focus on the core of the firm: the platform.
Keywords: globalization; innovation; internationalization; lean and global startups; lean startup; platform

Promoting Entrepreneurial Commitment: The Benefits of Interdisciplinarity - Franziska Brodack; Anna Sinell (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
This article is the first to examine the relationship between interdisciplinarity and entrepreneurial commitment in academic spin-offs. Building on literature on interdisciplinarity, academic entrepreneurship, and entrepreneurial intention, we analyzed the development of nine interdisciplinary spin-off teams comprising expertise from science, industry, and design. Our findings suggest that interdisciplinary teams engage with their ideas, maintain productive interaction, and successfully implement these ideas. Subjects in this study thoroughly developed their project proposals and implementation strategies by examining them from multiple angles. They believed not only in the value of these projects, but in their own ability to see them through. They found one another’s contributions highly inspirational and experienced a strong sense of responsibility and motivation. Communication within the teams was well managed, and tasks were clearly defined and distributed. Based on our findings, we put forward a number of propositions about the positive effects of interdisciplinarity on entrepreneurial commitment and conclude with implications for future research and practice.
Keywords: academic spin-offs; entrepreneurial commitment; interdisciplinarity; team composition; teamwork; technology transfer

Q&A. Are Universities Ready for Knowledge Commercialization? - Mohammad Saud Khan (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
Keywords: commercialization; entrepreneurship; knowledge; research; technology transfer; universities

Q&A. Does Machiavelli’s The Prince Have Relevant Lessons for Modern High-Tech Managers and Leaders? - Clovia Hamilton (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
Keywords: cut-throat competition; Innovation management; leadership; lean philosophy; Machiavelli; Machiavellian; management; technological innovation leadership; The Prince

Q&A. How Do Digital Platforms for Ideas, Technologies, and Knowledge Transfer Act as Enablers for Digital Transformation? - Mokter Hossain; Astrid Heidemann Lassen (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
Keywords: digital platforms; digitization; enablers; knowledge management; Open innovation

Q&A. Is Internal Audit Ready for Blockchain? - Hugh Rooney; Brian Aiken; Megan Rooney (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
Keywords: blockchain; controls; governance; internal audit; risk management

Realistic Creativity Training for Innovation Practitioners: The Know–Recognize–React Model - Dagny Valgeirsdottir; Balder Onarheim (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
Creativity is increasingly being recognized as important raw material for innovation, which highlights the importance of identifying ways to increase the creativity of practitioners. In this article, we describe our efforts to design a creativity training program specifically for innovation practitioners. Our aim was to develop a program that would be both theoretically sound (i.e., based on a rigorous scientific foundation) and relevant for practitioners (i.e., applicable to real-world contexts). Our transdisciplinary study employed co-creation as a method to ensure that three layers of focus would be taken into consideration: metacognitive knowledge, metacognitive monitoring, and metacognitive control. The result is a program called Creative Awareness Training, which is based on the new Know–Recognize–React model.
Keywords: co-creation; cognitive creativity; creative awareness; creative process; creativity; creativity training; front-end innovation; innovation process; metacognition; transdisciplinary

Reflecting on 10 Years of the TIM Review - Chris McPhee; Teemu Santonen; Ahmed Shah; Ali Nazari (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
In July 2007, the first issue of this journal was published under the banner of the Open Source Business Resource. Re-launched with a broader scope in 2011 as the Technology Innovation Management Review, the journal now celebrates its 10th anniversary. In this article, we review the 10-year history of the journal to examine what themes have been covered, who has contributed, and how much the articles have been read and cited. During those 10 years, the journal has published 120 monthly issues, including more than 800 publications by more than 800 international authors from industry, academia, the public sector, and beyond. As discovered with topic modelling, the journal has covered seven themes: open source business, technology entrepreneurship, growing a business, research approaches, social innovation, living labs, and cybersecurity. Overall, the website has attracted over 1 million readers from around the world – 31% from Asia, 30% from the Americas, 26% from Europe, 8% from Africa, and 5% from Oceania – with over 25,000 readers now accessing the site each month.
Keywords: business; entrepreneurship; innovation; journal; management; open source; OSBR; research; scientometric analyses; technology; TIM Review; topic; topic modelling

Reflecting on Actions in Living Lab Research - Anna Ståhlbröst; Marita Holst (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
Living labs deploy contemporary open and user-centred engagement processes in real-world contexts where all relevant stakeholders are involved and engaged with the endeavour to create and experiment with different innovations. The approach is evidently successful and builds on the perspective that people have a democratic right to have influence over changes that might affect them, such as those brought about by an innovation. In this article, we will reflect on and discuss a case in which end users took part in the development of a method that stimulates learning and adoption of digital innovations in their own homes while testing and interacting with it. The results show that, when end users were stimulated to use the implemented innovation through different explicit assignments, they both increased their understanding of the situation as well as changed their behaviour. Living lab processes are complex and dynamic, and we find that it is essential that a living lab have the capability to adjust its roles and actions. We argue that being reflective is beneficial for innovation process managers in living labs because it allows them to adjust processes in response to dynamic circumstances.
Keywords: action research; Apollon; context; digital innovations; end users; innovation process; Living lab; research process

The Sharing Economy and the Future of Personal Mobility: New Models Based on Car Sharing - Olga Novikova (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
The sharing economy is an emerging phenomenon that shapes the cultural, economic, and social landscape of our modern world. With variations of the concept of the sharing economy emerging in so many fields, the area of shared mobility – the shared use of a motor vehicle, bicycle, or other mode that enables travellers to gain short-term access to transportation modes on an on-demand basis – has developed as the forerunner of the transformation to be expected in other areas. This article examines how the sphere of personal mobility has been affected by the growth of sharing economy. It contributes to the growing body of shared mobility literature by uncovering innovative mobility-based models that represent solutions on the intersection of shared mobility, physical infrastructure, and integrated-mobility schemes.
Keywords: integrated solution; mobility modes; shared mobility; sharing economy

Smart Contract Relations in e-Commerce: Legal Implications of Exchanges Conducted on the Blockchain - Philippa Ryan (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
Much of the discussion around blockchain-based smart contracts has focused on whether or not they operate in the same way as legal contracts. However, it is argued that most contracts are social rather than legal in nature and are entered into because the parties trust each other to perform the agreed exchange. Little has been written to address how the blockchain’s trust protocol can enable the kind of social contracting that characterized the way exchanges were conducted before the Internet. This article aims to fill that gap by exploring blockchain-based smart contracts primarily as non-contractual social exchanges.
Keywords: blockchain; law; legal; online transactions; reputation; smart contracts; trust

A Structured Approach to Academic Technology Transfer: Lessons Learned from imec’s 101 Programme - Dimitri Schuurman; Stan De Vocht; Sven De Cleyn; Aron-Levi Herregodts (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
In this article, we describe imec’s 101 Programme for academic technology transfer and explain how it supports researchers by following a structured process in a limited amount of time and by carefully involving different stakeholders and people with relevant skills and expertise. The programme combines insights in terms of processes and of team composition from the entrepreneurship literature and puts them into practice in an internal incubation programme that is generated from the bottom-up. Based on hands-on experiences and interviews with key stakeholders in the process, we evaluate the programme and distill lessons learned. The article highlights the importance of a structured technology transfer process in the early stages of opportunity discovery and entrepreneurial action, and it offers insights on team formation for academic spin-offs.
Keywords: academic spin-off; entrepreneurial action; entrepreneurship; incubation; research valorization; technology transfer

Taking Real-Life Seriously: An Approach to Decomposing Context Beyond “Environment” in Living Labs - Lynn Coorevits; An Jacobs (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
The maturity of living labs has grown over the years and researchers have developed a uniform definition by emphasizing the multi-method and real-life, contextual approach. The latter predominantly focuses on the in situ use of a product during field trials where users are observed in their everyday life. Researchers thus recognize the importance of context in living labs, but do not provide adequate insights into how context can be taken into consideration. Therefore, the contribution of this article is twofold. By means of a case study, we show how field trials can be evaluated in a more structural way to cover all dimensions of context and how this same framework can be used to evaluate context in the front end of design. This framework implies that living lab researchers are no longer dependent on the technological readiness level of a product to evaluate all dimensions of context. By using the proposed framework, living lab researchers can improve the overall effectiveness of methods used to gather and analyze data in a living lab project.
Keywords: context; innovation process; Living lab; real-life

Is There a Lean Future for Global Startups? - Stoyan Tanev (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
This article integrates insights from the latest research on the lean startup entrepreneurial method, born-global firms, and global startups. It contributes to the clarification of terminology referring to the global aspects of startups, summarizes insights from previous literature focusing on global startups, and further substantiates the articulation of the need for considering the lean global startup as a new type of firm. The main message is that the lessons learned from the emergence of lean startup entrepreneurship offer a basis for promoting a similar lean phase in technology-based global startup research and practice. The analysis should benefit both researchers and practitioners in technology entrepreneurship, international entrepreneurship, and global innovation management.
Keywords: born global; global startup; international entrepreneurship; international new venture; lean global startup; lean startup; technology startup

TIM Lecture Series – Building Trust in an IoT-Enabled World - Jeremy Watson; John Marshall; Mike Young; Peter Smetny; David Mann (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
Keywords: cybersecurity; Internet of Things; IOT; ransomware; trust; WannaCry; wireless

Towards Third-Generation Living Lab Networks in Cities - Seppo Leminen; Mervi Rajahonka; Mika Westerlund (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
Many cities engage in diverse experimentation, innovation, and development activities with a broad variety of environments and stakeholders to the benefit of citizens, companies, municipalities, and other organizations. Hence, this article discusses such engagement in terms of next-generation living lab networks in the city context. In so doing, the study contributes to the discussion on living labs by introducing a framework of collaborative innovation networks in cities and suggesting a typology of third-generation living labs. Our framework is characterized by diverse platforms and participation approaches, resulting in four distinctive modes of collaborative innovation networks where the city is: i) a provider, ii) a neighbourhood participator, iii) a catalyst, or iv) a rapid experimenter. The typology is based on an analysis of 118 interviews with participants in six Finnish cities and reveals various ways to organize innovation activities in the city context. In particular, cities can benefit from innovation networks by simultaneously exploiting multiple platforms such as living labs for innovation. We conclude by discussing implications to theory and practice, and suggesting directions for future research.
Keywords: city; co-creation; collaborative innovation; innovation; Living lab; networks; Open innovation; smart city; third-generation

A University–Industry Collaborative Entrepreneurship Education Program as a Trading Zone: The Case of Osaka University - Koichi Nakagawa; Megumi Takata; Kosuke Kato; Terumasa Matsuyuki; Toshihiko Matsuhashi (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
Two complementary problems are that busy practitioners find it difficult to access academic knowledge and university students lack practical experience. University–industry collaborative education is a potential solution for both of these problems by bringing together theoretical insights from universities and experiential know-how from industry. However, university–industry collaborative education has not been sufficiently studied to offer clear frameworks and mechanisms to foster effective knowledge exchanges between these two groups. In this article, we propose the metaphor of a “trading zone” as a potential analytical framework for implementing this method of education. Applying this framework to the analysis of a university–industry collaborative education program, this study proposes that the exchange of knowledge between students and practitioners is the essential learning experience and that it is made more meaningful by the heterogeneity between students and practitioners. The shared language provided by the program and those who deliver it make the exchanges efficient, and the temporary and extraordinary nature of the program accelerate those exchanges. Here, we analyze the case of Osaka University in Japan to illustrate the framework and develop associated propositions to encourage further study and validation of the framework.
Keywords: entrepreneurship education; experiential learning; technology commercialization; trading zone; university–industry collaboration

Using Artificial Intelligence and Web Media Data to Evaluate the Growth Potential of Companies in Emerging Industry Sectors - Andrew Droll; Shahzad Khan; Ehsanullah Ekhlas; Stoyan Tanev (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
In this article, we describe our efforts to adapt and validate a web search and analytics tool – the Gnowit Cognitive Insight Engine – to evaluate the growth and competitive potential of new technology startups and existing firms in the newly emerging precision medicine sector. The results are based on two different search ontologies and two different samples of firms. The first sample includes established drug companies operating in the precision medicine field and was used to estimate the relationship between the firms’ innovativeness and the extent of online discussions focusing on their potential growth. The second sample includes new technology firms in the same sector. The firms in the second sample were used as test cases to determine whether their growth-related web search scores would relate to the degree of their innovativeness. The second part of the study applied the same methodology to the real-time monitoring of the firms’ competitive actions. In our findings, we see that our methodology reveals a moderate degree of correlation between the Insight Engine’s algorithmically computed relevance scores and independent measures of innovation potential. The existence of such correlations invites future work in attempting to analyze company growth potential using techniques founded in web content scraping, natural language processing, and machine learning.
Keywords: analytics; artificial intelligence; business intelligence; entrepreneurship; online textual data; precision medicine sector; startup growth potential

Value Propositions for the Internet of Things: Guidance for Entrepreneurs Selling to Enterprises - David Hudson (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2017)
This article provides entrepreneurs with guidance to help understand and express the specific and compelling value proposition for their Internet of Things (IoT) offer. IoT enables such a wide range of possible short- and long-term opportunities that IoT entrepreneurs may fall into the trap of considering IoT generally rather than positioning their offer to a buyer in a specific manner that helps win deals. The process of understanding and expressing a compelling value proposition will help the IoT entrepreneur focus their offer, understand who the real buyer is, and demonstrate tangible value to that buyer in a manner that is directed towards winning deals.
Keywords: entrepreneurship; guide; Internet of Things; offers; value propositions

All Australian Regions Are Not Born Equal: Understanding the Regional Innovation Management Sandpit - Anton Kriz; Courtney Molloy; Alexandra Kriz; Sabrina Sonntag (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
In this article, we highlight and challenge an overly simplistic assessment of regions and regional innovation systems in Australia. Treating each region and place as equal and prescribing blanket policy is anathema to the reality. Having argued that places are not equivalent, we then move on to highlight that commonalities at a deeper institutional level are possible. We draw on fieldwork and ongoing action research from the Australian regions of Hunter and Central Coast (New South Wales) and Northern Tasmania. Results of the theory and case work have been instrumental in the development of 11 structural attributes of a regional innovation management (RIM) sandpit framework. The framework provides attributes but also important process insights related to regional programs, enterprise development, and project innovations. Although developing from the Australian context, we expect that the RIM Sandpit and its place-based insights can be generalized to other regions around the world.
Keywords: action research; constructed advantage; phronesis; pivot; quadruple helix; regional innovation management sandpit; RIS3; smart specialization; strategic management; triple helix

Assessing Cooperation between Industry and Research Infrastructure in Hungary - Csaba Deák; István Szabó (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
In developed countries, a large share of R&D work is performed in universities, but the real significance of their contribution is larger, because they conduct most of the fundamental research. In this article, we examine one aspect of the academic sector that is visible to most outsiders, a field that requires usually the most resources as well: the research infrastructure. Hungary is currently in the process of forming its own National Infrastructure Roadmap. We present the results of a nation-wide survey carried out in 2014 by the National Innovation Office in support of the National Infrastructure Roadmap. The results represent a good starting point for developing measures and setting up goals for scientific fields. With the identification of research infrastructure usage by industry, this method might provide a best practice for other countries to undertake similar evaluations for their respective infrastructures.
Keywords: assessment; Hungary; national infrastructure; research infrastructure; survey; university

Audience Commodification: A Source of Innovation in Business Models - Datis Khajeheian (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
This article reports on a research project aimed at developing a business model by changing the value-creation mechanism. The essence of this change is to persuade customers to perform actions in favour of the service provider. Such actions include responding to advertising clips to unlock value. The business model was generated from the concept of audience commodification and is based on the idea of looking at users as a source of a tradeable asset in business-to-business markets. Here, attention and actions are the assets that users pay to access the proposed value. The research includes two phases of surveys and experimentation. In the first phase, the tendency and acceptance level of users towards watching advertisements to unlock value are measured. In the next phase, a platform prototype is developed to test and understand user actions towards receiving value. The sample includes 52 users of different nationalities who were seeking relationships on an online dating platform. Results revealed that users accept advertising and will perform requested actions if they can perceive the delivered value. Practical implications of this research include insights to help move away from the current “view-based” advertising model toward new models of partnership with users in the value-creation process. This research may also stimulate further research into developing sustainable business models based on advertising revenue.
Keywords: audience commodification; business model; innovation; technology entrepreneurship; value marketing

Boundary Objects as Part of Knowledge Integration for Networked Innovation - Sari Mäenpää; Anu Helena Suominen; Rainer Breite (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
Networked innovation in co-creation networks is not possible without collaborative practices. Especially in complex projects, contextual knowledge is often spread among different stakeholders. To harness this dispersed knowledge for networked innovation, working knowledge management and collaborative practices are needed. This article addresses this need for better understanding and approaches to facilitate knowledge integration for networked innovation. We consider knowledge integration as the ability to put knowledge into action, and networked innovation as the co-created goal-driven output of selected partners. Our study focuses on describing and reporting a cross-learning type of expert knowledge-integration process with boundary objects, concrete or abstract “bridges” for overcoming possible knowledge boundaries, in a co-creation network. This article adds knowledge on networked innovation through knowledge integration with boundary objects. The reported process will help managers to systematically approach problems requiring expert knowledge that does not exist within their own organization and to better integrate knowledge required for innovation within their project networks.
Keywords: boundary object; co-creation network; cross-learning; knowledge integration; networked innovation

Building Scientist Capacity in Knowledge Translation: Development of the Knowledge Translation Planning Template - Melanie Barwick (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
The last fifteen years have seen a fundamental shift in the importance of knowledge translation in health research and clinical care. Health research funders have incorporated knowledge translation into their missions, strategic directions, and funding opportunities, encouraging knowledge translation and implementation science and requiring knowledge translation practice from researchers working across the health research pillars – basic, clinical, health services, and population health. Healthcare and research organizations have changed their landscape as well, hiring knowledge translation practitioners to bridge research and practice for a range of knowledge users. Universities are shifting criteria for academic promotion to incorporate knowledge translation. Growing attention to knowledge translation in research, practice, and scholarship has created a need for researchers and practitioners to develop knowledge translation skills and competencies related to their research, scholarship, and organizational activities. The Knowledge Translation Planning Template was developed to support knowledge translation planning for scientists in health and other sectors. This article provides an overview of the rationale for its development, introduces the tool components, and describes preliminary indicators of impact.
Keywords: capacity building; competencies; knowledge translation; template; tools

Co-Creating User Stories: A Tool for Making Sense of Business Opportunities - Anna-Greta Nyström; Miia Mustonen; Seppo Yrjölä (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
This article discusses co-creation as a means of sensemaking among business-to-business actors, and presents a case study from the information and communications sector, in which the aim is to understand current and future media consumption and behaviour. We propose to expand the notion of co-creation in such a way that it also recognizes interaction and sensemaking between different stakeholders within an industry or sector, compared to the current view, in which the focus is on the consumers’ role in co-creation activities. Stakeholder co-creation entails jointly creating meaning of a chosen complex phenomenon by using practical tools, such as narratives in the form of user stories. Sensemaking is a narrative process and can thus be used in combination with practical facilitation tools in order to co-create user stories or other stories, and in other contexts.
Keywords: business-to-business; co-creation; sensemaking; user stories

Collaborative Innovation with External Actors: An Empirical Study on Open Innovation Platforms in Smart Cities - Jukka Ojasalo; Heini Kauppinen (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
Despite the rapid increase of public–private–people partnership (PPPP) programs at the global scale, the scientific knowledge of collaborative innovation in cities is scarce. All smart city initiatives emphasize collaborative innovation for better services and products to address the needs and problems of modern cities. Indeed, there is an evident need for both scientific and practical knowledge in this area. Based on an extensive empirical study of open innovation platforms in smart cities, this article seeks to address this knowledge gap by increasing the knowledge of opportunities and challenges of collaborative innovation between a city and external actors, including companies, third sector organizations, research institutions, and citizens. The opportunities relate to novel services, products, and solutions, as well as economic gains, regional development, and systemic and process improvements. The challenges relate to city governments and external actors.
Keywords: collaboration; collaborative innovation; innovation intermediaries; innovation platform; PPPP; public innovation; public–private–people partnership; smart city; urban development

The Concept of the Entrepreneurial University Applied to Universities of Technology in Austria: Already Reality or a Vision of the Future? - Martin Sperrer; Christiana Müller; Julia Soos (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
The concept of the "entrepreneurial university" is now recognized as a major driver for self-development and innovation and as an appropriate response to succeeding in highly turbulent and unpredictable markets. This article outlines and evaluates the current implementation of this concept at the universities of technology (TU) in Austria. First, to evaluate the status quo, a review of existing programs and initiatives was undertaken at the three universities comprising the "TU Austria": TU Graz, TU Wien (Vienna), and MU Leoben. Second, a questionnaire was designed on the basis of the HEInnovate framework and sent to representatives of the three universities and resulted in responses from TU Graz and TU Wien. The results underscore that the model of the entrepreneurial university represents the next step of development in higher education. Moreover, it demonstrates that there is still room for improvement at the TU Austria, especially in terms of fostering an entrepreneurial spirit among students.
Keywords: entrepreneurial spirit; entrepreneurial university; entrepreneurship; HEInnovate framework; triple helix; TU Austria; TU Graz; TU Wien

Corporate and Grassroot Frugal Innovation: A Comparison of Top-Down and Bottom-Up Strategies - Liza Wohlfart; Mark Bünger; Claus Lang-Koetz; Frank Wagner (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
Frugal innovations aim at the development of basic solutions that are affordable for price-sensitive customer groups. This article looks at the similarities and differences between two major approaches, corporate and grassroot frugal innovation, and identifies initial ideas on how the two streams can learn from each other. The three pillars of sustainability (economic, environmental, and social) provide one of the guidelines for the comparison. The research is based on an analysis of case studies from various industries, six of which are presented in this article.
Keywords: case studies; corporate frugal innovation; frugal innovation; grassroots frugal innovation; startups; sustainability

Corporate Entrepreneurship: A Review and Future Research Agenda - Kamal Sakhdari (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
The overarching theme of corporate entrepreneurship literature is to understand why some firms are able to generate higher levels of corporate entrepreneurship than others. While the extant literature has greatly advanced our understanding of entrepreneurial activities by established firms, less effort has been made to systematically review the literature to help us identify missing links and knowledge in prior studies. To address this gap, this article critically reviews previous important studies on corporate entrepreneurship and then develops a framework integrating previous research. Finally, the article suggests five potentially worthwhile avenues for future research.
Keywords: corporate entrepreneurship; established firms; innovation; strategic renewal; venturing

Creating Brand India: Strategies, Issues, and Challenges - Alok Chakrawal; Pratibha Goyal (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
Just like a product, person, or institution, a country also has an impression in the minds of people. A brand distinguishes the product of one seller from those of the others. With the Indian Prime Minister's recent call to "Make in India", brand building is receiving more attention and momentum in the country. India is the largest democratic country with the highest GDP, and it is becoming a favourable destination for the global investment giants. But, despite various strengths and successes in image building, the country faces challenges in creating a sustainable, conducive environment for making India a production hub of the world. Bureaucracy, corruption, delay in clearance of business proposals, ethical standards and work culture, tax reforms, political interventions, socio-economic barriers, regionalism, etc. are some of the challenges that must be coped with. This article examines these various issues and challenges that must be overcome in creating Brand India.
Keywords: Brand India; challenges; economic growth; entrepreneurship; government initiatives; innovation; Make in India

Crowdfunding: Finding the Optimal Platform for Funders and Entrepreneurs - David Gedda; Billy Nilsson; Zebastian Såthén; Klaus Solberg Søilen (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
As a steadily expanding source of venture capital, crowdfunding has become an alternative to traditional funding sources, such as banks and financial investors. The phenomenon of crowdfunding is represented by a growing number of Internet sites, here called crowdfunding platforms, devoted to the service. In this article, we investigate crowdfunding and their payout models, which are standard components on crowdfunding platforms. We consider the perspectives of both entrepreneurs and funders to determine the most attractive combination of models found on crowdfunding platforms. Our findings indicate that the most popular crowdfunding platforms, at the time of this study, reflect the preferences of entrepreneurs. The funders’ favoured crowdfunding model, which we call the equity model, is not currently found, in combination with the often-grouped, non-financial crowdfunding models of pre-order, sponsoring, or reward, on any of the top platforms. Thus, the research identifies a new market for crowdfunding platforms.
Keywords: crowdfunding; crowdfunding models; crowdfunding platforms; financing; payout models

Crowdsourcing Literature Reviews in New Domains - Michael Weiss (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
Conducting a literature review in new domains presents unique challenges. The literature in a new domain is typically broad, fragmented, and growing quickly. Because little is known about the new domain, the literature review cannot be guided by established classifications of knowledge, unlike in an existing domain. Rather, it will be driven by evidence that challenges and extends existing knowledge. In a way, exploring a new domain means looking for anomalies in the evidence that cannot be explained by what is already known. This article summarizes lessons from conducting two literature reviews in new domains in the area of cybersecurity. It then presents a design for using leader-driven crowdsourcing to collect evidence and synthesize it into insights in a new domain. The article will be relevant to those who are exploring a new domain, in particular students, researchers, and members of R&D projects in industry.
Keywords: co-creation; crowdsourcing; crowdsourcing platform; cybersecurity; literature review; narrative; new domains; systematic

The Cuckoo’s Nest Approach for Co-Creating Business Ecosystems in Smart Cities - Karlos Artto; Riikka Kyrö; Tuomas Ahola; Antti Peltokorpi; Kristiina Sandqvist (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
The development of business ecosystems in smart cities is currently hampered by the absence of established approaches for facilitating long-term value and sustainability. In our view, the underlying reason is the lack of collective action involving various organizations in the design process. Collective action for the good of the whole ecosystem does not take place in existing participatory practices because of the dominating role of a single customer or designer organization (in urban development projects typically the owner-developer or lead architect), who uses their bargaining and decision-making power over others. This leads to sub-optimal behaviour where the system is optimized for the goals of one strong organization instead of collectively developed system-level goals of the business ecosystem as a whole. The Cuckoo’s Nest approach addresses this problem by inviting various expert organizations to design the system and assigning each organization design rights for the ecosystem and its system-level goal. The Cuckoo’s Nest approach enhances collective action among the organizations by making individuals from various organizations consider the interests, goals, objectives, and value-adding elements of other organizations – not just those of their own organizations. With the Cuckoo’s Nest approach, the business ecosystem comes first, and single organizations’ goals or specific design features come second. This article discusses the outcomes of two workshops where the Cuckoo’s Nest approach was used for the purpose of developing business ecosystems in connection with smart city development projects within the Helsinki Metropolitan Area. We outline the steps involved in the Cuckoo’s Nest approach and how they were applied in these two smart city projects, and we describe how it is being refined for further use in other locations and contexts.
Keywords: business ecosystem; business network; campus development; co-creation; co-design; collective action; Cuckoo’s Nest Approach; participatory planning; smart cities; sustainability

Detecting White Spots in Innovation-Driven Intellectual Property Management - Daniel Eckelt; Christian Dülme; Jürgen Gausemeier; Simon Hemel (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
Technology companies scan the competitive arena for patents to discover research activities and technology trends. Patents are the outcome of innovation processes that take several month or even years, depending on the industry. The process of publishing patents usually lasts longer. A huge time gap of up to several years between early research and development activities and published patents is the consequence. Therefore, a patent is a weak indicator for the identification of early innovation activities. However, the inventor needs intellectual assets such as data, knowledge, and expertise to carry out an innovation process. It is likely that these intellectual assets can improve the competitor analysis – rendering them primary targets. In this article, we introduce a systematic approach to detect intellectual property (IP) activities of stakeholders in selected technology fields (e.g., hiring experts, taking part in research projects, gathering specific data). A technology field with a low intensity of IP activities offers great opportunities, which we call a "white spot". Our proposed approach can help identify the white spots in innovation-driven IP management and thereby help devise recommendations to improve a company’s IP portfolio.
Keywords: business model; competitive advantage; competitive arena; Innovation management; intellectual capital; intellectual property; value proposition

Developing a Startup and Innovation Ecosystem in Regional Australia - Troy Haines (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
Technology is enabling change at an ever increasing pace, not only in urban contexts, but also in regional centres, where the Internet in particular is enabling entrepreneurs to compete in the global marketplace despite the size and remoteness of their home cities or towns. In regional Australia, the challenges of high unemployment, fading traditional industries, a lack of economic diversity, and a "brain drain" of talent to urban centres highlight the need for novel economic development strategies. Innovation and entrepreneurship are highlighted as potential solutions, but both require knowledge and support to be successful. In this article, the author shares lessons learned as an entrepreneur and through the ongoing development of a self-sustaining startup and innovation ecosystem in the remote region of Cairns, Australia. The model described in this article is now being applied to other regions in Australia, where trained champions are driving the development of startup and innovation ecosystems adapted to regional needs.
Keywords: Australia; Cairns; ecosystems; entrepreneurship; incubation; innovation; mentorship; regional; startups; theSPACE

Developing Tacit Knowledge of Complex Systems: The Value of Early Empirical Inquiry in Healthcare Design - Chantal Trudel; Sue Cobb; Kathryn Momtahan; Janet Brintnell; Ann Mitchell (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
Infection prevention and control has been the subject of much study in medical and epidemiological research and a variety of best practice guidelines have been developed to support healthcare workers and related stakeholders. Yet, despite the availability of information, managing healthcare-associated infections remains a challenge because the relevant explicit knowledge is not being adequately developed and mobilized as tacit knowledge for use "on the front lines". Some researchers have called for a human factors perspective to help address challenges in designing for infection prevention and control, but relatively few studies have been conducted to date. Researchers also suggest that empirical inquiry is needed to better inform the design process, and particularly the design of complex systems where attention to detailed processes and interactions can support the success of an intervention. A human factors approach can help designers develop a deeper understanding of work processes, technology considerations, as well as physiological, psychological, cultural, and organizational factors. The need is particularly pressing in low-resource healthcare environments where funds, time, and human resources may be scarce and strategic design decisions based on evidence are needed to support meaningful and effective changes. With this in mind, a human factors study was conducted in an existing neonatal intensive care unit to identify the influence of product and environment design on infection prevention and control and to inform recommendations for improvement. In this case study, we illustrate how the application of an empirical, methodical approach can help design professionals and stakeholders develop tacit knowledge of complex systems – knowledge that can be used to better inform design priorities, the design process, decision making, and the allocation of resources to help maximize improvements.
Keywords: design research; ergonomics; healthcare design; human factors; infection prevention and control; knowledge mobilization; neonatal intensive care unit

A Digital Maturity Model for Telecommunications Service Providers - Omar Valdez-de-Leon (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
Industries across the spectrum are being faced with a fundamental change: digital transformation. The telecommunications industry is no exception. For communications service providers, this transformation started some time ago with the emergence of so-called over-the-top (OTT) services such as WhatsApp and Skype. However, in spite of such transformation being underway, there is a lack of frameworks and tools to help communications service providers navigate such radical change. This article presents the findings of a research project to develop such a framework: the digital maturity model for telecommunications service providers. The model aims to offer a structured view of digital transformation that is specific to the context and challenges of the telecommunications industry and that can be used as a standard to help communications service providers benchmark themselves against peers or themselves as they advance their transformation. This article describes the need for the model and the methodology used to develop it, and it offers recommendations on how to use the model and further develop it as our understanding of digital transformation evolves.
Keywords: business; business transformation; digital; digital transformation; digitization; disruptive technologies; innovation; maturity model; telecommunications

Editorial: Cybersecurity (February 2016) - Chris McPhee; Dan Craigen (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
Keywords: cybersecurity; intrusion; licensing; literature reviews; machine learning; malware; multisided platforms; new domains; open source

Editorial: Entrepreneurial India (May 2016) - Chris McPhee; Dharmesh Raval (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
Keywords: Brand India; entrepreneurship; higher education institutions; India; intellectual property; Make in India; Open innovation; research; startups

Editorial: Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Australia (June 2016) - Chris McPhee (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
Keywords: Australia; design-led innovation; ecosystem; entrepreneurship; hidden innovation; high-growth startups; innovation; innovation catalyst; ISPIM; job creation; National Innovation and Science Agenda; policy; regional innovation management; regions; strategic management

Editorial: Innovation in Tourism (November 2016) - Chris McPhee; David Guimont; Dominic Lapointe (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
Keywords: action research; boundary objects; co-creation; crowdsourcing; innovation; living labs; smart cities; smart destinations; technology; tourism

Editorial: Insights (August 2016) - Chris McPhee (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
Keywords: audience commodification; business models; co-creation; corporate entrepreneurship; digital maturity model; digitization; front end of innovation; idea selection; user stories

Editorial: Insights (July 2016) - Chris McPhee (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
Keywords: business model innovation; circular economy; cooperation; industry; Innovation management; intellectual property; Open innovation; research infrastructure; value network design

Editorial: Insights (March 2016) - Chris McPhee (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
Keywords: bootlegging; crowdfunding; emerging markets; frugal innovation; patterns; quintuple helix; underground innovation; urban living lab

Editorial: Insights (October 2016) - Chris McPhee (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
Keywords: boundary objects; ecosystems; entrepreneurial university; entrepreneurship; growth ambitions; innovation; knowledge integration; startups; strategy; tacit knowledge; teaching

Editorial: Knowledge Mobilization (September 2016) - Chris McPhee (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
Keywords: design; healthcare; knowledge mobilization; knowledge translation; planning; research

Editorial: Living Labs and User Innovation (January 2016) - Chris McPhee; Seppo Leminen; Dimitri Schuurman; Mika Westerlund; Eelko Huizingh (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
Keywords: closed innovation; field trials; impact assessment; living labs; Open innovation; user engagement; user innovation

Editorial: Managing Innovation (April 2016) - Chris McPhee (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
Keywords: creativity; cybersecurity; entrepreneurship; frugal innovation; innovation; managing innovation; national culture; Open innovation; projects; startups

Editorial: Smart Cities and Regions (December 2016) - Chris McPhee; Taina Tukiainen; Seppo Leminen; Mika Westerlund (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
Keywords: collaborative innovation; ecosystems; living labs; online platforms; Open innovation; regional innovation; smart cities; smart regions

Employment Dynamics of Australian Entrepreneurship: A Management Perspective - Luke Hendrickson; Stan Bucifal; Antonio Balaguer; David Hansell (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
This article attempts to draw together the literature on high-growth firms and management capability using Australian Government data from the Expanded Analytical Business Longitudinal Database. We tracked cohorts of new micro-sized firms (startups) over five years from birth. Compared with startups that had a low employment growth trajectory, medium- and high-growth micro-startups exhibited higher financial performance, higher innovation activity, and a greater propensity to seek external (debt or equity) finance. From a management perspective, medium- and high-growth startups were also significantly more likely to monitor and assess their performance across a wider range of performance indicators. High-growth micro-startups exhibited significantly higher operational process and organizational/managerial innovation, a higher likelihood of foreign ownership, and a greater demand for equity finance than medium-growth micro-startups. This data is consistent with other evidence that suggests that sustained high growth comes from superior strategic management and may suggest an ongoing role for government policy in building firm management capability in order to foster employment growth.
Keywords: Australia; creative destruction; employment; entrepreneurship; high growth; innovation; management; productivity; startup

Empowering Local Tourism Providers to Innovate through a Living Lab Process: Does Scale Matter? - David Guimont; Dominic Lapointe (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
A destination management organization looking to integrate technology into its tourism offering tasked a living lab with engaging tourists and tourism providers in the process. At the end of the two-year initial funding period for an action research project, the process is a success and stakeholders are engaged in the innovation ecosystem. But what is next? By observing participants and gathering feedback from stakeholders through a Policy Delphi panel, the outcomes of the project and the intentions and actions of the tourism providers and other parties were identified. Innovation capacity has increased: spin-offs were created and stakeholders have embraced open and collaborative innovation. Now, stakeholders are determined to make the process sustainable by finding other funding sources. But what should be the level of cooperation and intervention? What level can best foster innovation and knowledge retention? A case study combining a grid of characteristics and levels of analysis for living labs was used to identify one key question: for a living lab in tourism, does scale matter? This article will explore that question and will contribute to the understanding of the living lab as a model of socio-territorial action.
Keywords: action research; destination management; innovation; level; living labs; scale; socio-territorial action; territoriality; tourism

Enhancing Early Innovation in an Urban Living Lab: Lessons from Espoo, Finland - Soile Juujärvi; Virpi Lund (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
Urban areas are often characterized by complex problems, such as social and economic deprivation, segregation, or bureaucratic administration. Urban living laboratories provide a promising approach to redefining and tackling such problems in novel ways by enabling bottom-up innovation with various actors. The present study examined an urban living lab initiative in a suburban area of Espoo, Finland, where guided workshops based on the Change Laboratory method were arranged. The findings show that, before development projects are launched, it is important to dedicate sufficient time to the early innovation process, which includes building relationships, sharing knowledge, exploring ignorance, and innovating new concepts. The study emphasizes the importance of distinguishing early innovation processes from later ones, which means separating the "preject" from the "project". We conclude that successful management of an urban living lab combines bottom-up and top-down approaches.
Keywords: Change Laboratory; innovation management; innovation process; preject; urban living labs

Entrepreneurial Growth Ambitions: The Case of Finnish Technology Startups - Arto Wallin; Kaisa Still; Katja Henttonen (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
Technology startups are expected to be a major driving force of economic growth in Europe. The search for new high-growth startups has been particularly topical in Finland, the country that is known for its high-tech products – and the fall of Nokia’s mobile phone business. Although a record number of startups has been established in recent years, the previously identified challenge is that only a small percentage of entrepreneurial businesses are responsible for the lion’s share of economic benefits typically associated with entrepreneurial activity. Hence, we need better understanding of what level of growth technology entrepreneurs aim to create and why there may be differences in growth ambitions among them. In this study, we undertook interpretivist case study research in pursuit of rich, empirically grounded understanding of entrepreneurial growth ambitions in the context of Finnish technology startups. We interviewed entrepreneurs at a Finnish startup event and supplemented this information with data available publicly on the Internet related to the growth ambitions of startups. Our study sought to increase understanding of the different aspects of entrepreneurial growth ambitions, and to explore the relationship between context and growth. Based on the findings, we suggest that growth ambitions should be seen as a complex, socially constructed concept. The growth ambitions of entrepreneurs in our study were influenced, at least in part, by their startups' institutional and market contexts, the scalability of their business models, their personal characteristics and experience, and their perceptions of the barriers and constraints of the field. We conclude that startups have very different growth pathways: although the growth of one startup may depend on the talent of a few software developers, the growth of another startup may be based on its success in building international sales networks. As a result, to get most out of the support provided for a startup ecosystem, support activities should be tailored to different types of high-growth startups.
Keywords: entrepreneurial innovation; growth ambitions; startups

The Evolution of Intermediary Activities: Broadening the Concept of Facilitation in Living Labs - Louna Hakkarainen; Sampsa Hyysalo (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
Innovation intermediaries play an important role in open innovation endeavours. In living lab projects, where different professional identities and organizational cultures are at play, intermediary actors facilitate learning between stakeholders and manage tensions and conflicts of interest. The current living lab literature recognizes the importance and multifacetedness of these actors, but does not shed light on the work they do at a more practical level. Our study seeks to capture the variety and evolution of work tasks of user-side innovation intermediaries during and after a four-year technology project in a living lab. The study explores how these mediating actors tackle the everyday challenges of a living lab project. This article is grounded on a longitudinal qualitative case study of a innovation process for a floor monitoring system for elderly care – the "smart floor".
Keywords: co-design; elderly care; facilitation; health technology; innovation intermediaries; Living lab

Examining the Modes Malware Suppliers Use to Provide Goods and Services - Tony Bailetti; Mahmoud Gad (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
Malware suppliers use various modes to provide goods and services to customers. By mode, we mean “the way” the malware supplier chooses to function. These modes increase monetization opportunities and enable many security breaches worldwide. A theoretically sound framework that can be used to examine the various modes that malware suppliers use to produce and sell malware is needed. We apply a general model specified recently by Hagiu and Wright to study five modes that malware suppliers use to deliver goods and services to their customers. The framework presented in this article can be used to predict the mode in which a malware supplier will function; to study which types of malware suppliers, agents, and customers are attracted to each mode; to discover new modes; and to better understand the threat a malware supplier presents.
Keywords: agents; customers; cybercrime; cybersecurity; malware; modes; multisided platform; suppliers

Factors Affecting the Attrition of Test Users During Living Lab Field Trials - Annabel Georges; Dimitri Schuurman; Koen Vervoort (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
Next to active user involvement and a multi-method approach, a third major principle within living lab research consists of capturing the real-life context in which an innovation is used by end users. Field trials are a method to study the interaction of test users with an innovation in the context of use. However, when conducting field trials, there are several reasons why users stop participating in research activities, a phenomenon labelled as attrition. In this article, we elaborate on drop-outs during field trials by analyzing three post-trial surveys of living lab field trials. Our results show that several factors related to the innovation, as well as related to the field trial setup, play a role in attrition, including the lack of added value of the innovation and the extent to which the innovation satisfies the needs and time restrictions of test users. Based on our findings, we provide practical guidelines for managers to reduce attrition during field trials.
Keywords: attrition; drop-out; field trial; Living lab; Open innovation; user engagement; user involvement

A Framework for Sustainable Circular Business Model Innovation - Maria Antikainen; Katri Valkokari (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
The circular economy concept is a novel economic model aiming to foster sustainable economic growth, boost global competitiveness, and generate new jobs. In order to make the circular economy mainstream, radical and systemic innovation is needed. Currently, a majority of the business modelling tools and methods lack at least some of the identified and needed elements for innovating business models in a circular economy. In this article, we build a framework for sustainable circular business model innovation by adding important perspectives: recognizing trends and drivers at the ecosystem level; understanding value to partners and stakeholders within a business; and evaluating the impact of sustainability and circularity. We present the results of a case study with a startup company, which was designed to test the framework and provide a concrete example of its usage and future development needs.
Keywords: business canvas; business model; case study; circular economy; innovation; sustainability

Governing Quintuple Helix Innovation: Urban Living Labs and Socio-Ecological Entrepreneurship - Bastiaan Baccarne; Sara Logghe; Dimitri Schuurman; Lieven De Marez (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
Growing urbanization puts pressure on both social and ecological systems. This pressure raises complex and multi-facetted challenges that can only be tackled by collaborative and distributed innovation development processes. However, theoretical frameworks that assess such collaborations are often very conceptual, with little focus on the actual governance mechanisms that facilitate them. This article studies the urban living lab concept as an inter-organizational design and multi-stakeholder innovation development process to govern the quintuple helix model for innovation by means of an action research based multidimensional case study design, which focuses on the concepts of innovation democracy, mode 3 knowledge production, the innovation ecosystem as a system of societal subsystems, and socio-ecological transition. In this way, we provide a more profound understanding of such innovation processes to tackle socio-ecological challenges by means of public–private interactions driven by eco-entrepreneurship.
Keywords: distributed innovation; quintuple helix innovation; social ecology; socio-ecological entrepreneurship; urban living labs

The Impact of Living Lab Methodology on Open Innovation Contributions and Outcomes - Dimitri Schuurman; Lieven De Marez; Pieter Ballon (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
Open innovation scholars as well as practitioners are still struggling with the practical implementation of open innovation principles in different contexts. In this article, we explore the value of a living lab approach for open innovation in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Using a case study approach, we compared 27 SME projects conducted by iMinds Living Labs from 2011 to 2015. The results suggest that a real-life intervention and a multi-method approach – both of which are methodological characteristics of living lab projects – increase the chance of generating actionable user contributions for the innovation under development. Moreover, the results also suggest that a living lab project yields maximal value when evolving from concept towards prototype. Besides these exploratory findings, this article also demonstrates that living lab projects are a perfect "playground" to test and validate assumptions from the open innovation literature.
Keywords: collaboration; distributed innovation; entrepreneur; Innovation management; living labs; Open innovation; SME; startup; user innovation; user involvement

Implementing Knowledge Translation Strategies in Funded Research in Canada and Australia: A Case Study - Gabriel Moore; Therese Fitzpatrick; Ivy Lim-Carter; Abby Haynes; Anna Flego; Barbara Snelgrove (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
There is an emerging literature describing the use of knowledge translation strategies to increase the relevance and usability of research, yet there are few real-world examples of how this works in practice. This case study reports on the steps taken to embed knowledge translation strategies in the Movember Foundation's Men’s Mental Health Grant Rounds in 2013–14, which were implemented in Australia and Canada, and on the support provided to the applicants in developing their knowledge translation plans. It identifies the challenges faced by the Men’s Mental Health Program Team and how these were resolved. The strategies explored include articulating knowledge translation requirements, ensuring a common understanding of knowledge translation, assessing knowledge translation plans, methods of engaging end users, and building capacity with applicants. An iterative approach to facilitating knowledge translation planning within project development was rolled out in Australia just prior to Canada so that lessons learned were immediately available to refine the second roll out. Implementation included the use of external knowledge translation expertise, the development of knowledge translation plans, and the need for internal infrastructure to support monitoring and reporting. Differences in the Australian and Canadian contexts may point to differential exposure to the concepts and practices of knowledge translation. This case study details an example of designing and implementing an integrated knowledge translation strategy that moves beyond traditional dissemination models. Lessons learned point to the importance of a long lead-up time, the use of knowledge translation expertise for capacity building, the need for flexible implementation, and the need for efficiencies in supporting applicants.
Keywords: funded research; implementation; knowledge mobilization; knowledge translation; organizational learning

Innovation Rhetoric and Reality: An Introduction to the TIM Review's Special Issue on Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Australia - Rowena Barrett (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
In this introduction to the Technology Innovation Management Review's special issue on Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Australia, Guest Editor Rowena Barrett reflects on the perceptions of "innovation", both in terms of its evolving concepts and terminology (the rhetoric) and its frontline application (the reality). Prompted by the recent launch and ongoing implementation of Australia Government's National Innovation and Science Agenda's, this special issue focuses on insights into innovation and entrepreneurship from the Australian context.
Keywords: Australia; entrepreneurship; innovation; National Innovation and Science Agenda

Insights from Stimulating Creative Behaviours in a Project-Based Organization Team - Tracy Stanley; Judy Matthews; Paul Davidson (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
Novel and useful ideas and creative behaviours originate in varied work environments, yet the characteristics of work environments that stimulate and foster such creative behaviours are not well defined. The aim of this study was to identify the influences that contribute to creative behaviours in the work environment of a global project-based professional service organization. This article is based on an investigation of the work environment of one project team undertaking interdisciplinary work in the construction of a processing plant in a remote location. This multi-disciplinary team encouraged creative behaviours through regular team meetings, ensuring the presentation of diverse views and commitments to regular interaction and collaboration in co-located environments. In addition, a technology manager dedicated to identifying potential opportunities for patenting and commercialization further extended the creative behaviours of the team by focusing on the best solution for each situation. The study contributes new knowledge to research regarding work environments that facilitate creative behaviours.
Keywords: creative behaviours; problem solving; teams; work environments

Integrating Open Innovation Platforms in Public Sector Decision Making: Empirical Results from Smart City Research - Jukka Ojasalo; Lassi Tähtinen (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
The purpose of this article is to increase knowledge of integrating an open innovation platform into public sector decision-making processes. Many of the distinctive characteristics of public sector decision-making processes pose a challenge for innovation collaboration with external actors. Often, external actors are not aware of these distinctive characteristics, or they find it very difficult to adapt to them. Particularly SMEs and startups find it difficult to adjust their operation to public sector decision-making processes. The existing literature includes very little knowledge of how such an innovation platform, which is an intermediary between a city and external actors, relates to the city’s decision-making processes. Still, this is an important issue considering the prerequisites of the success of an innovation platform. This qualitative explorative study is based on data from in-depth interviews and co-creative multi-actor workshops with participants from city governments and other organizations. It proposes a model of open innovation platform for public sector decision making in a city. The article contributes to the literature dealing with innovation intermediaries as well as public sector decision making in enhancement of innovation. It identifies and introduces three different kinds of relationships that are present and partly interwoven in open innovation platforms and intermediary organizations: governing, sparring, and collaborative. The prosed model shows a practical way of organizing the three types of relationships of an innovation platform with the city’s decision making and external actors. The model also helps in combining different decision-making cultures between the public, private, and third sectors in the context of collaborative innovation.
Keywords: collaborative innovation; innovation intermediary; open innovation platform; public decision making; smart city

Intrusion Learning: An Overview of an Emergent Discipline - Tony Bailetti; Mahmoud Gad; Ahmed Shah (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
The purpose of this article is to provide a definition of intrusion learning, identify its distinctive aspects, and provide recommendations for advancing intrusion learning as a practice domain. The authors define intrusion learning as the collection of online network algorithms that learn from and monitor streaming network data resulting in effective intrusion-detection methods for enabling the security and resiliency of enterprise systems. The network algorithms build on advances in cyber-defensive and cyber-offensive capabilities. Intrusion learning is an emerging domain that draws from machine learning, intrusion detection, and streaming network data. Intrusion learning offers to significantly enhance enterprise security and resiliency through augmented perimeter defense and may mitigate increasing threats facing enterprise perimeter protection. The article will be of interest to researchers, sponsors, and entrepreneurs interested in enhancing enterprise security and resiliency.
Keywords: adversarial learning; clustering; cybersecurity; enterprise; intrusion detection; intrusion learning; learning algorithms; machine learning; real-time analysis; resiliency; security; streaming network data

License Compliance in Open Source Cybersecurity Projects - Ahmed Shah; Selman Selman; Ibrahim Abualhaol (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
Developers of cybersecurity software often include and rely upon open source software packages in their commercial software products. Before open source code is absorbed into a proprietary product, developers must check the package license to see if the project is permissively licensed, thereby allowing for commercial-friendly inheritance and redistribution. However, there is a risk that the open source package license could be inaccurate due to being silently contaminated with restrictively licensed open source code that may prohibit the sale or confidentiality of commercial derivative work. Contamination of commercial products could lead to expensive remediation costs, damage to the company's reputation, and costly legal fees. In this article, we report on our preliminary analysis of more than 200 open source cybersecurity projects to identify the most frequently used license types and languages and to look for evidence of permissively licensed open source projects that are likely contaminated by restrictive licensed material (i.e., containing commercial-unfriendly code). Our analysis identified restrictive license contamination cases occurring in permissively licensed open source projects. Furthermore, we found a high proportion of code that lacked copyright attribution. We expect that the results of this study will: i) provide managers and developers with an understanding of how contamination can occur, ii) provide open source communities with an understanding on how they can better protect their intellectual property by including licenses and copyright information in their code, and ii) provide entrepreneurs with an understanding of the open source cybersecurity domain in terms of licensing and contamination and how they affect decisions about cybersecurity software architectures.
Keywords: contamination; copyright; cybersecurity; GPL; license; open source; third-party code

Managing Innovation Ecosystems to Create and Capture Value in ICT Industries - Jarkko Pellikka; Timo Ali-Vehmas (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
In a new knowledge-intensive economic landscape, firms need to access external knowledge sources due to their inability to generate all necessary knowledge on their own. The interaction with and learning from external knowledge sources implies that firms depend upon decisions and actions made by business partners and external support organizations. This network of linkages can be considered as an ecosystem in which commercial enterprises and non-firm organizations interact with one another and work together to create and capture value. Previous studies have shown that a firm’s ability to successfully commercialize a new product depends not only on its own technology strategy but also its capabilities to manage an innovation ecosystem strategy. Dynamic markets, intense competition, and shorter product lifecycles force companies across different industries to create and capture value more rapidly by launching new innovations. Well-defined and executed innovation ecosystem strategies can help companies to develop new markets and business opportunities for the different types of innovations and enable their businesses to grow. This study provides new insight into how an ecosystem strategy can be formed based on the traditional strategy literature and proposes a conceptual framework for senior leaders to form an ecosystem strategy.
Keywords: innovation ecosystem; management; network; strategy; value capture

Mobilizing Knowledge: The Evidence Gap for Assistive Devices - Edward D. Lemaire (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
Knowledge mobilization can be hindered in healthcare technology settings where the pace of change outpaces the ability to perform high-quality research methodologies that provide timely knowledge to enable informed prescription and technology application to the end user. Although well-controlled research with appropriate sample sizes is needed, this approach must be balanced with other evidence sources to address the knowledge immediacy requirements. Using carbon-fibre ankle–foot orthoses (i.e., lower-limb braces that improve stability, alignment, and foot-to-ground placement) as a case study, various sources of assistive device evidence were explored for their contribution to the continuum of knowledge in this area. A basic level of knowledge exists, but the quality is insufficient to inform the physical rehabilitation community on selecting from the almost 70 different devices on the market and the expected clinical outcomes for a target population. A combination of enhanced single-participant reports should be considered as an important part of the knowledge continuum and essential for knowledge immediacy. This approach must also be expanded to national and multinational database initiatives that provide a better base from which to extract knowledge on assistive device performance and mobilize this knowledge to provide optimal care for people with physical disabilities.
Keywords: assistive devices; knowledge mobilization; orthosis

Open Innovation in Indian Organizations: Types of Collaboration - Shiv S. Tripathi (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
In order to succeed, it is important for any organization to leverage the power of the known and unknown networks around it. The organization must collaborate with others, and to do so requires it to open up its boundaries inside-out, outside-in, or both. However, the type of collaboration required to work with other parties and the respective output is different across different organizations on account of need, R&D intensity, capability, and risk-taking ability, as well as the nature of the business and industry. The major problem that comes in the way of open innovation in Indian organizations is their risk taking ability; the more an organization collaborates, the more risk it is taking by sharing internal information with the other parties. Through a sample of 31 manufacturing-based firms in India belonging to 12 different industries, the article explores the types of collaborations that they have with various related or unrelated organizations as they engage in open innovation. The article compares the collaborations each industry has entered into to identify the industries that are more open to take risks by collaborating with other parties in multiple ways.
Keywords: collaboration; forms; India; manufacturing; Open innovation; risk; types

Outcomes from Applying Design-Led Innovation in an Australian Manufacturing Firm - Peter Townson; Judy Matthews; Cara Wrigley (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
Design-led innovation has recently emerged as an approach that assists companies to develop new capabilities to respond to changing markets. Previous research has shown that the application of design-led innovation to manufacturing businesses contributed to innovation across their business model, often repositioning the business and its offerings in the market. This article presents findings from a study where the researcher was embedded in an Australian firm, working four days per week for 11 months and using action research to apply design-led innovation. Deep insights from stakeholders were translated with the company staff into new value propositions for the company. This research demonstrates the largely untapped potential of an experienced designer as an innovation catalyst to help firms develop customer-inspired innovation as they use design-led innovation to overcome barriers and recognize opportunities within a changing market context. This study contributes new knowledge regarding benefits of design-led innovation in dynamic environments.
Keywords: customer insights; design-led innovation; innovation catalyst; manufacturing

A Pattern-Based Approach to the Development of Frugal Innovations - Anne-Christin Lehner; Jürgen Gausemeier (Technology Innovation Management Review, 2016)
The economic rise of emerging markets induces a rapid growth of the global middle class. This new mass market demands products and services adapted to the needs of the local population – so called "frugal innovations". Engineers often face similar challenges while developing products and services for these markets, and therefore may develop similar solutions. By the abstraction of these solutions to transferrable solution patterns, the efficiency of the development process could be increased. In this article, we introduce a systematic approach to develop a pattern system for frugal innovations. Based on 29 selected frugal innovations, we derived the problems that led to the development of the analyzed frugal innovations. By categorizing these problems, we deduced six problem categories: education, environment, culture, infrastructure, regulation, and finance. We stripped down the solutions to these problems to their core principles, and in our subsequent analysis, we identified 56 solution patterns. Moreover, we analyzed the relationships between the abstracted solution patterns, problem areas, and frugal innovations. By using a pattern-based approach, the efficiency of the product development process could be improved significantly. As well, patterns may generate new impetus and increase creativity.
Keywords: business model; developing markets; emerging markets; frugal innovations; market service; pattern catalogue; pattern system; solution patterns